torrefied bamboo: an alternative for sustainable biomass export · torrefied bamboo: an alternative...
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Torrefied Bamboo: an
alternative for sustainable biomass export
C.M. Daza Montano
March 2014
ECN-L--14-014
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www.ecn.nl
Torrefied Bamboo: an alternative for sustainable biomass exportClaudia Daza Montaño
Sustainable Biomass Production in Latin AmericaBogotá ‐ Colombia29 January 2014
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ECN at a glance
ECN Offices
5Commercial licensing
deals per year
600Employees+/-20
patents a yearEUR 80 M annual
turnover Since 1955
Mission
ECN Focus Areas
• Solar energy
• Biomass • Policy studies
• Energy efficiency
• Wind energy
• Environment & energy engineering
To develop knowledge and technologies that enable a transition to more sustainable energy systems
Netherlands (5) BelgiumChina
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ECN acts as a bridge between science and corporate innovation
Science Industrial partners
Fundamental Research
Applied Research
Industrial Development
What we do Consultancy & Services
Serving your short-term business and R&D needs
Contract R&DSupport your R&D with our knowledge, technology and (test)
facilities
Technology development & TransferImplement our technology in products & processes
Joint Industry ProjectsDeveloping tomorrow’s technology together
How we can work with youProblem solvingUsing our knowledge, technology, and facilities to solve our clients’ issues
Technology developmentDeveloping technology into prototypes and industrial applications
Studies & Policy supportCreating insights in energy technology and policy
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Our Biomass & Energy Efficiency (BEE) unit focuses on multiple areas in the Biomass and Energy value chain
• Consultancy & Services• Contract R&D, • Technology development & Transfer
ECN Focus Areas
ECN Activities
• Techno-economic evaluations, • Joint Industry Projects• LCA, sustainability assessments
• Feedstock characterization
• Property databases
• Torrefaction• Torwash• Pyrolysis• Fractionation
• Combustion• Gasification• Biorefinery• CCS• Process
intensification
• Gas cleaning• Tar removal• Gas conditioning• Membrane &
Sorbent
• Biofuels (incl. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
• Biochemicals & -materials
• Power & Heat• Process
Intensification• Energy Storage
Input Pre-treatment Conversion Separation Output
System & Process analysis
ECN focus in Biomass & Energy Efficiency
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Torrefied Pellets for Sustainable Biomass Export from Colombia
Assessing the whole chain of bamboo cultivation & collection via torrefaction upgrading to application as biofuel
Bamboo Project: Jan 2011-April 2013
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Bamboo as a biomass import chainAssessment of:• technical suitability• sustainability• economic feasibility
for:• Co‐firing torrefied
Colombian bamboopellets in NL
The DBI scheme aims to give an impulse to the promotion of the sustainability of the biomass import chains for biobased energy and chemical
applications/transport/electricity/heating and chemicals/materials
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Bamboo:
An alternative sustainable feedstock for the biobased economy
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Partners
• Experts on bamboo• Local data • Link to local stakeholders• Material supply
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Partners
• Sustainability Assessment
• Technology Assessment
• Techno‐ economic evaluation
• Results dissemination
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Why bamboo?
• +36 Million Hectares (FAO)• Millions of tons could be harvested sustainably each year• Opportunities for sustainable development
Source: Inbar.
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• Fast growing – 10‐40 Ton/Ha‐year
• Regenerates itself after it has been responsibly cared for and harvested No replanting
• Excellent reforesting crop– Low (or none) consumption of fertilizers (GHG)– Easy propagationno seeds – Water table preservation– Biodiversity preservation– Counteracts soil erosion
• CO2 sump Climate change
• Opportunities for rural development– Product diversification
Photo: Avellaneda J.
Why bamboo?
J.C. Camargo
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Current UsesPlant section Current use
Culm Finished products: housing, flooring, furniture,paper, charcoal.
Leaves Left in the field as fertilizer, and/or collected foranimal feed.
Branches Low value applications, low market (chopsticks)
Roots Food
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Major global supplier of products: China
65%7%
28%
Contribution of world bamboo resources by continent
AsiaAfricaAmerica
Source: FAO
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Lignocellulosic feedstock
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Yields and composition depend on:
specie and age of the plant, plant section,
cultivation site and harvesting season.
