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PHC 6937: Water Biology
Aquatic InsectsAquatic InsectsTaxonomy, Ecology & BioControl Case Study
Dr. Jim Cuda, Associate ProfessorDepartment of Entomology and Nematology
352-392-1901 x126 [email protected]
Research Area: Biological Control of Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds
Reference: Merritt, R. W., K. W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg (eds.). 2007.An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4th edition.
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Example of Trophic Organization and Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
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May Flies Stop Motorists
“Lawrence Rutz stops his truck on the westchannel bridge at LaCrosse, WI, yesterdayto clear mayflies from the front of thevehicle. The insects got so thick theyobstructed the view of the driver, cloggedradiators, and made the roadway of thebridge slippery.”
Chicago Daily NewsJuly 8, 1946
Why Study Aquatic InsectCommunities?
• Basic research on population dynamics– Predator-prey interactions– Trophic relationships– Competition studies
• Applied research (Pest Management)– Control of human and animal pests
(e.g., mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies)– Pollution studies
(e.g., mayfly naiads, moth fly larvae)– Biological control of aquatic weeds
(e.g., alligatorweed, water hyacinth, Hydrilla, andHygrophila)
Life History Adaptations for AquaticExistence
• Osmoregulation–Wax layer–Excretion
• Gas exchange–Atmosphere–Plant breathers–Temporary & Permanent Air Stores–Tracheal Gills–Oxygen transport (adults)–Hemoglobin
• Temperature–Thermal death 30 to 40o C
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Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Higher Classification Scheme• Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta (Insects)
– Subclass Apterygota (w/o Wings)• Order Collembola (Springtails)
– Subclass Pterygota (w/ Wings)• Infraclass Paleoptera (Wings cannot twist)
– Order Ephemeroptera * (Mayflies)– Order Odonata * (Dragonflies & Damselflies)
• Infraclass Neoptera (Wings can twist at base)– Division Exopterygota (Wings develop ext.)
• Order Pleocoptera *(Stoneflies)• Order Hemiptera (True Bugs & Hoppers)
Classification Scheme (cont’d)– Subclass Pterygota
• Infraclass Neoptera– Division Endopterygota (Wings develop int.)
• Order Neuroptera (Dobsonflies, etc.)• Order Trichoptera * (Caddisflies)• Order Lepidoptera (Moths)• Order Coleoptera (Beetles)• Order Hymenoptera (Wasps)• Order Diptera (Moth flies, Mosquitoes,
Midges)
* Entirely aquatic
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Order Collembola- Springtails• Small Size• Antennae Short• Simple Eyes• Presence of Forked
Abdominal Appendage• Chewing/Stylet Mouthparts• Detrivores• Simple Metamorphosis
– Immatures and Adults Live inSame Habitat
– Primitively Wingless
Photo Credit: S. Hopkin
www.abdn.ac.uk/ rhynie/collembolan.htm
Order Ephemeroptera- Mayflies• Small to Medium Size• Antennae Bristle-like• 2 to 3 Thread-like Tails• Nymphs (Naiads) w/
Abdominal Gills• Wings Triangular &
Held Upright at Rest• Chewing Mouthparts• Detrivores• Simple Metamorphosis
– Molt as Winged AdultsPhoto Credit: G. Firebaugh
Order Odonata- Dragon- & Damselflies• Medium to Large Size• Large Compound Eyes• Antennae Bristle-like• Chewing Mouthparts• Nymphs (Naiads) w/
Abdominal or RectalGills
• Wings Elongate & HeldDorsally or Laterally atRest
• Predaceous• Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: P. Myers
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Order Plecoptera- Stoneflies• Small to Medium Size• Antennae Long, Slender• Chewing Mouthparts• Membranous Wings
Folded Flat Over Body• Body Soft, Flattened• Cerci Present• Omnivores• Branched Gills on Thorax• Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: S. Houston
& T. Murray
Order Hemiptera- True Bugs• Small to Large Size• Antennae Bristle-like• Piercing Mouthparts• Wings Membranous at
Apex• Body Slender to Oval• Raptorial Front Legs• Predaceous• Breathing Tube or Air
Bubble• Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: www.cals.ncsu.edu
Giant Water Bug Outbreak
The invasion of the giant water bugThe invasion of the giant water bugCustomers stomp and cringe as swarms cover a Pasco shoppingCustomers stomp and cringe as swarms cover a Pasco shoppingplaza.plaza.They're huge, creepy - and crunchy in sauce.They're huge, creepy - and crunchy in sauce.
By ALEX LEARY, Times Staff WriterBy ALEX LEARY, Times Staff Writer© St. Petersburg Times© St. Petersburg Timespublished June 21, 2003published June 21, 2003
Electric Light Bug, Lethocerus sp.
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Order Neuroptera- Dobsonflies, etc.
