topics for today pollution, pollution! (gaseous pollutants)
TRANSCRIPT
Topics for TodayTopics for Today
Pollution, Pollution!Pollution, Pollution!(Gaseous Pollutants)(Gaseous Pollutants)
Readings for TodayReadings for Today
Section 1.10 Burning Hydrocarbons!
Section 1.11 The parts about SO2 and NOx
Section 1.12Tropospheric Ozone, O3
Section 2.1 Ozone: Where is it?
Topics for FridayTopics for Friday
EXAM 1!
Topics for MondayTopics for Monday
Finish up any gaseous air Finish up any gaseous air pollutants we don’t get to todaypollutants we don’t get to today
Particulate Matter!Particulate Matter!
Assignment #2 is posted!!Assignment #2 is posted!!
Due date = Friday, Feb 23
by the beginning of
lectureI will demonstrate
in class on Monday
Readings for MondayReadings for Monday
Same as today!Same as today!
PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9– SOSOxx and NO and NOx x and acid rain.and acid rain.
Readings for MondayReadings for Monday
Same as today!Same as today!
PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9– SOSOxx and NO and NOx x and acid rain.and acid rain.
What is PM?See page 11
How is it formed?1.11, for example..
Topics for TodayTopics for Today
Pollution, Pollution!Pollution, Pollution!(Gaseous Pollutants)
From Monday From Monday
All combustion reactions produce COAll combustion reactions produce CO22!!
Respiration produces CORespiration produces CO22!!
How else is CO2 produced?
From Monday From Monday
3. (Acid) Rain3. (Acid) Rain
From Monday From Monday
Acid RainAcid Rain– Nitric Acid, HNONitric Acid, HNO33
H+ NO3-
From Monday From Monday
Acid RainAcid Rain– Nitric Acid, HNONitric Acid, HNO33
H+ NO3-
Limestone or marble is partly made of calcium carbonate.
CaCO3
Ca2+ CO3 2-
Reminder!!!Reminder!!!
Review your (Review your (pinkpink) ions worksheet!!) ions worksheet!!
Acid RainAcid Rain
HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2CO3
Where is the CO2??
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
Acid RainAcid Rain
HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
Acid RainAcid Rain
HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
By the way… chemical or
nuclear reaction?
3 ways that CO3 ways that CO2 2 gets into the gets into the
atmosphereatmosphere1.1. Burning things (Combustion)Burning things (Combustion)
2.2. RespirationRespiration
3.3. Acid-Salt ReactionsAcid-Salt Reactions
3 ways that CO3 ways that CO2 2 gets into the gets into the
atmosphereatmosphere1.1. Burning thingsBurning things
2.2. RespirationRespiration
3.3. Acid-Salt ReactionsAcid-Salt Reactions
Is CO2 considered a pollutant?
Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO
– SOSO22
– NONOxx
– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10
– OO33 (ozone) (ozone)
– leadlead
Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO
– SOSO22
– NONOxx
– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10
– OO33
– leadleadLead is not very interesting anymore…
Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO
– SOSO22
– NONOxx
– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10
– OO33
Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide
O=C=OC O
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
Carbon Monoxide, CO
C O
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
Carbon Monoxide, CO
C O
Where does CO come
from?
These are nationwide averages
These are nationwide averages
Why is this
somewhat misleading
?
What are the health effects
of CO?
What are the health effects
of CO?
CO takes the place of O2 in your blood
versus
What are the health effects
of CO?
CO takes the place of O2 in your blood
This reduces the amount of oxygen available to your brain, heart, and other bodily tissue.
versus
Recommended LevelsRecommended Levels
8-hour exposure = 9 ppm8-hour exposure = 9 ppm
1-hour exposure = 35 ppm1-hour exposure = 35 ppm
Recommended LevelsRecommended Levels
8-hour exposure = 9 ppm8-hour exposure = 9 ppm
1-hour exposure = 35 ppm1-hour exposure = 35 ppm
What percent is 35 ppm?
Recommended LevelsRecommended Levels
8-hour exposure = 9 ppm8-hour exposure = 9 ppm
1-hour exposure = 35 ppm1-hour exposure = 35 ppm
What percent is 35 ppm?
35 ppm = 0.0035%
Typical CO levelsTypical CO levels
Global Background
About 0.2 ppm
Urban Background
About 5-10 ppm
Heavy Traffic
Up to 100 ppm
Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter
COCOCO
CO2CO2
CO2
Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter
COCOCO
CO2CO2
CO2
Where does the CO come
from then?
““Pounders”Pounders”
One of these emitters can account for about 500-1,000 cars in “normal” condition
How much CO is in cigarette smoke?
About 2500 ppm!
1,600 ppm: Headache, dizziness, and nausea within 20 minutes. Death in less than two hours.
3,200 ppm: Headache, dizziness and nausea in five to ten minutes. Death within 30 minutes.
How is CO produced in
nature?
Decomposition of Chlorophyll
How is CO produced in
nature?
