total pole airship - jean-louis etienne - explorateur · maximum speed: 105 kph maximum...

Total Pole AirshipAn expedition led by Jean-Louis Etienne

April 2008

www.jeanlouisetienne.com

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The purpose of my next expedition, “Total Pole Airship”, is to measure the thickness of the pack ice while crossing the whole Arctic Ocean.

The frozen expanse that is home to the polar bear both influences our climate and is impacted by climate change; today the polar ice is seriouslythreatened by global warming.

Taking up the flame passed on by early polar explorers, we will explore the pack ice in an airship, the ideal vehicle to carry our special measuringapparatus and to cover the vast area we wish to survey.

From our polar odyssey we will bring data on the thickness of the sea iceduring International Polar Year 2007-2008, data that will later serve as abenchmark for monitoring the impact of our way of life on the climate ofour planet.

Foreword

An expedition led by Jean-Louis Etienne – Total Pole Airship

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Total Pole Airship – An expedition led by Jean-Louis Etienne

recorded between 1993-1997 showed thatthe average ice thickness had decreased by40% compared to 1958-1976.Furthermore, there has been a change inthe nature and composition of the ice pack:it now includes less multi-year ice and moreseasonal ice, which is not as thick and ismore sensitive to global warming.

At the forefront of climate change

While the average world temperaturehas risen by only 0.6°C over the pastcentury, temperatures in Alaska andnorthern Canada have risen by 4°C injust the last 60 years. In 2005, thesouth-east coast of Greenland recordeda temperature of 24°C and all the fjordswere free of sea ice for the first time ever.The cause of the rapid and extensive seaice regression is clearly global warming.Oceanographers have now discoveredthat unusually warm and saline currentscoming up from the Atlantic are swirlingunder the polar ice pack all across theArctic Basin. If no serious action isundertaken to curb global warming,there will be no more sea ice left in theArctic Ocean by the summer of 2060.The ice pack will form again during thewinter, because the nights are so glacial,but the fact that there will no longer bea cold pole in summer will cause majorclimate changes in the NorthernHemisphere.

> Influencingclimate andimpacted by itschanges

The ice pack: huge, chaotic,constantly renewed

The polar ice pack is a thin sheet of seaice on average only 2 or 3 metres thickfloating on water nearly 5,000 metresdeep. Constantly driven by the wind andmarine currents, the sea ice driftsbetween 4 and 5 km per day. Thismoving mass of ice is subject to titanicforces that fracture the pack into hugeplates, leaving channels of open waterthat freeze over again. Elsewhere, theplates collide and ride up over eachother forming pressure ridges, a jumbled mass of ice chunks severalmetres high and stretching forkilometres. On the underside of the ice,this same compression forms blades ofextending down as deep as 30 metres.Each year some of the sea ice melts,only to freeze over again and becomethicker in winter. Some ice also driftstowards the North Atlantic. But forseveral decades now, the balancebetween old ice melting and new iceforming has been negative.

The sea ice is shrinking rapidlyand getting thinner

The sea ice has shrunk by 8% in each ofthe last three decades. Observations on siteshow that the summer melt is starting earlier and the winter freeze-over isoccurring later. And there are more andmore large areas of permanently openwater; in summer 2005, oceanographicvessels got as far as latitude 87°Nbefore they were halted by ice. BySeptember 2007, the ice pack hadshrunk more than ever before.The Arctic is affected by global warmingmore than any other region of the world,because the fact that the area coveredby sea ice is shrinking means that thereis a larger area of water to absorb solarradiation, become warmer and speed upthe melting of the adjacent sea ice. At the centre of the Arctic Ocean, data

> Clear evidence of global warming

The reduction in the surface area of seaice is clearly visible in satellite imageryand is being closely monitored.However, monitoring the thickness ofthe ice pack is a much more complexundertaking because of the jaggedprofile of the ice sheet and because ofthe wide variations between seasonal iceand multi-annual ice.The ERS and Envisat satellites are nowproviding data on the surface, thedeformations, the variations in thicknessand the drift of the sea ice. And inMarch 2009, the European SpaceAgency is due to launch CryoSat 2, a satellite designed to study thecryosphere and which will be able tomeasure the thickness of the sea ice.But none of these measurements canbe regarded as reliable without “groundtruthing”, or confirmation via fieldobservations. This is the purpose ofTotal Pole Airship, which will endeavourto obtain reference measurementsacross the whole of the Arctic Ocean.

