topics covered
DESCRIPTION
Fusion Power Plant Licensing and Waste Management by Antonio Natalizio for Presentation at the 9 th Course on Technology of Fusion Reactors at Erice (Monastero S. Rocco), July 28, 2004. Topics Covered. Introduction Waste Management Radio-Toxicity Index Fusion RTI Fission RTI Licensing - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fusion Power Plant Licensing and Waste Management by Antonio Natalizio for Presentation at the 9th Course on Technology of Fusion Reactorsat Erice (Monastero S. Rocco), July 28, 2004
![Page 2: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Topics Covered
• Introduction• Waste Management
• Radio-Toxicity Index• Fusion RTI• Fission RTI
• Licensing • Worker Health & Safety• Public Health & Safety
• Summary & Conclusions
![Page 3: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bringing fusion down to earth
![Page 5: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Social and Environmental Considerations
![Page 7: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Technical Considerations
![Page 8: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The NIMBY & NIMTOO Syndromes
![Page 9: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Licensing & Waste Management
Etna 2002
![Page 10: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Possible Waste Disposal Site
![Page 11: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Open-pit Uranium Ore Mine
![Page 12: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Radio-Toxicity of Uranium Ore
refined uranium ore (yellowcake)
5.5 mSv/kg
![Page 13: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Radiotoxicity of Used PWR Fuel
1 kg of used PWR
Fuel =
9 g of actinides
Radiotoxicity =
5.2x103 Sv/kg
![Page 14: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Radiotoxicity Index of Used PWR Fuel (characterized by Pu-239 only)
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06
TIME (Years)
Rad
ioto
xici
ty In
dex
![Page 15: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Uranium Metal RTI =
100
Radio-Toxicity of Uranium Metal
![Page 16: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Uranium Metal Uses
Pure Uranium is a by-product of the
uranium enrichment
industry, which separates U-235
from U-238
![Page 17: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Potential Fusion Reactor Waste
![Page 18: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Potential Operational Waste Materials
Reactor Model Blanket Container Breeding Material
1 V Alloy Li2O
2 LAM Li-Pb
3 LAM Li4SiO4
4 SiC/SiC Li-Pb
5 LAM Li-Pb
6 LAM Li-Pb
![Page 19: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Blanket Breeding Material
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05
Time (years)
Rad
ioto
xici
ty In
dex Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
Model 6
![Page 20: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Blanket Container Material
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05
Time (years)
Rad
ioto
xici
ty In
dex Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
Model 6
![Page 21: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Comparison of Fission and Fusion Waste Toxicity
1.00E+001.00E+011.00E+021.00E+031.00E+041.00E+051.00E+061.00E+07
1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06
Time (years)
Radi
otox
icity
Inde
x
Fission Fusion 6 Fusion 3
Expon. (Fission) Power (Fusion 6) Power (Fusion 3)
![Page 22: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Proven Waste Disposal Facility
![Page 23: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Licensing
.
![Page 24: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Regulatory Responsibilities
Protection of public health
Protection of public safety
Protection of worker health
Protection of worker safety
Protection of the environment
![Page 25: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Protection of Public Health
The ICRP has recommended that the dose to any member of the general public, arising from the operation of a nuclear facility, be limited to 1 mSv/a [ICRP60].
![Page 26: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sources of Background Radiation
Average Background Radiation (UNSCEAR 2000)
18%
14%
54%
14%
terrestrial
cosmic
radon (mostly)
medical X-rays
![Page 27: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Natural Background radiation
UNSCEAR 2000 Report
![Page 28: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contribution from Medical X-ray Examinations
UNSCEAR 2000 Report
![Page 29: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Variation in Background Radiation
1000 nGy/h = 8.76 mGy/a
![Page 30: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Public Health Protection in Perspective
Max. dose to member of general public = 1 mSv/a
Average background radiation = 2.4 mSv/a
Average range of background radiation = 1 – 10 mSv/a
Average background radiation in Madras = 16 mSv/a
Max. background radiation anywhere = 788 mSv/a(on the beaches of Guarapari, Brasil)
1 mSv/a translates into a release of about 20 g/a of tritium as HTO and about 150 g/a of tokamak dust.
![Page 31: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Compliance with Public Health Requirement
Analyses performed for various power plant models suggest that tritium and tokamak dust releases from future fusion power plants should be well within the limits:
20 g/a of HTO, and150 g/a of tokamak dust
Moreover, operating experience from JET and TFTR confirms such expectations.
![Page 32: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Worker Health Protection
The ICRP has recommended that occupational radiation exposures be limited to 100 mSv per rolling five-year period.
The ICRP has also recommended that all doses be maintained ALARA.
![Page 33: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Compliance with Worker Health Requirement
![Page 34: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Compliance with Worker Health Requirement
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
Ave
rage
Indi
vidu
al D
ose
(mSv
/a)
TFTR JET
![Page 35: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Compliance with ALARA (ALARP)
JET Annual Worker Doses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
Col
lect
ive
Dos
e (p
-mSv
/a)
![Page 36: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Compliance with ALARA
Satisfying the ALARA requirement could be the most difficult licensing issue with respect to the health regulations.
![Page 37: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Worker Safety Requirements
There are no specific radiation protection requirements for workers under postulated accident conditions.
![Page 38: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Public Safety Requirements
Design using Defence-in-Depthfocus on accident prevention
high standards of design, manufacturing, construction and installation
Assess design using Accident Analysis
focus on accident mitigation and containment
![Page 39: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Public Safety Requirements
Design Basis Accidentassess public consequences
Public Dose Limit250 mSv
yard-stick for assessing acceptability of DBA consequences
![Page 40: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Probabilistic Safety Assessment
Uses event trees to generate all possible plant-damage-states, from single initiating event
hundreds of initiating events analyzed in typical PSA
Uses fault trees to estimate each plant-damage-state frequency
hundreds of fault trees needed in a typical PSA
![Page 41: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sample Worst-Case Accident
Tritium release directly to environment1 kg of tritium in HTO form
ground-level release
stable atmospheric conditions
no mitigation
![Page 42: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Worst-Case Accident Consequence
Estimated Public Dose ~ 1 Sv
1 Sv ~ threshold for radiation sickness
![Page 43: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Health Effects (UNSCEAR 2000)
![Page 44: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Possible Worst-Case Accident
Consequence MitigationSheltering
Normal weather instead of worst-case
HT release instead of HTO
Elevated release instead of ground-level
![Page 45: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Worst-Case Accident with Minimal
MitigationMinimum dose reduction from
1 Sv to 0.1 Sv
![Page 46: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Comparison between Fusion & Fission
Worst-Case AccidentFusion has significantly lower consequences provided:
mobilizable tritium inventory < 1 kg
no significant quantities of mobilizable tokamak dust << 10 kg
![Page 47: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tokamak Dust – Potential Issue
The release of 10 kg of tokamak dust would have about the same dose consequence as the release of 1 kg of tritium (HTO).
Ground deposition would be problematic, however
![Page 48: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Summary & Conclusions
Worst-case accident consequences have been problematic for fission reactor licensing
The same should not be true for fusion reactor licensing, however
Tokamak dust is only potential licensing issue
![Page 49: Topics Covered](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062816/5681591b550346895dc641cd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Summary & Conclusions
General public has witnessed broken promises wrt fuel waste disposal in fission industry
Therefore, public will be skeptical about similar promises from fusion industry. Two factors favour fusion, however:
established disposal solution in time for fusion
low radio-toxicity index