Feedstock Bamboo culm
Cane Bagasse
Wheat straw
Wood
HHV (dry) MJ/kg 17‐20 18‐20 16‐19 17‐20
Density kg/m3 500‐700 150‐200 160‐300 200‐500
Yield Ton/Ha‐year 10‐40 7‐10 6‐12 10‐20Overall composition (dwt %)
Cellulose 40‐60 35 38 50Hemicellulose 20‐30 25 36 23Lignin 20‐40 20 16 22Others** 2‐10 20 10 5
** Ash, resins, etc.
LogisticsCost
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Biobased: Chemicals+ Materials+ Energy
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Solid Fuel in Power PlantsCoal & biomass
FibersFertilizerBiochar
Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
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Biomass chain assessment
Technical specificationsSecurity of supplySustainability
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Torrefaction for upgrading biomass
• Process parameters– Temperature: 200‐300 °C– Absence of oxygen
Tenacious and fibrousLHV = 9 - 12 MJ/kgHydrophilicBiodegradableHeterogeneous
Torrefaction
Friable and less fibrousLHV = 18 - 24 MJ/kgHydrophobicPreservedHomogeneous
Pelletisation
Bulk density = 650-800 kg/m3
Bulk energy density = 12 - 19 GJ/m3
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From Coal to Biomass
Storage & handling
Shipment Grinding & .Feeding
Logistic and operational cost
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Bamboo in Colombia
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Native and exotic species
Bamboo species Native (N) Exotic (E)
Altitude Amsl
Guadua angustifolia Kunth N 900‐1600
Guadua amplexifolia Presl. N 0‐1000
Chusquea subulata L.G. Clark N 2200‐2800
Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris E 0‐1500
Dendrocalamus strictus E 0‐800
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
G.angustifolia
B. Vulgaris G.amplexifolia
D. strictus
%
Above ground biomass distribution per plant section
Leaves
Branches
Culm
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Case study: Guadua angustifolia
• Woody bamboo species native toLatin America.
• Fast growing:
30 m in 6 months
20‐40 Ton/ha‐year
Londono
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Producers case study: Corguadua
• The Corporative for the sustainable management of guadua CORGUADUA
• 5 members (or units) 96 ha FSC Certified
• Barriers and opportunities with FSC certification
• Experience and knowledge could be reproduced in other regions
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Guadua a. development stages
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Residues
New
shot
Young Mature Overmature Dry
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Guadu
aangustifo
lia
Year
Maturity stage vs time
CelulloseHemicellulose
Lignin
Construction Fuel
Major components
End Use Biorefining
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Case study 1: Residues
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Processing residuesForest/plantations residues
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Natural forest Ha kton/year MWth
National(Carder, 2000) 51000 765 530
Coffee axis (Camargo, 2007) 28000 420 290
Forest Residues Potential
Less than 10% of Guadua forestare under proper management
Potential/Forest residues
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Suitable area Hectares kton/year
Coffee axis(Camargo 2007) 125,000 1,800
Other regions ? ‐
2% of Degraded land 400,000 6,000
Case study 2: Plantations/Bioenergy Crop
*15 Ton/ha‐year
(Camargo et al, 2007)
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Technical Assessment
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ECN 50 kg/h torrefaction pilot plant (Since February 2008)
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Torrefaction tests at ECN
bambootreated @ 245°C
bambootreated @ 255°C
bambootreated @ 265°C
untreatedbamboo
torrefaction pelletization 1‐10 tons of test batchesfeeding
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Grindability
29Janssen, A.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Power con
sumption (kWe/MWth)
Average particle size (mm)
Bamboe 5yr ‐ UntreatedBamboe 5yr ‐ Torrefied 240°CBamboe 5yr ‐ Torrefied 255°CBamboe 5yr ‐ Torrefied 270°CBamboe 5yr ‐ TorwashedWillow ‐ UntreatedWillow ‐ Torrefied 260°CAU bituminous coal
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Combustion and gasification
• Combustion simulator– Combustion characteristics– Slagging and fouling– Emissions (NOx, SOx, Dioxins)
• On‐site measurements– Slagging and fouling– Gas sampling
• Fuel and Ash characterisation
• Phyllis database of biomass properties
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Combustion tests
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Colombian coalair
80/20Colombian/torr
air
torwashedbamboo (fine0.09 - 0.125)
Dep
ositi
on p
rope
nsity
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Foul
ing
fact
or
Ash fed (gr, cumulative)