• Small to Large Size• Antennae Long, Slender• Chewing Mouthparts• Wings Membranous w/
Numerous Cross Veins– Held Roof-like Over Body
• Lateral Abdominal Gills• Predaceous• Complete Metamorphosis
Photo Credit: www.cals.ncsu.edu
Order Trichoptera- Caddisflies
• Small to Medium Size• Antennae Long, Slender• Chewing Mouthparts• Wings Hairy, w/ Scales
– Held Roof-like Over Body• Larvae Caterpillar- like
– Construct Cases• Omnivorous• Complete Metamorphosis Photo Credits: J. Hodges & T. Murray
Order Lepidoptera- Moths• Small to Medium Size• Antennae Variable• Sucking (A) /Chewing
Mouthparts (L)• Scales on Wings• Respiration Variable
– Cutaneous, Air Bubble,Tracheal Gills
• Phytophagous• Complete Metamorphosis
Waterlily leafcutter, Synclita obliteralis (Lep.: Crambidae)
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Order Coleoptera- Beetles• Small to Large Size• Antennae Variable• Chewing Mouthparts• Hardened Wings (Elytra)• Respiration Variable
– Plastron, Air Bubble,Abdominal Gills
• Predaceous• Complete Metamorphosis
Photo Credit: S. Boucher
Order Hymenoptera- Wasps• Small in Size• Antennae Long• Chewing Mouthparts• Membranous Wings• Respiration Variable
– Air Bubble, Cutaneous• Parasitic• Complete Metamorphosis
Photo Credit: P. Coon
Order Diptera- Flies• Small to Medium Size• Antennae Variable• Sucking / Chewing
Mouthparts• 1 Pair Membranous
Wings• Respiration Variable
– Cutaneous, Air Tubes• Omnivorous• Complete Metamorphosis
Photo Credit: A. Wild & J. Neuswanger
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Hygrophila Survey 2007
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Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Odonata Hemiptera Trichoptera Collembola
Insect Orders
No
. o
f S
pecim
en
s
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Aquatic Habitat Classification SystemCategory
Rivers• Lotic-erosional• Lotic-depositionalLakes• Lentic-limnetic• Lentic-littoral• Lentic-profundal• Benthos
Description
– running-water riffles– running-water pools
– open water (shallow)– shallow shore area– open water (deep)– sediments
Merritt & Cummins (1996)
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Lentic (Lake) Communities & Zones• Surface Film
– Pleuston- Surface Dwelling Organisms• Limnetic Zone- Open Water to Light• Penetration Limit
- Nekton- Free Swimming Organisms- Plankton- Free Floating Organisms
• Littoral Zone- Shallow Region Where• Plants Grow
– Diverse Assemblage of Insects• Profundal Zone- Low Light, No Plant Growth → Low O2 Levels• Benthos- Sediment
Lentic Communities and Zones ( Merritt & Cummins 1996 )
Benthos
PleustonWATER SURFACE
LIGHT COMPENSATION POINT
LITTORAL LIMNETIC
PROFUNDAL
PlanktonNekton
Modes of Existence in Aquatic Habitats Category
• Pleuston
• Limnetic / Littoral– Divers– Swimmers– Clingers– Sprawlers– Climbers
• Benthos– Burrowers
Examples
– Hemiptera: Gerridae– Diptera: Culicidae
– Coleoptera: Dytiscidae– Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae– Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae– Odonata: Libellulidae– Odonata: Aeshnidae
– Diptera: ChironomidaeMerritt & Cummins (1996)
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Functional Feeding Groups Category
• Shredders• Collectors• Scrapers• Piercers• Predators• Parasitoids
Food Type
– Living plant tissue– Decomposing FPOM– Periphyton and CPOM– Algae and plant cell fluids– Animal tissue (multiple prey)– Animal tissue (single prey)
Merritt & Cummins (1996)
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function-− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function-− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?
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• Rooted submersed aquatic plant• Tropical and subtropical distribution
– Native range- Africa, Asia, Australia• Monotypic stands
– Displace native spp.– Reduce biodiversity
• Dense surface mats– Impede navigation– Interfere with flood control
Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/invaspec/index.htm
Why is Hydrilla Invasive?Enemy Escape HypothesisEnemy Escape Hypothesis
• Native Specialist Enemies ControlAbundance and Distribution of Native Plants
• Escape from Specialist Enemies is KeyContributor to Exotic Plant Success
• Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics BecauseThey Gain a Competitive Advantage OverNative Plants as a Result of Being Liberatedfrom Their Pests
Williams, J. R. 1954. The biological control of weeds. - In: Report ofWilliams, J. R. 1954. The biological control of weeds. - In: Report ofthe Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Congress, London, UK, pp.the Sixth Commonwealth Entomological Congress, London, UK, pp.95-98.95-98.
