Dr Nicos Rodosthenous 1

TOU 101: TRAVEL GEOGRAPHYNicos Rodosthenous PhD

Lecture 2

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

• Traffic Conference Area 1 (TC1)• In its entirety, Area 1 or TC1 is composed of the

Western Hemisphere but has several classifications of sub-areas for fare construction purposes, two of which are listed below.

• Traffic Conference Area 2 (TC2)• Area 2 is subdivided into only three main sub-

areas.

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)The first classification divides TC1 into the following sub-areas:1. North America

Canada (CA)USA (US)Mexico (MX)St. Pierre and Miquelon (PM)

1. Central AmericaBelize (BZ)Costa Rica (CR)El Salvador (SV)Guatemala (GT)Honduras (HN)Nicaragua (NI)

1. Caribbean AreaBahamas (BS)Bermuda (BM)Caribbean Islands *Guyana (GY)French Guiana (GF)Suriname (SR)

*Caribbean Islands include:Anguilla (AI), Antigua and Berbuda (AG), Aruba (AW), Barbados (BB), Cayman Islands (KY), Cuba (CU), Dominica (DM), Dominican Republic (DO), Grenada (GD), Guadeloupe (GP), Haiti (HT), Jamaica (JM), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat, (MMS), Netherlands Antilles (AN), St. Kitts and Nevis (KN), St. Lucia (LC), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (VC), Trinidad and Tobago (TT), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), Virgin Islands-British (VG).

1. South AmericaArgentina (AR)Bolivia (BO)Brazil (BR)Chile (CL)Colombia (CO)Ecuador (EC)French Guiana (GF)Guyana (GY)Panama (PA)Paraguay (PY)Peru (PE)Suriname (SR)Uruguay (UY)Venezuela (VE)

For travel wholly within the South American sub-area, the following countries shall also be considered as part of the South America

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)The second classification of TC1 sub-areas include the following:

1. North Atlantic sub-area Covers Canada, Greenland (GL), Mexico, and the USA which includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

1. Mid-Atlantic sub area Includes all of the Caribbean Area sub-area, Central America, South America plus Panama Canal zone except Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

1. South Atlantic sub-areaIncludes only Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.Important: You will sometimes find fare rules that may specify variations in the composition of the sub-areas. In such cases for the purpose of reference in those rules, you have to take note of certain exceptions to the sub-area definitions.

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)1. Europe

Albania (AL)Algeria (DZ)Andorra (AD)Armenia (AM)Austria (AT)Azerbaijan (AZ)Belarus (BY)Belgium (BE)Bosnia Herzegovina (BA)Bulgaria (BG)Croatia (HR)Cyprus (CY)Czech Republic (CZ)Denmark (DK)Estonia (EE)Faroe Island (FO)Finland (FI)France* (FR)Georgia (GE)Germany (DE)Romania (RO)Russia in Europe (RU)San Marino (SM)Serbia (CS)Slovakia (SK)Slovenia (SI)Spain, including Balearic and Canary Islands (ES).

Gibratlar (GI)Greece (GR)Hungary (HU)Iceland (IS)Ireland, Rep. of (IE)Italy (IT)Latvia (LV)Liechtenstein (LI)Lithuania (LT)Luxemburg (LU)Macedonia (MK)Malta (MT)Moldova, Rep. of (MD)Monaco (MC)Morocco (MA)Montenegro Netherlands (NL)Norway (NO)Poland (PL)Portugal (PT) including Azores and MadeiraSweden (SE)Switzerland (CH)Tunisia (TN)Turkey (TR)Ukraine (UA)United Kingdom (GB)

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

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Within Europe you will also find other commonly used sub-groups such as:

European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) and related states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU):Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France including French Territories and Monaco, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain.

Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway, Sweden.

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)• 2. Africa • Africa is subdivided further into regions such as:• • Central Africa composed of Malawi (MW), Zambia (ZM), Zimbabwe (ZW)• • Eastern Africa composed of Burundi (BI), Djibouti, (DJ), Eritrea (ER), Ethiopia

(ET), Kenya (KE), Rwanda (RW), Somalia (SO), Tanzania (TZ), and Uganda (UG).• • Southern Africa composed of Botswana (BW), Lesotho (LS), Mozambique (MZ), • South Africa (ZA), Namibia (NA), Swaziland (SZ).• • Libya or Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (LY)• • Indian Ocean Islands consisting of the Comoros (KM), Madagascar (MG), • Mauritius (MU), Mayotte (YT), Reunion (RE), Seychelles (SC) • • Western Africa consisting of Angola (AO), Benin (BJ), Burkina Faso (BF),

