topik korean intermediate grammar
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Used With
V/A/N(I)
V/A/N(I)
V
A
V
V
V/A
V
V/A/N(I)
V/A/N(I)
V
V
V
V
V/A/N(I)
-(λ) λλλ λλ
-(λ)λλλλλ(λ)
-(λ) λλλ λλ
-(λ) λ λλ λλ
-(λ) λ λ N(Time)λ/
λ
λλ/λλ/λλλ
-(λ) λ λ(λ)
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλ
-(λ) λ λλ
-(λ) λ λ (λλλ)
-(λ) λ λ λλλ
-(λ) λ λ (- λ λ)
-(λ) λ λ(λ) λλ/λλ
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V
V/A/N(I)
V
V
N
N
V/A/N(I)
N
N
V/A/N(I)
V
V
V/A/N(I)
V
V/A/N(I)
-(λ) λ λλλλ
-(λ)λλ(λ)
-(λ) λλ λλ λλ
-(λ) λλ λλλ
-(λ) λ λλ(λ)
-(λ)λλ
-(λ)λλλ
-(λ)λλ
-(λ)λλλ
-λλ
-λλ
- λ λλ(λ)
- λ λλ
-λλ
-λλλ(λ)
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V
V
V
V/A
V
V
V/A/N(I)
V
V/A/N(I)
V/A/N(I)
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
-λλ
-λλλ
-λλ
- λ λλλλ
- λ λλλλ
-λ(λ) λλλ
-λλ(λ)
- λλ λλ
-λλ
- λ λλ
-λλ
- λ λ λλ λ
- λ λλλ
- λ λλ(λ)
- λ λλ
- λ λ
- λ λλ
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V
V
V
V/A/N(I)
V/A/N(I)
V
V/A/N(I)
V/A/N(I)
N
N
- λ λλ
-λλ
-λλλ
-λλ
-λλλ
- λλλ λλ
-λλ
-λλλλ
-λλ
- λ λλ
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N
V/A
V/A/N(I)
V
V
V/A/N(I)
V/A
A
V
V
V
N
N
N
-
-λλ
-λ/ λ λλ
-λ/ λ λλλ
-λ
/ λ λλ
-λ/λλλ
-λ/ λλ λλλ
-λ/λλλ
-λ/λλλ
-λ/λλλ
-λ/λλλ
-λ/λλλ
- λ λλ λλ
- λ λλ λλλ
-λλλ
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N
V
N
V/A
V/A
λλλ
V/A/N(I)
V/A
λλ
λλ
λλ
-λ/λλλ
- λ λλ(λ)?
- λ λλλ λλ
-λλ
(-λλ) -(λ)λλλ
λλλ -(λ)λ/λλ
-(λ)λ/ λλ λλλ
λλ -λ/λλ
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λλ
λλ
λλ
λλ/λλ
λλ/λλ
λλ/λλ
λλ/λλ
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λλ
λλ/λλ
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Usage
When P1 context does not affect P2 result
To exress certain feelin! or thou!hts that srin! from seein! somethin!
"sed to sa# ho$ much time has assed after doin! somethin!