The two major currents affecting the ice pack

The Arctic Ocean and the sea ice

The expedition


> Measuring sea icethickness

The expedition will use an electro-magnetic device called the EM-Birddeveloped by engineers at Germany’sAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar andMarine Research (AWI). The EM-Bird is designed to be towed along 15-20metres above the sea ice takingcontinuous measurement of the icethickness. The apparatus will be hungunderneath a dirigible; the flightcharacteristics and range of an airshipmake it ideally suited to this type ofmission.

Ice measurements will be processed by Christian Haas of the AWI and madeavailable to a number of researchprogrammes on sea ice and climate(AWI, Damoclès, Mercator Océan, MétéoFrance). This will be reference data,acquired during International Polar Year.

> Selecting surveyzones

Every year, the oceanic zone thatincludes the immense continentalplateau ranging along the coasts ofSiberia and Canada freezes over with alayer of seasonal, or annual ice thatmelts during the summer. By the end ofthe northern summer, the only ice coverremaining is in the Central Basin andthe Beaufort Sea, and this is mainlymade up of multi-year ice.

The expedition will explore the zonescovered by an accumulation of multi-yearice, i.e. the zones that maintain theNorthern Hemisphere’s climate balance.Ice thickness will be measured in April2008, at the end of the winter when theice sheet is most solid and passable.

Sea ice on 1 June 2007

Sea ice in late August 2007(mainly multi-year ice)

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> Ideal for the purpose

A dirigible, or airship, has the long rangeneeded to cover a large area of theArctic Ocean. In addition, an airship canfly at the right speed and altitude todeploy the EM-Bird apparatus.

The expedition organisers opted for theRussian AU30 airship built byRosAeroSystems. The AU30 is 54 metres long, 14 metres wide and 17 metres high and its 5,500-cu.menvelope is filled with inert and non-inflammable helium.

The aircraft has a design payload ofabout 1,200 Kg. In order to carryenough fuel to cover a larger surveyzone, the expedition will minimise therest of the payload and carry only 4people: the crew (pilot and co-pilot), ascientist and one other person (scientist,cameraman or journalist).

> Helium

The Sun’s atmosphere contains largequantities of helium (hence its name,Helios) but helium only occurs as atrace gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.However, helium can also be found infossil form in pockets of natural gasoccurring in a number of petroleumdeposits in some regions of the US,Algeria and Poland. This helium can beextracted by drilling well deep into thesubsurface.

Helium is an extremely light gas (with adensity of only 0.14) and it is thereforevery volatile. Helium is colourless,odourless, non-inflammable andcompletely inert. It is used to fill airships(dirigibles) and balloons.

The airship4


> DESCRIPTIONType: blimpGas used: Helium

> DIMENSIONS OF THE ENVELOPETotal volume: 5,065 m3 (with allsections filled)Volume of each envelope section: up to 1,250 m3

Maximum diameter: 13.5 mLength: 54.0 mMaximum height: 17.5 m

> WEIGHTMaximum takeoff weight: 4,950 kg(without helium or air in the envelope)Weight when empty: 3,500 kgMaximum apparent weight on takeoff:500 kgPayload: up to 1,500 kg (1,200preferred for the expedition)

> SPEEDMinimum speed: 0 kphCruising speed: 50-80 kphMaximum speed: 105 kphMaximum climb/descent rate: 8 m/sec

