topography is the science of describing or representing the features of a particular surface...
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Placido Based Corneal Topography
MOHAMMAD GHOREISHI, MD
ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
ISFAHAN, IRAN
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Topography is the science of describing or representing the features of a particular surface
Topography
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Corneal topography
• Computer- assisted
videokeratoscopy
• The most accurate and powerful
tool for measurement of corneal
surface
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The importance of anterior corneal surface
• The anterior cornea is the major refractive surface of the eye
• Average refractive power is 43 D(+49 D for anterior surface and –6 D for posterior surface)
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Parameters for description of corneal shape
• Surface slope• Radius of curvature• Power• Elevation
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Curvature and power• Curvature
– A measurement of shape of the cornea– Geometric property
• Power– A measurement of refractive effect of the
cornea– Functional property
• Radius of curvature is more accurate than power
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• Snell’s law• p = (n2-n1)/r• Where n1 is the refractive index of
the first medium (air = 1) and n2 is the refractive index of the second medium (cornea = 1.376)
Conversion of curvature to power
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ANSI: Geometry and Optics
Curvature is always geometric (a property of surface shape) and can only be applied to surfaces individually. Power is always optical (a property of the surface shape, refractive index, and illumination incidence) and can be applied to any sequence of surfaces. Although the conventional color maps (axial and tangential) are expressed in diopters (the unit of optical power), they actually display surface curvature. Henceforth these “power” maps will be called curvature maps.
Curvature is always geometric (a property of surface shape) and can only be applied to surfaces individually. Power is always optical (a property of the surface shape, refractive index, and illumination incidence) and can be applied to any sequence of surfaces. Although the conventional color maps (axial and tangential) are expressed in diopters (the unit of optical power), they actually display surface curvature. Henceforth these “power” maps will be called curvature maps.
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Standard keratometric Index• Refractive index of corneal stroma is 1.376• However, the curvature of posterior
corneal surface is not easy to measure• Therefore the Standard kexratometric
Index (SKI=1.3375 ) is an approximation to take account both corneal surfaces
• p = (1.3375-1)/r• P = 0·3375/r
• Refractive index of corneal stroma is 1.376• However, the curvature of posterior
corneal surface is not easy to measure• Therefore the Standard kexratometric
Index (SKI=1.3375 ) is an approximation to take account both corneal surfaces
• p = (1.3375-1)/r• P = 0·3375/r
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Inaccuracy of power
• Conversion formula assumes:–Spherical optics–The curvature of posterior
cornea to be normal–Cornea to be normal thickness–Cornea to have uniform RI
• Conversion formula assumes:–Spherical optics–The curvature of posterior
cornea to be normal–Cornea to be normal thickness–Cornea to have uniform RI
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Radius of curvature
•Global (axial or sagital) •Local (tangential or instantaneous)
•Global (axial or sagital) •Local (tangential or instantaneous)
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Global Radius of curvature• Calculates the curvature of the cornea
radially at points along each of the meridians
• It measures the perpendicular distance from the tangent at a point to the optical axis
• The algorithms have a spherical bias
• Calculates the curvature of the cornea radially at points along each of the meridians
• It measures the perpendicular distance from the tangent at a point to the optical axis
• The algorithms have a spherical bias
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rX
rY
X Y
Radius of Curvature
Global / Axial / Sagital Local / Instantaneous / Tangential
rX
rY
X Y
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Methods of measurement of corneal shape
• Keratometry• Keraoscopy• Photokeratoscopy• Videokeratoscopy
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Keratometer
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No elliptic distortion of the mires due to irregular astigmatism
Photokeratoscopes
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Placido-type light cone of videokerastoscope
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Mires images
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Components of videokerastoscopes
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Reflection-based Topography
Optics of convex mirrors
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Measuring radius of curvature
Magnification=M = I/O = v/uv = u X I/Ov= r/2r/2 = u X I/Or = radius of curvature = 2u X I/O
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Measurement of Topography
Radius of curvature / Power
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Mires and color map
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Pear-shape distortion of mires representing irregular astigmatism due to pterygium Color map shows irregular pattern
Evaluation of mires and color map
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• The most useful form of data presentation is a color-coded corneal contour map• Steep areas are depicted as "hot colors," such as reds and browns, and flat areas as "cool colors," such as blues and greens
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Color map
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Color scales
–Absolute scale–Normalized scale–Adjustable
–Absolute scale–Normalized scale–Adjustable
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The normalized scale should NOT be used for Keratoconus Suspects It emphasizes features that are not clinically significant
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A case of subclinical keratoconus plotted using scales with different step intervals
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Axial Map• Axial curvature (formerly termed sagital
curvature) measures the curvature at a certain point on the corneal surface in axial direction relative to the center
• The axial map shows the corneal curvature calculated with respect to the optical axis of the cornea.
• Axial topography is similar to manual keratometry in that it is most accurate within the central portion of the cornea.
• Axial curvature (formerly termed sagital curvature) measures the curvature at a certain point on the corneal surface in axial direction relative to the center
• The axial map shows the corneal curvature calculated with respect to the optical axis of the cornea.
• Axial topography is similar to manual keratometry in that it is most accurate within the central portion of the cornea.
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