-When somethin! seems to %e similar to somethin! else (almost the same)
-When it is considered that it is similar as doin! somethin! else
When a %ad result is laced in P2 due to P1
When the result does not chan!e $hether the action (attached) is ta&en or not
"sed to su!!est doin! P2's action and not doin! P1's action
In P1 to exress more than t$o uroses a%out P2's action
To exress that $hat comes in P1 is not true %ased on certain fact or situation
"sed to indicate that it is %etter to sa# P2 rather than P1 (rather than P1 P2 is a %etterreason/otion)
xlains the situation $hen the intention and result differ (I should ha*e P1 %ut P2haened)
"sed $hen certain action is ta&en in the rocess of another action (P1) focus is on theresultin! state that continues
"sed to sa# that it is onl# natural in !eneral for somethin! to haen as such (it iscertain)
"sed to exress the attitude that is different from the actual action or condition (actedas thou!h +V/A/N attached, in order to lause 1)
"sed to re!ret or feel sorr# for somethin! (.hould ha*e +V attached,/e!ret doin!somethin! else $ould ha*e %een %etter)
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When the condition is similar to somethin! else (a%out to)
To seculate (need &no$led!e to %ac& u seculation) a%out certain fact
When P2's result comes %ecause of P1 (0ue to +N attached, haened)
"sed to seculate somethin! (I %elie*e +V/A/N attached, since lause 1)
-"sed to choose somethin! e*en thou!h it is not 13 satisfactor# (2nd %est otion)
-an also sho$ no reference
"sed to emhasi4e somethin! amon! others reresentin! the rest (rime examle)
"sed $hen there are oosite fact %et$een P1 and P2
To sho$ the urose to$ards the action of P1 (P2 in order for me to/so that P1)
When the result of P1's action is different from the exectation
"sed to sa# that somethin! almost haened %ut didn5t at the end (I nearl# +V
attached, %ut (reason $h# not))
"sed to exress a lan for the foreseea%le future (indicates sea&er5s intention)sea&er $as 6ust a%out to do $hat is su!!ested
"sed to indicate that someone has a osition social status or authorit# or in suchstance (as a +N attached,)
When some fact is found after doin! somethin! ne$/contrar# to current %elief (after Ireali4ed)
This exression means that the reason !i*en in P1 is 6ust one of a num%er of reasonsfor the %eha*iour in P2
"sed to exress an a!reement of somethin! or a thou!ht to thin& of somethin! asreasona%le (of course +V/A/N attached,)
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-When P2's action can ta&e lace after P1's action is finished
-As a rhetorical 7uestion $hen P1 $or&s as a condition of P2
When P2's action is ta&en for an intention or urose of P1
"sed to sa# that certain situation is natural and reasona%le (is %ound to)
"sed $hen somethin! occurs fre7uentl#
To exress doin! somethin! as soon as somethin! is finished (as soon as)
"sed to indicate that it is done sometimes
When P1 %ecomes %asis or urose of P2
To !uess a%out somethin! %ased on certain fact or situation
"sed to sho$ the eriod of time that a certain action or condition is continued
When there is a %ad result in P2 due to P1
To sho$ the situation of P2 $ill %e realised as lon! as the condition of P1 is satisfied
To exress $hen P2's action or condition aears after P1's action is finished(%efore/after relationshi)
"sed to sli!htl# den# $hat the other erson said or ans$er a%out a comliment in amodest $a# (I don5t thin& so +V/A attached, 8ne!atin! sentence9)
"sed $hen P2 is not satisfactor# %ut it is considered to %e %etter than P1 ($ould ratherP2 than P1)
"sed to exress that somethin! did not ta&e lace $holeheartedl# durin! the tas&($asn5t all for +V attached,)
To exress the reason $h# P1 %adl# affected P2 (exresses reason and als the result$as not intended)
"sed to indicate that the sea&er learned somethin! ne$ after doin! some actoin or %eha*iour continuousl# from time in the ast or that a certain situation has occurred asa result of
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-That somethin! is done on the $a# $hile stoin! the re*ious action
-When some other action is ta&en in the rocess of certion action
When a %ad result is exected after doin! P1's action
eco!ni4e P1's fact if it does not affect P2's context
-When doin! somethin! nearl# similar to somethin! else (as #ou &no$)
-When sea&er is not actuall# doin! somethin! %ut doin! somethin! that is similar
-"sed $hen P1 contrasts $ith P2 (%ut)
-:ccurrence of somethin! immediatel# follo$in! the end of another occurrence
"sed to indicate the last one left is e*en added
When P2's action ma# %e reali4ed (disco*er# of somethin!) if P1's action is continued
or reeated
"sed to exress that certain fact or situation is ama4in! or un%elie*a%le (I can5t %elie*e that +V/A/N attached,)
- n ca es e resu ue o someone e se s ac on s ac on ecause s nce s
"sed to exress the sea&er5s recollection that he or she directl# sa$ heard or feltsome rior e*ent or action
"sed to comare t$o thin!s that ha*e similar de!ree (used $ith noun denotin! si4eamount num%er) (P1 Noun is as as P2 Noun)
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- When P1's condition is !reat
When P1's comleted result %ecomes the reason for P2 (.ince P1 ; P2 haened)
"sed $hen a certain action is done reeatedl#
To seculate that P1 is the reason for P2 (!uess ma#%e<)
-When the P2's action is ta&en $hen it reaches certain timin!
-To emhasi4e that it is difficult for P2 to ta&e lace ha*in! P1 as the condition
"sed to exress the chan!e in condition (turn/%ecome +Ad6 Attached,)
"sed $hen somethin! is not done directl# %# the su%6ect %ut done %# somethin! else
-To state the result after doin! somethin!
