topic v: agriculture and rural land use what is agriculture? the modification of earth’s surface...
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Topic V: Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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What is Agriculture?
• The modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain subsistence or economic gain.
• A crop is a plant cultivated by people.
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Agriculture
• 1/3 of all land area committed to agriculture use
• Developing countries = 2/3 involved in agriculture
• Employment in agriculture is declining in developing countries
• < 2 Million
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How does agriculture relate to geography?
• Geographers study where agriculture is distributed.– LDCs: agricultural products are
consumed near where they are produced
– MDCs: agricultural products are sold and consumed away from where they are produced.
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How does agriculture relate to geography?
• Geographers study why farming practices vary around the world.– Elements of physical environment that
limit agricultural production.
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How does agriculture relate to geography?
• Local diversity is shown in the environmental and cultural mix influencing agricultural practices.
• Globalization influences farmers to grow profitable rather than practical crops.
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Classification of Economic Activities
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary– Quaternary
– Quinary
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Economic Geography
• Study of how people earn their living
• How livelihood systems vary by area
• And the spatial linkage between economic activities
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Primary Activities
• Harvesting or extracting something directly from the Earth
• Humans in direct contract with the natural environment
• Hunting & gathering, farming, livestock herding, fishing, forestry
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Secondary Activities
• Add value to material by changing their form or combining them into more useful/valuable commodities
• Intermediate products • Manufacturing and processing
industries • Energy and construction industries
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Tertiary Activities
• Consists of those business and labor specializations that provide services to the primary and secondary sectors, general community, and private individuals
• “service industries”• Linkage between producer and consumer
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2 types of Tertiary Activites
• Quaternary: services performed by “white collar” professionals– Exchange of information, money, or capital
• Quinary: high level decision making activities – Spheres of research and higher education
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Primary Activities: Agriculture
• Before farming hunting and gathering were the universal forms of primary production
• Use of tools and fire enabled sustainable population growth in early communities
• Cyclic Migration was the way of life
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The First Agricultural Revolution
• 12,000 years ago
• First conscious cultivation of plants
• Increased the carrying capacity of the Earth
• Caused changes in social organization and technology
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• Living in permanent settlements • Land ownerships• Modification of the natural environment• Trading economies • Developed much later in the Americas
than in Southeast and Southwest Asia • Many agricultural hearths
The First Agricultural Revolution
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Diffusion of Agriculture
• Vegetative cultivation in S.E. Asia same time (root removal) – 14,000 years ago
• Agriculture diffused from agriculture centers through stimulus diffusion
• Later through migration and colonialism
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Diffusion of Agriculture • Seeds of agriculture began in the fertile
crescent (Iran and Iraq) – 10,000 years ago- because of seed selection,
plants got bigger over time- generated a surplus of
wheat and barley- first integration of plant
growing and animal raising (used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops)
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Diffusion of Agriculture
• Animal Domestication– Fertile Crescent– began about
8,000 years ago
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•Relatively few animals have been domesticated (all by 4500 years ago)-Goats*-Sheep*-Pigs*-Cattle*-Horses*-Camels-Yaks(*Jared Diamond claims to be the five most important animals)
•Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail
Animal Domestication
-Llama-Alpaca-Turkey-Water Buffalo-Cats-Dogs-Reindeer
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Carl Sauer
• Proposed that agriculture began in the Bay of Bengal 14,000 years ago
• The cultivation of roots and cuttings came first (cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes) before seed crops
• Proposed other agricultural hearths
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World Areas of Agricultural Innovations
Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.
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Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant Domestications
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Subsistence Agriculture
• Subsistence Agriculture –
Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive.
- farmers often hold land in common
- Total self-sufficiency
- some are sedentary, and some practice shifting cultivation
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World Regions of Primarily Subsistence AgricultureOn this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.
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Shifting Cultivation
• Clear land for planting by slash-and-burn, cultivate crops for several years until it becomes infertile
• Leave land to lie fallow so soil can recover
• 5% of world pop. Still practice shifting cultivation
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Slash and Burn
• Swidden agriculture: areas of land cleared and vegetation burned off, layer of ash increases soil’s fertility
• Very efficient with low pop/high land/ low tech
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Shifting Cultivation
• Crops: rice in SE Asia, maize and cassava in S America, millet and sorghum in Africa
• Often the land is:– Used for multiple crops
in subsistence – Owned by village, and
separated into family plots
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• Northern India
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Shifting Cultivation
• Decreasing as a main type of subsistence
• Moving to more sophisticated types of agriculture with help of state and global organizations
• Deforestation of
rainforests bringing
global attention
Brazil
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Boserup Thesis
• Population increases necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reduction in the natural yields of swidden farming
• Why?
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Intensive Subsistence Systems
• Work small parcels of land intensively• Double cropping and crop rotation prevalent• ½ of the worlds
population• Hundreds of millions
of Chinese, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indonesians
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Settling down in one place, a rising population, and the switch to agriculture are interrelated occurrences in human history.