Cameroon (CM),Cape Verde (CV), Central African Republic (CF), Chad (TD), Congo (CG), Cote d’ Ivoire (CI), Democratic Republic of Congo (CD), Equatorial Guinea (GQ), Gabon (GA), Gambia (GM), Ghana (GH), Guinea (gn), Guinea Bissau (GW), Liberia (LR), Mali (ML), Mauritania (MR), Niger (NE), Nigeria (NG), Principe and Sao Tome (ST), Senegal (SN), Sierra Leone (SL), and Togo (TG).

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

1. Middle EastBahrain (BH)Egypt (EG)Iran (IR)Iraq (IQ)Israel (IL)Jordan (JO)Kuwait (KW)

Lebanon (LB)Oman, Sultanate of (OM)Qatar (QA)Saudi Arabia (SA)Sudan (SD)United Arab Emirates (AE)Syrian Arab Republic (SY)Yemen, Republic of (YE)

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)

• Traffic Conference Area 3 (TC3)• Area 3 is composed of the whole of Asia and

the adjacent islands except the part included already in Area 2; The East Indies, Australia, New Zealand the neighboring islands in the Pacific Ocean except those in TC1.

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)1. South East Asia Sub-Area (SEA)

Brunei Darussalam (BN)Cambodia (KH)China excl. Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR (CN)Chinese Taipei (Formerly Taiwan) (TW)Christmas Islands (CX)Cocos (Keeling) Islands (CC)Guam (GU)Hong Kong (HK)Indonesia (ID)Kazakhstan (KZ)Kyrgystan (KG)Laos (LA) Macao (MO)Malaysia (MY)

Marshal Islands (MH)Micronesia (FM)Mongolia (MN)Myanmar (MM)Northern Mariana Islands (MP)Palau (PW)Philippines (PH)Russia in Asia (XU)Singapore (SG)Tajikistan (TJ)Thailand (TH)Timor Leste (TL)Turkmenistan (TM)Uzbekistan (UZ)Vietnam (VN)

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Traffic Conference Areas (TC)1. South Asian Subcontinent Sub-Area (SASC)Afghanistan (AF)Bangladesh (BD)India (IN)Maldives (MV)Nepal (NP)Pakistan (PK)Sri Lanka (LK

1. Japan, Korea Sub-Area

Japan (JP)Korea, Democratic Republic of (KP)Korea, Republic of (KR

1. South West Pacific Sub-Area

American Samoa (AS)Australia (AU)Cook Islands (CK)Fiji (FJ)French Polynesia (PF)Kiribati (KI)Nauru (NR)New Caledonia including Loyalty Islands (NC)New Zealand (NZ)Niue (NU)Papua New Guinea (PG)Samoa (WS)Solomon Islands (SB)Tonga (TO)Tuvalu (TV)Vanuatu (VU)Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF) and intermediate islands

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Time Differences

• 4. World Time Zones and Elapsed Travel Times - Examining the 24-hour time clock

• The conventional time clock expresses time as a function of 12-hour intervals with corresponding a.m. and p.m. designations.

• Although this method of telling time is used commonly throughout the world, it has significant shortcomings, particularly when applied to travel itineraries.

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Time Differences

• As a result, the travel industry uses a 24-hour time clock to eliminate confusion over a.m. and p.m. distinctions and to facilitate easier calculation of elapsed travel times.

• The 24-hour clock begins each day at 00:00 (midnight) and progresses through each hour of the day from 01:00 (1:00 a.m.) to 23:00 (11:00p.m.).

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24-Hour Clock System vs. the 12-Hour System

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Time Differences

• 5. World Time Zones• In 1884, the world’s major nations agreed to create a

series of standardized time zones. The world is now divided into 24 time zones, beginning with the prime meridian in Greenwich, England.

• The prime meridian is an imaginary line running through Greenwich that connects the north and south poles. The time at Greenwich and all other countries in this zone is called Green\ Mean Time (GMT) and is also referred to as Universal Time Coordinated (UTC).