"sed to sa# that result chan!es %ecause of somethin! (accordin! to +N attached,)
"sed to indicate the lace $here certain action is ta&in! lace
"sed to indicate that somethin! occrred a certain amount of time after a re*ious e*entoccurred
- When it is exected that re!ardless of doin! P1's $or& the exected result does notseem to %e reali4ed (e*en if)
xression indicates that the action in the P2 is done %ased on the result of firstcomletin! the action in P1
-When somethin! else ta&es lace that drasticall# contrasts $ith somethin! thathaened %efore (-λ/ λ exress comletion of action)- o an ac on an en exer ence some n! no e$or # unexec e usua #
-=or somethin! that has %een reco!ni4ed after doin! certain action (>ecause P1 actionne$ thin! reco!ni4ed +P2,)
"sed to sho$ that somethin! is more imortant in decidin! somethin! (deends on +Nattached,
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-.ho$s that somethin! is different from $hat had %een exected
"sed to su!!est or recommend somethin! to someone else ($hat a%out +V attached,)
itation- .u!!esti*e sentences (ne!ati*e)
-"sed to indicate somethin! is %etter or $orse than $hat had %een exected
-"sed $hen e*er#thin! is the same $ithout an excetion
When an extreme de!ree of an actoin or state %ecomes the reason for P2
λ λλ λλ
λ λ λλλλ
λλ
λλ
λ λ λλ
λλ λλ λ
λλ
λλ λλλλ
λ λλ
λλλλ
λ λλλ
-"sed to indicate that not onl# $hat comes in P1 the more realistic one that comes inP2 is e*en hard to accomlish
"sed to exress that the de!ree of P2 increases as the action or situation of P1continues
"sed to emhasi4e P1 $hen it is the cause of P2 (I can5t %elie*e +V/A attached,descri%in! P1 resultin! in P2
"sed to emhasi4e the !reatness of the de!ree of the fact or situation (ou ha*e no
idea ho$ +V/A/N attached,
λλ λλ (@rammar Pattern ist)
λ/ λλ λλ
;α λλλ/λλ λλ
λ/ λλ λλ
;α λλλ
λ/ λ λλλλ
;α λ λλ
λ/ λ λ λλ/ λλλ
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λλλ
λλ λλ
λλλ
λλ
λ λλλλ
λ λλλ
λλ λλ
λλλ
λλλ
λλλ
λλ
λ λλλ
λ λλ
λ
λ λλλ
λ λλ
λλλ
λ λλλ
λ λλ λ λλ
λ λλλλ
λ λλλλ
(λ/λ) λλ
(λ) λ λλλλ
;α/λ λ
λλ/ λλ λλλλ
(λ) λ λλλ
λ/ λ λλ
;α/λ λλλ
λλ(λ)
λ/ λ λλλλ
(λ) λ λλλ
(λ) λ λλ
(λ)λλλ
λ/λλλ
. λλλ
(λ
)λλλ
/λλ
;α λλ
(λλ)λλ
;α λλλ λλ
;α λλλλ
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λ λλλ
λ λλλλ
λλ
λλ
λλ λλλλ
λλ
λ λλλλ
(λ)λλ
;α λλ(λ)
;α/λ λλ
λ(λ) λλ
λ/ λ λλ/λλλ
λ/ λ λλ
λ/ λ λλλ
λ/ λ λ
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Similar Phrases
-λ/ λ λλ
-(λ) λ λλ λλ λλ
-(λ) λ λ λλ λλ %een a lon! time
-(λ) λ λ λλ λ λλ hasn5t %een a lon! time
-When used $ith -λ/ λ λλ or -λ/ λλλ the λ is droed
- λ λλλλ
-λ/ λ λλλλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
- λ λλλ
- λ λλλ
- λ λλ
-λ/ λ λλ
-(λ) λ λλλλ
-λ/ λλλ λλλ (.hould ha*e done)
- λ λλ λλλ/ λ -(λ) λ λ λλλ (.hould not ha*e done)
- λ λλ
-(λ) λ λλ λλλ- λ λλ(means doin! actions to!ether)
- λλ λλ/ λλ λλ (on the $a# to/from #ou do somethin!)
- λ (used $ith noun)
- λλλ - λ λλ λλλ
-(λ) λ λ(λ) λλλ?