Untreated bamboo 5.1 (0.09 -0.125μm)Torr 5.1 270 (0.09 - 0.125μm)
Colombian coal (0.09-0.125μm)Blend 80/20 coal/torr bamboo5.1Wood
Cynara
torwashed bamboo 5.1 (0.09 -0.125μm)
• Life time and maintenance of equipment• Efficiency of the installation
• Similar to woodFryda et al, 2013
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Sustainability assessment
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Sustainability issues
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Sustainability Issues considered for the use of bamboo for torrefied pellets in the coffee region Colombia
(Diaz‐Chavez et al, 2012)
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Sustainabilitycriteria included
FSC NTA8O8O
Biodiversity Yes Yes
GHG No YesEnvironment Yes Yes
Social Yes Yes
Sustainability certification
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LCA: 1 MJ of Electricity from Coal vs. Bamboo
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Electricity, medium voltage, productionNL, at grid/NL S
Electricity by torrefied bamboo fromplantation
88 % GHG emission reduction
NTA8080 = 70%
Accounting methodology follows:
EC recommendations for solid biomass
Default values/processes/references
Carbon stock is not includedDaza et al, 2013
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When carbon stock is included: CO2 storage
Estimated GHG emissions
Reduction: 300 % vs. 88%
Bamboo is not included as a default biomass chain (EC, NTA)
Performance needs to be proven
Harmonize methodologiesMeasure, monitor and demonstrate
J.C. Camargo
Living standsBelow ground biomass: (soil organic carbon, roots)
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Residues vs. Bioenergy crop
Parameter Residues from forest
Residues from plantations
Bioenergy crop/plantations Comments
Yield per ha + ++ +++ Forest exploitation is controlled and needspermit in Colombia
Current potential ++ + ‐‐ Existing area covered/ Species
Future Potential ++ ++ +++ Suitable area
Cost ++ ++ + Main production/management cost areallocated to main product.
Small holders ++ + + Forestry Management Units FMU
GHG emissions reduction + + +++
Use of residues account for emissions fromthe collection pointDoes not includecarbon stock
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Conclusions and lessons learned
• Bamboo has the potential to be a highly sustainable biomass source for the biobased economy species, location and practices dependent (Residues and biomass crop).– Solid Fuel
– Superior to agricultural residues and herbaceous biomass – Torrefaction improves properties
– Chemicals and materials (lignocellulosic biorefineries)– Traditional use Product diversification
• Sustainability certification is possible– Potential to be superior to other solid biomass – GHG emission reductionMeasure and monitoring activities are required to
demonstrate the superior performance (Bamboo is not a default biomass chain)
• Costs– First estimate: equivalent cost over the entire chain when compared to
conventional wood pellets
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Recommendations• Development of technology
– Broader analysis of bamboo species Different regions– Feedstock adaptation/pretreatment/conversion Depends on end use, scale
and location
• Development of the market chain– Financial support – Public and Private sector involvement– Design of the supply chain Pilot projects
Combined with other biomass sources– End users requirements
– Security of supply– Technical specifications– Sustainability
– Opportunity to include small/medium scale producers
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Recommendations• The recognition of bamboo as a biomass source for different applications in
the local and international market.
• Public institutions Regulatory framework where bamboo is clearly defined as an agricultural resource, a forestry resource or an agro‐forestry resource.
• A multidisciplinary expertise on bamboo production, pre‐treatment, conversion techniques, and system assessments (local and international) are of key importance in the successful integration of bamboo in the bio‐based economy.
40J.C. CamargoSource: Inbar.
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Thank you for your attentionGracias por su atención
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This work forms part of the project: “Torrefied bamboo pellets for sustainable biomass import from Colombia”. Financial support by NL Agency
under the subsidy scheme Sustainable Biomass Import. Partners in the project were: Technological University of Pereira (Co), Colombian Bamboo
Society (Co) and Imperial College of London (UK).
For more information, please contact:
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ECN
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1755 LE Petten 1755 LG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 4949
F +31 88 515 8338
info@ ecn.nl
www.ecn.nl