Wakulla Springs, April 2002
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HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
CPOM
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Chironomids(Scrapers)
(Collectors)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Hydrellia spp.(Shredders)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes Classical BioControlAgents
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Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier(Diptera: Ephydridae)
• Imported from India• Released in 1987 by USDA• Larvae – leaf miners• Life cycle- ~ 21 days• Established Southeast US• Ineffective ? USACOEAdult
Larva Pupa
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Hydrellia spp.(Shredders)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
0
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1200
1400
1600
6-Ju
l-95
4-Aug
-95
13-S
ep-9
5
12-O
ct-9
5
9-Nov
-95
13-D
ec-9
5
29-J
an-9
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28-F
eb-9
6
27-M
ar-9
6
29-A
pr-9
6
29-M
ay-9
6
25-J
un-9
6
24-J
ul-9
6
27-A
ug-9
6
25-S
ep-9
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22-O
ct-9
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25-N
ov-9
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28-J
an-9
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0
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HP LARVAE
DAMSELFLY NAIADS
Predator-Prey Cycles Predator-Prey Cycles CAIPS, 1995-1997CAIPS, 1995-1997
H. P
AK
ISTA
NA
E D
ENSI
TY (n
o. /
m2 )
DA
MSE
LFLY
DEN
SITY
(no.
/ m
2 )
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0
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1000
1200
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1600
1800
6-Ju
l-95
4-Aug
-95
13-S
ep-9
5
12-O
ct-9
5
9-Nov
-95
13-D
ec-9
5
29-J
an-9
6
28-F
eb-9
6
27-M
ar-9
6
29-A
pr-9
6
29-M
ay-9
6
25-J
un-9
6
24-J
ul-9
6
27-A
ug-9
6
25-S
ep-9
6
22-O
ct-9
6
25-N
ov-9
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28-J
an-9
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0
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HP LARVAE
DRAGONFLY NAIADS
H. P
AK
ISTA
NA
E D
ENSI
TY (n
o. /
m2 )
DR
AG
ON
FLY
DEN
SITY
(no.
/ m
2 )
Predator-Prey Cycles Predator-Prey Cycles CAIPS, 1995-1997CAIPS, 1995-1997
Results of Autoradiography Experiment
X / Y = Organisms labelled with 35 S / organisms collected
a
a
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Hydrellia spp.(Shredders)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Trichopria(Parasitoid)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
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Trichopria columbiana (Ashmead)(Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)
• Pupal endoparasitoid
• Parthenogenetic- Wolbachia induced ?
• Females semi-aquatic• Capture air under wings
Factors Impacting Factors Impacting HydrelliaHydrellia
•• ParasitismParasitism–– SignificantSignificant–– Upwards of 30%Upwards of 30%
•• Late in growingLate in growing season season
–– PupalPupal parasitoid parasitoidbehaviorbehavior
•• Selects wide rangeSelects wide range•• Stage chosen =Stage chosen = most successful most successful
TRICHOPRIA WASP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Jul-
95
Aug-
95
Oct-
95
Nov-
95
Jan-
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Mar-
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Apr-
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Jun-
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Jul-
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Sep-
96
Oct-
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Dec-
96
DE
NS
ITY
( n
o./ m
2)
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TE
MP
ER
AT
UR
E (
OC
)
H.pak istanae
ODONATA
T.columbiana
TEMP (MAX)
Surface Temp. & Population CurvesSurface Temp. & Population CurvesCAIPS, 1995-1997CAIPS, 1995-1997
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HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
Cricotopus
Shredders
Parapoynx
Hydrilla Attacking MothParapoynx diminutalis Snellen
• Adventive spp. from Asia• Collected in 1976,
Ft. Lauderdale Area• Principle host plant is
hydrilla• Introduced via aquarium
trade• Damage to hydrilla
minimal and sporadic• Poor biocontrol agent
HYDRILLA TROPHIC ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
Light
Photosynthesis
Hydrilla(Non-nativeProducer)
Odonate naiads(Predators)
Feces
Benthic InorganicNutrients
Terrestrial Organic Nutrients
CPOM DOM
FPOMChironomids
(Scrapers)(Collectors)
Microbes
Microbes
Microbes
Cricotopus
Shredders
Parapoynx
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Hydrilla Attacking MidgeCricotopus lebetis Sublette
• Identified Dec 1998• Collected in 1959,
Natchitoches, LA• Described 1964• Hydrilla in Louisiana ?
– Natchitoches,1973• Immigrant or native
species????
Life Cycle of Cricotopus lebetis
Hydrilla Growth PatternGlasshouse Tank Experiment, 1998
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 8 13 35 49 62 68 78 88 97
TIME (days)
CONTROLC. lebetis
HYD
RIL
LA D
EPTH
(cm
)
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Block 1: Control Block 1: Treatment
http://plants.http://plants.ifasifas..uflufl..edu/guide/bioconsedu/guide/biocons.html.html
Web Sites
http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/index.htm
Topics
• Introduction• Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa• Habitat Classification and Terminology• Break• Example of Trophic Organization and
Function− Hydrilla BioControl Case Study
• Questions?