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-(λ) λ λλλλ
-(λ) λ λλ
-(λ) λ λλλ (means a seculation)
-(λ) λλ λλλλ-e*en %efore the su!!estion (I had lanned to +e*en %efore #ou said that, and $as 6ust a%out to)
-(λ) λλλλ λλλ λλλ (used $hen sea&er ne*er thou!ht a%out thesituation)
-(λ) λλλ N (used to mean thin& !uess seculate)
-λλλλ
-λλλλλ
-λλλλλ
-N λ V-λ/ A/V- λλ λλ λλ
-N λ A/V- λ A/V- λ λλ or A/V- λλ λλ A/V- λλ λλ this exressionindicates t$o reresentati*e reasons amon! man# for the action in P2
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- λ λλ
-λ
- λλ λλ (used $hen the sea&er has an intention to ta&e certain action)
-(λ)λλ
- λ λλ(λ)
- λ λλλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λ λλλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
-λλλ
-λλ
- λλλλ (used $ith V $hen P1 8or9 P2 are done used $ith Ad6 $henaddin! information 8P1 haens %ut sometimes P2 haens as $ell)
- λλ ($ritten)
-(λ)λ/ λ λ λλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλλ
-(λ)λ/ λ λλλ
- λ λλ
- λ λλ
- λ λλλ (oosite meanin!)
- λ λλ(λ)
- λ λλλ
- λ λλ
- λλ λλλ
- λ λλλ
- λ is shortened form of - λλ $hich refers to somethin! occurin! in themiddle of a continuance action
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- λλ is shortened form of λλ and -(λ) λλ $hich refers to a disco*er orresult
- λλ λλ
- λ λλ (:nl# $hen λλ/ λλ used in front)
- λλλ seculates a %ad result in P2
- λλ λλλ λλ use $hen action is on and off
-.ea&in! h#otheticall# use -λ/λλλλ
-λλ(λ) end of sentence
-λ/λλ
-λλλ
-λλ(λ)
- λλ (onl# familiar seech
-"sed to exress a erson5s mood emotions or feelin!s Brd erson-λ/λ
λλλλλ
-To refer to thin!s that comleted in the ast use -λ/λλλλλ
-λλ
-λλ
- λ λλλ λλ
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- λ λλλλ
-(λ)λ/ λλλ λλ (1)
-(λ) λ λλ (1)
-λ/ λ λλ
-λ/ λ λ
-λ/ λλ λλ
-λ/λλ
-λ/ λλ λλ λλλ used at end of sentence
-λ/ λ λλ (1)
-(λ)λλ
- λ λλ (used for *er%s)
-λ
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-λ/ λ λλ λλ λλ
- λλλ -λλ
-λ/ λλλ λλλ (used to refer to ast situations or states of affairs)
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Notes
-Indicates sea&er5s intention
-an5t use Imerati*e/su!!esti*e
N is al$a#s a time noun
-an use for continuation of emotional state-Incomlete/omlete actions can %e used
-Not used to descri%e naturall# exected situations
-0on5t use $ith *er%s $ith ne!ati*e connotation
ather than P1 P2 is a %etter idea
- an use $ *er s n ca n! $ear n! n!s on
- λ λλλ used to suose somethin! that is differentfrom realit# (retend)
In this hrase λ rou!hl# means reason/causesomethin! %ad haens
-an5 use λ/ λ in front of -(λ) λ λλ
- λλλ al$a#s in the ast
-Normall# if used at end of sentence 6ust -(λ) λ λ
-When used $ith 1 reason listener can infer there isanother reason (in this case λλ often follo$s)
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- on*eration onl# intention raises at end
-an5t use future tense/imerati*e/su!!esti*e
an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
-ou can use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
-.hould %e used $ith intention or $ill hrases
N attached is most amon! all
used to %e emhatic
-:ccurs after an action is comleted
-efers to a time after erformin! an action once
an5t use $ith imerati*e or su!!esti*e sentences
-Not that confident $hen sa#in! this can use tosoftl# disa!ree $ith listener
-These often aear at the %e!innin! λλ/ λλλ λλλ/
λ λλλ
-=or mid sentence λλ chan!es to λ
λλ λλλλ λλ etcCC :ften follo$
Althou!h/0esite P1's action P2's action (oosite)haened
- λλλ (If #ou do this #ou $ill !et this result)
-P2 contains ne$ or unexected information learned %# the sea&er
:nl# rimar# reason is !i*en %ut the clauseindicates that thare are other reasons also not said
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-"sed in official seech/$ritin!