Hypothesize which of these three happened first, second, and third, and explain why.
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Second Agriculture Revolution
• A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution).– eg. seed drill
advances in livestock breeding
new fertilizers
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Second Agricultural Revolution
• Began slowly during the middle ages
• Modification of tools and equipment of agriculture
• Increased efficiency of food storage and distribution
• Increased productivity
• Aided in the growth of large urban areas
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Industrial Revolution
• Aided the Second Agricultural Revolution
• Tractors and Machines
• Changed the cultural landscape of agriculture….how?
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Von Thunen’s Model of Farming
• The modification of farming culture created a desire for a spatial understanding of agricultural layout
• Created in the 1800s
• Based on cities in Germany near Von Thunen’s farm
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Reasons
• Profitable options decrease with distance from the market
• Rent differences reflects different values of distance
• Production Costs + Transportation Costs = economic margin for a crop
• Greater the transport cost the less rent a farmer can afford
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Contemporary Variables
• More efficient transportation
• Transportation cost no longer proportional to costs
• Firewood not a factor
• Technology has reduced perishability
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The Third Agricultural Revolution
• Creation of the New World
• Late 19th Century and gained momentum through the 20th Century
• Big differences between the 2nd and the 3rd is degree
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• Mechanization, chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers, and globally widespread food manufacturing
The Third Agricultural Revolution: 3 Phases
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Mechanization
• Replacement of human labor with machines
• Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, since late 1800’s
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Chemical Farming
• Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil
• Also herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides
• Important environmental impact
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Food Manufacturing
• Adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments
• Processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging
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The Third Agricultural Revolution
The Green Revolution
• Began in the 1960s
• Scientists created IR36—an “artificial” rice plant
• By 1992 IR36 was the
most widely grown
crop on Earth
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The Green Revolution
• New high-yield hybrid varieties of wheat and corn were developed and diffused
• Disastrous famines of the past have been avoided
• Asia saw a two-thirds increase in rice production
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Negatives of the Green Revolution
• New hybrids required use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
• Can lead to reduction of organic matter in the soil
• Many small-scale farmers lack resources to acquire these chemicals and the seed
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Agricultural Landscape
• The agricultural imprint of cultivation on the land
• The patterns of fields and properties created as people occupy land for the purpose of farming
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Cadastral System
• A system the delineates property lines
• Adopted in places where settlement could be regulated by law
• Main Type: Township-and-range system
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Township-and-range system
• Designed to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands of the interior
• Basic unit = section (1sq. Mi of land)• Land frequently bought in half or quarter
sections• Townships – (36 sq. mi) serve as
political administrative subdistricts
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Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.
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Metes and Bounds Survey
• Natural features used to demarcate irregular parcels of land
• Used commonly along the eastern seaboard
• Rivers, lakes, streams, mountains
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• Tennessee’s 3rd Surveyor’s District using Metes and Bounds to describe the plot
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Long-Lot Survey System
• Long, narrow unit block stretching back from a road, river, or canal
• Central and Western Europe, Brazil, Argentina, Southern Louisiana, Texas
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Longlot Survey System
The cultural landscape of
Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as
land is divided into long, narrow parcels.
French Long Lot agricultural fields in Louisiana
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Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US
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Agricultural Villages
• Linear Village
• Cluster Village (nucleated)
• Round Village (rundling)
• Walled Village
• Grid Village
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Village Forms
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Functional Differentiation within Villages
• Cultural landscape of a village reflects:
– Social stratification
– Differentiation of buildings
– Cultural norms
– Economic way of life
– Levels of Interdependence
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Stilt village in Cambodia
Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.
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Farm in Minnesota
each building serves a different purpose
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Commercial Agriculture
• Production primarily for sale to processing companies, not for individual consumption
• MDC’s, semi-peripheral, core
• Machinery and biotechnology
• Dairying, grain farming, Livestock – higher costs
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Commercial Agriculture
• Roots = Plantation Farming– Latin America, Africa, and Asia
– Specialization in one or two crops • ex: cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tea
– Large labor force needed, often live on the plantation
• Today = global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage
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Commercial Agriculture
• More land needed – why has the amount of farm land increased, while farms have decreased in the US?
• Closely tied to other food processing business – chain called agribusiness employs 20% of US labor
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Agribusiness:The industrialization of Agriculture
• Created by advances in science and technology
• Process of the farm moving from the centerpiece of agriculture production to being on part of an integrated (vertical) industrial process
• eg. Poultry industry in
the US
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Advances in Transportation and Food Storage- Containerization of seaborne freight traffic- Refrigeration of containers, as they wait transport in Dunedin, New Zealand
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Organic Agriculture
• Organic Agriculture –The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds.
- sales of organic foods on the rise- grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries
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Organic Agriculture
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Fair Trade Agriculture
• Fair Trade Coffee –
shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers.
- guarantees a “fair trade price”
- over 500,000 farmers
- produced in more than 20 countries
- often organically produced
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Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.
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Tragedy of the Commons
"Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit—in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.”