topic_1 microprocessor

8/10/2019 TOPIC_1 microprocessor

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EC304

MICROPROCESSOR

FUNDAMENTAL

TOPIC 1

INTRODUCTION TOMICROPROCESSOR-BASED

SYSTEMS


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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

CLO 1

Explain the concept of a 68000 microprocessor,

the organization of the internal register and the

memory, and the configuration of

microprocessor-based system.


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What we are going to learn in topic 1?

Understand the configuration of microprocessor-

based systems.

Know some important terminologies


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OBE

OPENING QUESTION

Take a moment to reflect on own experience about

microprocessor


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What is microprocessor?

The word comes from the combination micro andprocessor.

Micro is the term used to represent the size of the

circuit that form this solid state device. (micro = 10-6

) Processor means a device that processes numbers,

specifically binary numbers, 0s and 1s.

The microprocessor is a programmable device that

takes in numbers, performs on the arithmetic orlogical operations according to the program storedin memory and then produces other numbers as aresult


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Microprocessor is an electronic circuit thatfunctions as the central processing unit (CPU) of

a computer, providing computational control.

Microprocessors are also used in other advancedelectronic systems such as hand phones,

automobiles and home appliances.

MOTOROLA 68 MICROPROCESSOR


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A microprocessor-based system

Standard element of a microprocessor- based

system:

Microprocessor Memory

Input/output

Connected by systembus (lines)


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Function of microprocessor (CPU)

Heart of the system

Control all operations in the system

Execute instructions stored in memory in

sequence

Execute the arithmetic and logic operation.

Provide clock and control signal

Achieve data and instruction from memory.

Transfer data and instruction from input/output.


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Block diagram of a microprocessor


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Inside microprocessor

ALUPerforms all arithmetic (adding, subtracting, etc) and logic operating(AND, OR) of the data which enters the microprocessor

Control Unit

Manages the sequence and timing of events carried out within themicroprocessor. To synchronize all the operation inside CPU.

Registers

Holds values of internal operation, such as the addressof the

instruction being executed and thedata

being processedi.e Accumulator, Program Counter Register, Status Register


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MEMORY SYSTEM

Function : to store/hold program & data that

needed by uP

Save an information in a long list. An elements in the list have address and data

The address bus lines determine the size of

address location that memory can achieve. Address bus with n bit = 2nmemory location.

Each address save 8 bit (1 byte) data.


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MEMORY SYSTEM


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Memory System

2 operation to memory : Read (R ) and Write (W)

Operations :

To readinformation from it To writeinformation to it

2 types of memory: Primary and secondary


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Primary Memory

Funtion : To save a group of binary digits. The digits represent

an instruction processed by computer.

To save the final result of arithmetic operation.

Operation controlled by control unit.

Categorized to ROM and RAM


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Secondary Memory

Function: To save data, program and result from operation

(same as primary memory)

Storage outside the computer Example: Hard disc, pen drive and memory card.

Advantage of secondary memory compare to

primary memory: The memory is non-volatile for long time

Low cost

Easy to update the contents.


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Internal & External Memory

Primary memory basically can be classified into two types:

Internal memory

It is the memory space that always communicate with the CPUand other parts of the computer such as the input and output.It used to store data and instructions being executed. Accesstime is very fast. Example: register in MC

External memory It is a memory space with large capacity. It can store blocks of

data (millions of bytes). It is used as data storage before beingsent to internal memory for processing. Access time is slowerthan memory access time for the internal.

Example: RAM & ROM


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RAM & ROM

Store binary information; data and instructions

Divided into two; Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM Data lost upon off power

Has two major types;

Static RAMfast, easy to interface but small sizes Dynamic RAMLarger but requires refreshing operation

ROM Store permanent information, data still available after power off Store critical information such as start up, restart, configure, initialization

process.


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Memory Hierarchy


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Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM

(Random Access Memory)

ROM

(Read Only Memory)

Volatile

Temporary storage where the

information will lose when power off

Non-volatile

Retain data even with the absence of

power

Read & write

Flexible for being read or written via

software

Read

Can be read, but not write

OperationRAM is the main memory of the

computer that holds the programs and

information being processed. Usually

used to stored temporary data

OperationROM defined as read only random

access memory. It is used by the

computer to get started from power on.