Incomplete combustion
How is CO produced in
nature?
How is CO produced by
people?
Incomplete combustion
How is CO produced by
people?
Incomplete combustion:Incomplete combustion: Occurs when Occurs when there isn’t enough Othere isn’t enough O22 around to completely around to completely
convert the C in the fuel to COconvert the C in the fuel to CO22
ReviewReview
+
O2+C CO2
This is the COMPLETE combustion of carbon!
+
O2+C CO
Incomplete Combustion of Carbon
+ ½
½ O2+C CO
Incomplete Combustion of Carbon
+
O2 +2C 2CO
2 2
Incomplete Combustion of Carbon
C + O2 CO2
C + ½ O2 CO
Complete Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
More CO in oxygen depleted environments!
Was there any CO formed when we
burned the splint in pure
O2?
ReviewReview
Complete combustion of methaneComplete combustion of methane
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Let’s write the equation for the Let’s write the equation for the incomplete incomplete combustion combustion of methane, CHof methane, CH44..
How do we start??
Let’s write the equation for the Let’s write the equation for the incomplete incomplete combustion combustion of methane, CHof methane, CH44..
CH4 + O2 CO + H2O
Balance
!
Let’s write the equation for the Let’s write the equation for the incomplete incomplete combustion combustion of methane, CHof methane, CH44..
CH4 + 3/2O2 CO + 2H2O
Balance
!
If you don’t like fractions, then
multiply through by 2!
Let’s write the equation for the Let’s write the equation for the incomplete incomplete combustion combustion of methane, CHof methane, CH44..
2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O
Your turn! Write the reaction for the Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete combustion incomplete combustion propane, Cpropane, C33HH88……
Balance the C and
H first!
Your turn! Write the reaction for the Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete combustion incomplete combustion propane, Cpropane, C33HH88……
C3H8 + O2 CO + H2O
Your turn! Write the reaction for the Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete combustion incomplete combustion propane, Cpropane, C33HH88……
C3H8 + 7/2O2 3CO + 4H2O
OR
2C3H8 + 7O2 6CO + 8H2O
Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO
– SOSO22
– NONOxx
– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10
– OO33
A colorless and choking gas
Sulfur Dioxide, SO2
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
Why is it a “choking”
gas?
What are the sources of
SO2?
What are the sources of
SO2?
How is SO2
produced in nature?
Volcanoes!
How do people
produce SO2?
How do people
produce SO2?
Mainly from burning fossil fuels. . . Especially coal!
Sulfur is about 1.7% of coal.
The US burned 1,125,000,000 TONS of coal
in 2005
That’s 19,000,000
TONS of sulfur released from the burning of
coal.
+
O2+C CO2
Coal is mostly carbon…
How about the combustion of
sulfur?
CombustionCombustion
+
O2+S SO2
CombustionCombustion
+
O2+S SO2
DEMO!!
= oxygen (O2)
= nitrogen (N2)
What does the SO2 do in the
air?
= Other
Reacts further …Reacts further …
2 SO2 SO22 + O + O2 2 2 SO 2 SO33
21% O21% O22
A colorless and choking gas
Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
Reacts further …Reacts further …
2 SO2 SO22 + O + O2 2 2 SO 2 SO33
21% O21% O22SO?
A colorless and choking gas
Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
Why is it a “choking”
gas?
A colorless and choking gas
Sulfur Trioxide, SO3
EXTREMELY soluble in water!!
Why is it a “choking”
gas?
SO3 and SO2 react
with water!
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Sulfurous Acid
Sulfuric Acid
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Sulfurous Acid
Sulfuric Acid
2H+ SO42-
Hydrogen Ion Sulfate Ion
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Both are components of acid rain!
Acid RainAcid Rain
H+
SO42-
H+H+
SO32-
H+
H+
SO32-
H+
H+
SO32-
H+
H+
SO42-
H+
H+
SO32-
H+
H+
SO42-
H+
H+
SO42-
H+
H+
SO32-
H+
Do N2 or O2
wash out in the rain?
Do N2 or O2 wash out in
the rain?
Let’s hope not!
OO22 + H + H22OO
NN22 + H + H22OO
Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants
Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO
– SOSO22
– NONOxx
– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10
– OO33
NOx =NOx =
NONO NONO2 2
nitrogen monoxidenitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide
X = 1 X = 2
A colorless and choking gas
Nitrogen Monoxide (nitric oxide), NO
Poisonous Gas
Irritates lungs
Highly reactive!
Making NOMaking NO
N2 + O2 2NOHigh Temperature!
How is NO
produced in nature?
How is NO
produced in nature?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
How is NO
produced in nature?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
How is NO
produced by people?
How is NO
produced by people?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
How is NO
produced by people?
Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH
TEMPERATURES!!
Why do motor vehicles
account for more than ½ of
the NO emissions?
How is NO2 produced naturally?
How is NO2 produced naturally?
From NO!
++
2NO + O2NO + O22 2NO 2NO22
Demo!!
++