Topics in Human Pathophysiology

Fall 2009

Instructor: Theresa Martin (CSM)Gilead

Drug Safety and Public Health

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Levels of Body Organization

• Atoms• Molecules• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organism

Figure 1.1

Figure 3.1

Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the basic unit of life• Cells are composed of chemicals• Human cells have a membrane, cytoplasm,

and nucleus

Figure 3.14

Water a polar

molecule

Properties of Water

• A great solvent • A great reactant• Good at holding temperature • High heat of vaporization

Figure 2.9

Figure 3.14

The Cell Membrane

• Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that serve a variety of functions

• Semipermeable• Allows passive transport and also has active

transport (pumps)• Has important communication functions

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Figure 02.04The Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Diffusion

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9a

Figure 3.10

Bulk Transport

Figure 21.2a

Figure 3.11

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Cytoplasm

• Contains cytosol and organelles• Organelles have specific functions• Enzymes catalyze most reactions

Figure 3.14

Figure 2.23

•Proteins in the cells have a variety of functions including structural proteins, and enzymes.

•Enzymes catalyze almost all cellular reactions “metabolism”

Enzymes

Figure 3.14

Cell Nucleus

• Contains genetic material - DNA• DNA has genes on it.• DNA is a double strand with two chains of

nucleotides linked up anti-parallel

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