topic: urban issues and challenges. case study: slide...

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study:Slide 1.

TIP: Practice writing the 6/9mark questions at the bottom of the slides on this powerpoint and submit to your teacher for marking and feedback.

How this will come up in your exam:

A variety of shorter and longer questions on the different parts of the topic.

Skills will also be tested and you may need to answer questions using OS maps of urban areas in the UK.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 2: Location.

Describe the location of London.

London is in the south-east of England on the River Thames.

Why was this a good site for a city?

London was founded by the Romans in 43ad when the conquered the south-east of England. It was called Londinium.

It was a good place because the Thames is a tidal river which allowed ships to reach the city at high tide. This was important for transport and trade.

London’s importance grew with the industrial revolution and the growth of factories from the eighteenth century.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 3: The national importance of London

Outline one way in which a city in an HIC that you have studied is nationally important. (2marks)

London is a city of national importance.

What does national mean?

Within the UK.

• London is the capital city of the UK.

• It is the UK’s largest and wealthiest city.

• London is one of the most visited cities in the world. London has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1billion in 2011

• London is a centre for media. Some examples are the BBC for television and Fleet Street for newspapers.

• The number of businesses per 1000 population is higher in London at 75 than elsewhere in the UK at 54

• London generates 22% of the UK’s GDP

• London is a transport hub with links all over the UK. Many of the UK’s main motorways radiate out from the M25 and it has many important train stations such as Kings Cross.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 4: The international importance of London.

Outline two ways a city in an HIC you have studied is internationally important. (4marks)To what extent can a city you have studied in an HIC be regarded as internationally important? (6marks.)

London is also an important international city. What does international mean?

In other countries.

• London is a world city – this is a city with global influence. New York and Tokyo are also important world cities.

• Along with New York and Tokyo, London has one of the world’s most important financial centres located in the City of London and more recently, Canary Wharf.

• London is home to 15 of the head offices of the 250 largest companies in the world

• London attracts people and investment from all over the world.

• Many of London’s iconic buildings such as the Shard (as well as it’s football teams – come on Arsenal!) are owned by foreign investors.

• London has 40 higher education institutions including some of the World’s top universities including University College London and Imperial College.

• London has world renowned medical facilities such as Kings hospital, Great Ormand Street Hospital.

• London is famous for its historical buildings and architecture, theatre and nightlife.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 5: London’s population growth:

London’s population has grown for two reasons. What are they?

1. Natural increase. What is this?

The increase in population due to birth rates being higher than death rates.

In London there is a natural increase because there is a higher proportion of young adults aged between 20-35 than the rest of the UK and therefore more babies born.

2. Migration. Where from?a. Internal migration – people moving to London from other places in the UK.

b. International migration – people moving from other countries to the UK.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 6: London’s population growth: Internal migration

What is internal migration? (1mark)Explain why a city in an HIC you have studied has grown. (6marks)

Internal migration – what is this?

The movement of people from other places in the UK to London.

Why might people move from other places in the UK to London?

Pull factors (good things about London that make people want to move there.)

Push factors (Bad things about the places that people live that make them want to move away.)

• Job opportunities.• Higher wages.• University.• Nightlife and entertainment.• Multiculturalism.• Cultural attractions (museums, art galleries.)• Vibrant city life – excitement.• Better infrastructure.• Better schools

• Higher unemployment (especially in towns and cities that used to rely on factory work and the factories have closed down. – many of these are in the north and there is seen to be a north-south divide where quality of life will be better in the south.)

• Low wages and lack of opportunity.• Lack of entertainment/nightlife.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 7: London’s population growth: international migration.

Outline one reason for international migration to a city you have studied. (2marks)

What is international migration?

Migration between different countries.

Since it first came into being, migrants have come to London and settled. Today over 300 languages are spoken in the city. Here are a few examples of international migrations:

1. After the second world war, the British government invited people from the British Empire to come and help rebuild the economy. An example is those from Jamaica, many of whom settled in areas such as Brixton.

2. In the 1960s, land reform in Hong Kong meant many farmers came to the UK searching for a new way to earn a living. Many settled in Soho in what is now Chinatown.

3. In the 1970s, many Bangladeshi people came, running from political troubles in Bangladesh. Many settled in areas such as Whitechapel in East London.

4. Since 2004 when countries such as Poland joined the EU, many migrants have come from Eastern European countries for work.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 8: London’s population growth

How has London’s population grown?

For most of the last 200 years, London’s population has been growing.

1801 – population 1 million.

Nineteenth century (industrial revolution) - Many people moved to London from other parts of the UK (Internal migration) in search of work in the factories.

During and after the second world war, the population declined as housing was destroyed or demolished and people moved out.

International migration has added to the population of London.