> FLYING TIMEAt 50 kph: 24 hAt 80 kph: 10 hAt maximum speed: 5 h

> RANGEMaximum range at 50 kph (no wind):1,200 km

> ALTITUDENormal flying altitude: 100-1,500 mMaximum flying altitude: 2,500 m

> MOTORType: LOM-M332CNumber of motors: 2Power of each motor: 168 hp

> CREWAircrew: 2Passengers: 6Ground crew: 6-8

> TEMPERATUREMin. operating temperature: -40°C

> DIMENSIONS OF THE GONDOLAOverall length: 10.3 mLength inside cabin: 4.6 mOverall height: 2.5 mHeight inside cabin: 1.9 mMax. width 2.35 m

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German researchers at the AlfredWegener Institute (AWI) have developeda measuring apparatus called the EM-Bird that generates a continuousprofile of the thickness of the sea ice.

The instrument, which is 3.4 metreslong and weighs 120 kg, is designed to be towed 15-20 metres above the iceat a speed of 30 knots.

A laser altimeter records the height of the upper surface of the ice pack.The distance from the under-surface ofthe ice is measured using low-frequencyelectro-magnetic induction (hence thename electro-magnetic bird). Thedifference between the two distancesgives the thickness of the ice directlyunder the airship.

The EM-Bird measuring apparatus

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Results of themeasurementcampaign,April 2007

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> Calibration of theEM-Bird

On 19 April 2007, the Total Pole Airshipteam took its first ice-thicknessmeasurements along a 350-km routefrom the North Pole towards the coast ofCanada (86°50’ N – 58° W). The icealong the track was mainly two-year-oldice. The measurements recorded byChristian Haas of the AWI gave anaverage ice thickness of 2.35 metres,i.e. 30-70% less than the ice measuredin the same zone in 2001.

For the first time, scientists were able tocompare the sea-ice thickness given bythe EM-Bird with the data recorded inthe same zone by the wire-guided robotsubmersible (ROV) and by topographicaldata from a survey using lasertechnology. This data enabled the teamto calibrate (or “ground-truth) veryprecisely the data provided by the EM-Bird (particularly the measurementstaken vertically overhead of pressureridges) and so ensure the accuracy ofthe measurements that will be takenduring the expedition due to begin inApril 2008.

Topography of the underside of the sea ice as recorded by the ROV (left)and surface topography of the same section of sea ice carried out by

France’s National Geographic Institute (IGN).

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Doctor of medicine, Member, French government Polar Environment CommitteeOfficer of the Legion of Honour, Member, French Academy of Technologies, Gold Medal, French Geographical Society

Over the past 30 years, Jean-LouisEtienne has taken part in numerousexpeditions to the Himalayas, Greenlandand Patagonia as well as the polar zonesin both the Northern and SouthernHemispheres. In 1986, he became thefirst man to reach the Pole overland solo,pulling a dog sled himself for the entire63-day journey. From July 1989 to March1990, he was co-leader, alongside theAmerican Will Steger, of the InternationalTransAntarctica Expedition, in companywith a Russian, a Chinese, a Japaneseand a Briton. The aim of the expeditionwas to promote the Antarctic Treaty andensure that the continent around theSouth Pole remains a zone of scienceand peace. The 6,300-km expedition wasthe longest Antarctic crossing everachieved using dog sleds.

An indefatigable environmentalist, Jean-Louis Etienne has always worked to raise public awareness of the polarregions and their influence on life onEarth, particularly via our climate.Between 1990 and 1996, he led anumber of scientific and educationalexpeditions aboard the sailing ship“Antarctica”, travelling to the AntarcticPeninsula, Patagonia, South Georgia, thevolcano Mt Erebus and Spitzbergen,where an expedition wintered. His mostrecent polar expedition was the Ice PackMission in the spring of 2002. Jean-LouisEtienne drifted for three months on thepolar sea ice living in his “PolarObserver” capsule and making

observations for a research programmeon climate change.From December 2004 to April 2005,Jean-Louis Etienne took a break frompolar climes, leading a team of 40researchers from France’s Museum ofNatural History, the Institute for Researchon Development (IRD), the graduatescience school (EPHE) and the nationalscientific Research Centre (CNRS) toFrance’s Clipperton atoll in the Pacific tocarry out a biodiversity inventory and astudy of the marine environment.