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INPUT / OUTPUT

Enable the microprocessor to communicate to outsideworld. Divided into two categories;

Input Devices

Device which transfer data into microprocessor Function: to fetch information or data outside computer and put it in

memory or ALU.

E.g.: keyboard, scanner, bar code reader, mouse, sensor

Output Devices Devices which obtain data from microprocessor and transform to other

format for human manipulation

Function: Accept digital code from the computer and transform it tothe form that understandable by human or other devices.

E.g.: monitor, printer, LED, hard disk


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BUS SYSTEM

A wire used to transfer a signal from one point to another.

A group of cables that connected the CPU to the memory andinput/output port.

All data, instruction and control signal send through bus system 3 types of bus system:

Data bus

Address bus

Control bus


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Bus System


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Data bus

Data bus

bidirectional (read or write).Determine the data size.

A 2 way bus that send data from memory or

input/output port to or from CPU.

When CPU selected location depend on addressfrom address bus, data or instruction will be send

or received through data bus. The size of data bus determine the speed of data

movement.


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Address bus

Locate the memory, input/output or other deviceswhich involve in data movement to or from

microprocessor.

The signal send through this bus is address where the

data or instruction will be executed.

1 way bus.

The bus size determine the memory location.

Example: computer with 16 bit address bus,

maximum memory location 216=65536. The address

that can achieved by processor is 0000 to FFFF.


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Control bus

The line that control the data movement andsynchronize it.

Contain the signals that will be used to controlthe whole operation.

The available control bus are read and write

signal, interrupt, direct memory access(DMA)and reset.


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Clock System

Clock system is an integrated circuit thatgenerate electronic beat at a fix rate to

synchronize or control the timing of processor

activities. The clock system control the operation speed in

computer and measured in MegaHertz(MHz).


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TERMINOLOGY


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Data size

Measure to determine how much data can be

stored in a single cell of memory

Data size

n

Data Type Data capacity

2nRange

1 Bit 2 0-1

4 Nibble 16 0-15

8 Byte 256 0-25516 Word 65536 0-65535

32 Long Word 4,294,967,296 0-4,294,967,296


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Data storage in memory

3 types of data can be stored:

8 bitsbyte

16 bitsword 32 bitslongword

8 bits (a byte) data words in each location


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Evolution of computers

First generation (vacuum tubes), 1946-1958Features huge, slow, expensive, and undependable

Examples:ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 1946

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), 1947UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), 1951

Second generation (transistor), 1959-1964

In 1947, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs

invented transistor

Transistors conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes, were also muchsmaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes

Third generation (integrated circuit), 1965-1970Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independentlydiscovered integrated circuits

Fourth generation (LSI/VLSI, Microprocessor), 1971-presentBy putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speedscould be reached by computers.


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BIT

A bit is one Binary Digit(a 1 or a 0)

The smallest value in computer system

represented by 0 or 1. Bits is usually used in terms of speed of

transmission

e.g. kbit/sec


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BYTE

a Byte is 8 bits.

Bytes is used mostly to describe the size of

storage space or the size of data itself.


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CONCEPT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded system means the processor is

embedded into that application

An embedded product uses a microprocessor ormicrocontroller to do one task only.

There is only one application software that is

typically burned into ROM.

Example: Printer, camera and video game player

h i i h d i h bili


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Characteristics that determine the ability

of the microprocessor

Clock speed-faster clock speed of a

microprocessor, faster processing of a computer

Data bus size/Word size-word size refers to thenumber of data bits that can be carried by the

microprocessor in each instruction cycle. Higher

word sizes, faster processors can process data. The amount of RAM used.

Size of the internal register


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OBE

TWO MINUTE PAPER

Summarize the most important points in todays

lectures.


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End Of Chapter Assessment

Draw the block diagram of a microprocessor- basedsystem and explain the functions of each componentin the system.

What are the three most basic components that arerequired in any microprocessor system?

Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.

Define the terminology of bit, byte, word and long

word.Define an embedded system.

List Two(2) examples of an input and output device.


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What is bit short for?

How many possible values can a bit have?

How many possible values can a byte have? 8 bits = _________ nibble

32 bits = __________ bytes

64 bits = __________ long words 4 MB = _________ bits

2 KB = _________ bits

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