-.u%6ects must %e same
-an5t use Imerati*e or .u!!esti*e endin!s
"suall# a ne!ati*e connotation
an5t %e used $ith exressions that denote tense
-an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
-P1 su%6ect can5t %e sea&er
=irst clause is usuall# the reason $h#
-.hould end in ast tense
-an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
.u%6ects must differ
an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
"se -λ/ λ λ $hen P1 is critical condition for P2 tota&e lace or $hen P1 turns out to %e meanin!less
:ften follo$ed %# λλλ (rather refera%l#)
-T#icall# ne!ati*e result (excetion $hensomethin! comletel# unexected or unintendedoccurs and is ositi*e)
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-No ast at the end of P2
-an use resent tense for !eneral result
In resonse follo$ form in first sentence
-.ea&er can5t %e su%6ect
-Toic/su%6ects must %e same
-Present tense al$a#s used
-.u%6ect can5t %e sea&er
-an5t use to exress contrar# oinion
"suall# used in %ad occasions
-ommon endin!s for P2 (-(λ) λ λ λλ/- λ λ λλλ/-
λ-)
- λ λ(λλ) is sli!htl# different P2 is a result (moredefinite) of continued action
-λ/ λλλ P2 result do to P1
-λ(λ) λλ(λ) P2 action result of P1 action continuin!
-λ(λ) λλ If P1 action haens exect P2 to haen(!uess cause and effect)
-If P1 has continued from some time in the ast λλλ
/λλλ/ λλλ are often used- s ou en $ suos on or con ec ure
an on # e use $ en s ac on s no a n!
- s use to recon rm t e n ormat on a stener
is exected to %e a$are of alread# (used $/ λλ λλ
λλ λλλ λλλ etcCC- as #ou &no$ as #ou ha*eheard as ou ha*e seen etcCC-.ea&er $ants to refer to somethin! directl# seenor exerienced (reason/cause) in the ast to descri%e
ho$ that has chan!ed
-.ea&er needs to learn for the first time notsomethin! alread# &no$n
-=irst erson used for exressin! a erson5s moodemotions or feelin!s
N λ λλλ- +N, is less than +N attached λλλλ,
so use o exress a s ua on a s oos e o
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-an5t use $ith imerati*e or su!!esti*e
"sed to deli*er ne!ati*e feelin! of sea&er
-Tense sho$n P2
an5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e
-Action must %e comletel# finished
-.u%6ects meed to match
-Actions should %e related/oosite
--P1 usuall# includes (λ) λ λ $hich indicates that theaction descri%ed in the cluase has %een comleted ina certain amount of time
-efers to an e*ent haenin! a certain time afterthe occurrence of a re*ious e*ent
- λλλ λλ commonl# used in P2 (it is uselessmeanin!)
-With V used onl# to exress the order of somethin!(Imerati*e/su!!esti*e o&)
-With Ad6 used onl# to indicate the sea&er5s reasonfor a certain action (can5t use imerati*e/su!!esti*e)
-Phrase indicates that the sea&er erformed thesecond action in different location than that of thefirst action
"sed as second meanin! -(λ) λ λλλ/ - λλλ oftenfollo$
-Past tense exresses a chan!e resultin! from an
action erformed in the ast- resen ense use o escr e a c an!e a!enerall# occurs $hen a articular action is
-When Brd erson recallin! comleted action and P2su%6ect different P1 su%6ect usuall# sea&er
-Not ast form of -λλ
- λλλ λλ λλ use $ith interro!ati*es ($ho $hen$here $hat and ho$ man#)
- λλλλλ λλλ/- λλλ λλ λλ use $ith interro!ati*es($ho $hen $here $hat and ho$ man#)
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-In one normall# ne!ati*e in second art
The more +V/A attached, P2 haens
When usin! a V usuall# a de!ree ad*er% is resent
-:nl# declarati*e sentences
-an5t use to exress feelin!s/attitude
-In t$o used $ith λλλ (rather) often
an5t use $ith -λ/λλ
:ften used $ith - λ λλλ (tend/!enerall# so)
-Need a de!ree ad*er% (λ λλ) in from of V in this
form
The A/V in %et$een the clause sho$s $hat is theextreme reason
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/topik-korean-intermediate-grammar 31/32
8/13/2019 TOPIK Korean intermediate grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/topik-korean-intermediate-grammar 32/32