> Science andEducation

Jean-Louis Etienne has led numerousscientific expeditions, always closelylinked to educational programmes onearth sciences and natural sciences, inconjunction with France’s Ministry ofEducation, the National Centre for

Educational Documentation, the ParisScience Centre (Cité des Sciences et del’Industrie), Oceanopolis, Nausicaa, etc.

> Educationalprogramme“Climate change andthe energy future”Both the polar adventure itself and theairship have excellent communicationpotential and will form the basis of aneducational project on the theme of“Climate change and the energy future”to be organised in conjunction withFrance’s Ministry for Research, Ministryfor Education and the Paris ScienceCentre. The project has the support ofUNESCO as part of the UN Decade ofEducation for Sustainable Development.

Ongoing information can be accessed viawww.jeanlouisetienne.com

Jean-Louis ÉtienneDoctor and explorer - Born 9 December 1946 in southern France

Learning more about the mechanisms involved in climate change and the action required to slow the process and reduce future consequences is one of the key challenges of the21st century.

There is an urgent need for such action, and yet we still lack much of the information we need to ensure that our action is effective. As a major world energy player, Total isconcerned by the climate change issue in many ways. Going beyond our initiatives toreduce the environmental impact of our operations and our products, Total has chosen to take an active part in the public debate on climate change and to partner efforts to gatherthe data that will help us gain a better understanding of this phenomenon.

Obtaining new data thanks to innovative measurement technologies can certainly advancescientific knowledge in this area and Total is pleased to support the new expedition to the North Pole, to be led by Jean-Louis Etienne. This first field campaign to measure the thickness and extent of the polar sea ice should provide information that will be vital to further research on the ice pack and climate change, to be undertaken as part ofInternational Polar Year 2007-2008.

Christophe de MargerieChief Executive Officer, Total

The Pole Airship expedition has the support of the Ministry of Researchin conjunction with theMinistry of Education.

Under the gracious patronage of Nicolas SarkozyPresident of France

With support from

www.jeanlouisetienne.com

Under the patronage of UNESCO

ContactsSeptième continent

11, rue Caulaincourt - 75018 PARISCoralie Jugan - 01 42 29 04 01 - 06 12 97 78 63

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TotalSandra Dante - 01 47 44 46 07

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Expedition timetable

2007> Autumn-winter 2007Training flights in France

The airship will remain in France until the expedition’s departure for the North Pole,scheduled for mid-March 2008. This period will be used for crew training and fortesting the scientific equipment. The pilots will receive the theoretical and practicaltraining necessary to be authorised to fly the airship.

2008> March 2008From Paris to Northern Europe

The airship will fly across Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany,Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Its destination will be Tromso

at the northern tip of Europe.

Crossing the Barents Sea

The flight from Tromso to Spitzbergen will be one of the most delicate stages of the expedition. This 1,000-km leg over water strewn with ice willhave to be flown non-stop, which will requirefavourable winds.

> April-May 2008 Across the Arctic Ocean: Spitzbergen – North Pole – Alaska

Spitzbergen was the historic departure point for the airship expeditions led by Amundsen (“Norge”)

in 1926 and Nobile (“Italia”) in 1928.The expedition will begin taking measurements as soon

as the airship leaves Spitzbergen, with the EM-Bird slungunder the airship. The craft will fly from Spitzbergen to the

depot at 85°N and on to Russia’s Station Barneo (where anumber of radial surveys will be carried out), then to the Magnetic

North Pole north of Canada. Further radial surveys will be carried out overthe Beaufort Sea, and the airship will then come out of the survey zone via PrudhoeBay, Alaska.

> May-June 2008The return voyage

The method of return of the airship will depend on the experience gained during the expedition and the technical capabilities of the craft. The airship will either bedismantled in Alaska and shipped home in containers or flown back to France.

The planned route across the Arctic Ocean, with transects.

total pole airship - jean-louis etienne - explorateur · maximum speed: 105 kph maximum...

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