Because most migrants into London are young and most migrants out of London are older, this leads to a higher rate of natural increase in the city.

London’s population has risen again since 1991. In 2015 it reached 8.6 million and London is predicted to become a megacity in 2030. (A city with over 10 million inhabitants.)

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 9: How has migration changed the character of the city?

Explain how migration has changed the character of a city in an HIC you have studied. (4marks)

How has migration changed the character of the city?

London is one of the most multicultural places on the planet with 300 languages spoken. Influences from other countries can be seen all over the city. For example:

Many places in London have taken on the character of large groups of migrants who settle there.

Examples are:

• Chinatown in Soho is full of Chinese restaurants and culture.

• Spitalfields market in Whitechapel reflects the large Bangladeshi population and stalls sell curry and material for Saris.

Religious buildings such as mosques have been built all over the city.

Shops selling foods from different places are common. E.g local shops in East London sell a range of local shops.

London has embraced its multiculturalism and puts on fantastic events celebrating cultures from all over the world such as the Notting Hill Carnival and Chinese New Year.

Images showing Chinatown, A Sri Lankan food stall in Spitalfields and a Polish shop in Walthamstow.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 11: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 1. Cultural Mix

Outline one way in which cultural mix presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

Cultural Mix:

London has a huge variety of culture which brings huge opportunities.

• See slide 9 for examples of how different cultures from around the world have been adding to London’s multicultural character. This provides opportunities for:

• new businesses such as food ethnic food shops. • Tourism as people from around the world want to visit. • It allows different groups in society to mix and learn about each other forming an integrated and tolerant society. (The majority of people in London voted

to stay in the European Union during the Brexit vote in 2016 showing their more pro migration stance than other parts of the UK.)

• Every aspect of culture can be seen around the city. Examples are:• Art galleries and museums such as the Tate Modern and the Museum of London.• Every type of live music from Heavy Rock at Brixton Academy to Classical at the Royal Albert Hall and everything imbetween.• Theatres, cinemas, night clubs, restaurants etc.• There is a huge range of cultural events throughout the year from Notting Hill Carnival to Gay pride to the Chinese New Year etc.

The variety of culture is one of the things that attracts people to visit and live and therefore provides huge social and economic opportunities and enriches all aspects of London life.

One challenge of having a mix of cultures living together can lead to racism and resentment if groups do not integrate fully into society.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 12: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 2. Recreation and Entertainment

Outline one way in which recreation and entertainment present opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

2. Recreation and entertainment:

London has a huge variety of recreational and entertainment facilities. Many examples have already been listed. Here are a few more:

• A huge number of cultural attractions such as the British Museum, the National Gallery and the Natural History Museum.

• It has the West End where a huge number of shows can be seen and tourist attractions such as Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament.

• London has a huge number of concert and cinema venues and lots of sporting events such as the Oxford-Cambridge Boat race, the Wimbledon Tennis Open, many big name football teams and even hosted the Olympics.

• Bars, restaurants and street entertainment.

• A huge variety of green spaces all over the city see slide

The key point is that recreation and entertainment bring tourists who spend money and therefore create jobs in the city.

In addition, the huge variety of facilities increases wellbeing and quality of life of those living in the city.

One challenge is to make sure that facilities are accessible to all and not just richer people.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 13: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 3. Employment opportunities

Explain how urban change has created employment opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (4marks)

3. How has urban change created employment opportunities?

What types of jobs are there?

1. Primary jobs –

Those extracting raw materials from the land and the sea. Examples are…

Agriculture (farming), Fishing, mining, forestry. For obvious reasons these have not been very important in London!

2. Secondary jobs –

Jobs making things out of the raw materials in factories. (Manufacturing) Examples are…

Car manufacturing, food processing (turning chickens into chicken nuggets), clothes manufacturing.

These jobs were really important in London during the industrial revolution however, most factories have since moved abroad due to cheaper land and labour elsewhere (e.g. China) so manufacturing jobs in London are in decline.


To what extent has urban change created employment opportunities for people in cities in HICs? (6marks)

3. Tertiary jobs – what are they?

Jobs in services such as teachers, doctors, people working in shops (retail), finance

These are increasingly important in London and have grown to replace the jobs lost in manufacturing.

4. Quaternary jobs - what are they?

Jobs in the knowledge sector such as in research, developing IT (information technology).

These are increasingly important in London and have grown because of the large number of top universities in London.

So the main opportunities in employment in London are now in the tertiary (services) sector and the quaternary (knowledge sector.)


Explain how urban changes have led to economic opportunities in HICs. (4marks)

An example of how urban change has brought new opportunities in employment is:

The London Docklands (where Canary Wharf is today).

London has been a port since Roman times and has handled a huge volume of imports and exports throughout the industrial era. Around the docks were many industries such as sugar refineries and timber yards.