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CHAPTER 2: Time Differences

• The time in all other zones can be expressed by referring to Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time Coordinated. The sign + (for plus) and - (for minus) are used in this context having the following application:

• • GMT + I (or UTC + 1) = 1 hour ahead of GMT/UTC

• • GMT - 1 (or UTC - 1) 1 hour behind of GMT/UTC

• Up to GMT/UTC + 12 and GMT/UTC - 12. 02/02/2015

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Time Differences

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Scale of Hours

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Time Differences

• Certain countries modify their standard time during the summer by advancing one hour.

• This temporary change is called Daylight Saving Time (DST). In countries where Daylight Saving Time applies during certain periods of the year, such time is specified together with the periods during which it applies.

• Example 1 • What is the local time in Addis Ababa (ADD), Ethiopia when it

is 12:00 hours GMT? In Ethiopia the standard time is GMT + 3 all year round. This means that the local time is 3 hours ahead of GMT. The local time in Addis Ababa is 15:00 hours when it is 12:00 hours GMT.

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Time Differences

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Time Differences

• Example 2:• It is often necessary to determine time differences

between two places neither of which is on GMT. • For instance, what is the local time in Frankfurt

(FRA), Germany when it is 15:00 hours local time in Tokyo (TYO), Japan on 20th March?

• In Germany, on 20th March the local time corresponds with standard time, that is GMT + 1. In Japan, the local time is GMT + 9.

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Time Differences

• This means that the local time in Frankfurt is 8 hours (9 minus 1 = 8) behind that of Tokyo and it is, therefore, necessary to subtract 8 hours from the local time in Tokyo (15:00 hours) to arrive at the local time in Frankfurt, that is, 07:00 hours on the same day.

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Time Differences

• Example 3: • What is the local time in Rome (ROM), Italy when it is

2:00 a.m. in La Paz (LPB), Bolivia on 24th March? • On that date, the local time in Italy is GMT + 1

(standard time). In Bolivia the local time is GMT - 4. • This means that the local time in Italy is 5 hours (1

plus 4 = 5) ahead of that of Bolivia. It is therefore necessary to add 5 hours to the local time in La Paz (2:00 a.m.) to arrive at the local time in Rome, that is, 7:00 a.m. on the same day.

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Time Differences

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Airlines’ schedules are always published in Local Time. The time variation from GMT/UTC of each city is specified in airline timetables.

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Time Differences

• The time difference between two points can be determined as follows:

• a) If the local time at both points is ahead of GMT (GMT+) or behind GMT (GMT-), deduct the smaller from the larger figure.

• Example: • GMT + 2 and GMT + 10 • 10 minus 2 = 8 hours time difference

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Time Differences

• b) If the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at one point and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, add both figures together.

• Example: • GMT + 2 and GMT - 5 • 2 plus 5 = 7 hours time difference • Example 4: • The local time in Madrid (MAD), Spain is 05:00 hours

on 30 November. What is the local time and date in Vancouver (YVR), BC, Canada?

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Time Differences

• MAD GMT+1 • YVR Pacific Time GMT-8 • As the local time is ahead of GMT (GMT +) at

one point and behind GMT (GMT -) at the other, we add both figures together.

• MAD GMT+1 • YVR GMT-8 • Difference: 9 hours

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Time Differences

• 6. International Date Line• Crossing the International Date Line makes the

calculation of time differences between countries more complicated, because travelers either gain or lose a day during the process.

• When a customer crosses the International Date Line travelling west, the day changes to the following day—Wednesday would immediately become Thursday.

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Time Differences

• Travelling the opposite direction has the opposite effect. So a customer crossing the International Date Line travelling east gains a day—in other words, Thursday becomes Wednesday.

• If your customers depart on Tuesday morning and travel from Honolulu to Tokyo, they would arrive after a nine-hour flight. But it would be Wednesday in Tokyo because they crossed the International Date Line. Conversely, if they leave from Tokyo on Sunday morning and return to Honolulu, they will arrive on Saturday because now they crossed the date line travelling west to east.

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Time Differences

• Example 5: What is the total transport time for a journey leaving Lusaka (Zambia) at 0910 on Friday, 6th January, and arriving in Hong Kong on Saturday, 7th January, at 1450? This trip includes several connections.

• • First Step: Determine the local time at departure and arrival points: LUN=GMT+2 , HKG=GMT+8

• • Second Step: Convert departure and arrival times to GMT: LUN 09:10 FRI = 07:10 GMT Friday HKG 14:50 SAT = 06:50 GMT Saturday

• • Third Step: Calculate the difference: From 07:10 GMT FRI To 06:50 GMT SAT Total transport time: 23 hours 40 minutes

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