In the 1970s the docks were in decline as the docks were no longer large enough to hold the new container ships.

By the 1980s the Docks were empty and the factories closed.

In 1981 the government set up the London Docklands Development Corporation to regenerate the area and provide jobs for those who lost them with the closure of the docks.

Canary Wharf and other high rise office blocks were built which today hold many international banks. 100,000 people work in the area today and together with the city of London, Docklands has established London as one of the world’s leading financial centres.

One downside of this was that the old dock workers didn’t have the skills to work in financial industries so were forced out of the area. There is a big challenge to train people for jobs in the new tertiary industries.

• Docklands in 1960 Docklands today

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 17: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 4. Integrated Transport Systems

What is an integrated transport system? (2marks)Outline one way in which integrated transport systems present opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)

Integrated Transport systems: What are these?

AQA definition: When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother and therefore public transport more appealing. Better integration should result in more demand for public transport and should see people switching from private car use to public modes of transport, which should be more sustainable. It may also lead to a fall in congestion due to less road users.

In London:

• Transport for London controls the majority of transport in London including the London Underground, the iconic red London Buses, the Docklands Light Railway, and the London Overground.

• London Commuters can travel on most forms of transport using the Oyster card. This card is a credit-card-sized electronic ticket that can be used cheaply and topped up in stations or on line. It can be used on most forms of transport in London.

• London also has an integrated cycle network, it is estimated that over one million Londoners own bicycles but as of 2008 only around 2 per cent of all journeys in London are made by bike.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 18: Urban change has created economic and social opportunities: 4. Integrated Transport Systems

London’s transport network is extremely busy with packed buses, tube trains and overground trains every day at rush hour and is only set to get busier as population grows. The demand is predicted to grow by 60% by 2050.

This means London must rise to the challenge and take the opportunity to improve its transport network.

Example of a coming improvement:

Crossrail: new east west rail route across London due to open in 2018. Links Shenfield in the east with Reading in the West.

One of the largest infrastructure projects London has ever seen designed to reduce journey times, increase the number of rail passengers, bring an extra 1.5million people within a 45 minute journey of central London so more people can commute into the city. Large infrastructure projects such as this often run late and go over budget. Time will tell if this is the case with this one.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 19: Urban change has created environmental opportunities: Urban Greening

Outline one way in which urban greening presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (2marks)Explain how urban greening presents opportunities for people in cities in HICs. (4marks)

Urban greening:

London is one of the world’s greenest cities.

47% of the city is green space (parks, woodlands, cemeteries, gardens etc.)

Why is it good to have green cities?

• 8.1 million trees in London take in CO2 and release oxygen, cleaning our air.

• Habitat for wildlife.

• People use them for exercise and fresh air so they improve our wellbeing and quality of life.

• Used to grow food (30,000 allotments in London)

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 20: Urban change has created environmental opportunities: Urban greening

To what extent do cities in HICs present opportunities for the people who live there? (9marks)

Population growth puts pressure on land which is in demand for housing and other development. Fortunately London is good at protecting its green spaces although some building as occurred on the greenbelt (see slide )

How can we look after/increase London’s green spaces?

• Encourage people to not pave over gardens.

• Connect our green spaces through a green grid to allow wildlife to move around more freely and therefore find food more easily.

• Green roofs – there are 700 in Central London and they are becoming more popular.

• The Olympic park in Stratford was the first new park to be created in London in a long time!

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 21: Urban growth has created social and economic challenges: Deprivation

Define social deprivation. (1mark)

London is the wealthiest city in the UK but suffers from social deprivation. What does this mean?

AQA definition of social deprivation:The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment.

2 million people in London are classified as living in poverty and therefore suffer a degree of social deprivation.

Measures of deprivation include:

% of people on benefits and life expectancy.

A example of a borough with a low level of deprivation is…

Kensington and Chelsea (1-10% living on benefits. Life expectancy: 90)

An example of a borough with a high level of deprivation is…

Newham (Over 20% living on benefits and life expectancy: 78)

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 22: Urban change has created social and economic challenges: inequalities in housing, health, education and employment.

Suggest one reason for inequalities in health in HICs. (2marks)To what extent has urban change created inequalities in quality of life in a city in an HIC you have studied. (6marks)

AQA definition of inequalities:

Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples' wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur in housing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety and security

Even though London’s economy is growing, there are still huge inequalities.

The richest 10% of people in London have 60% of London’s wealth whilst the poorest 80% of the population share just 20% of all wealth in London.

Inequalities in housing:

• House prices and rents are the highest in the country.

• More people in London rent than own their house and those that rent pay more than half their weekly pay in rent.

• At the same time as those who live in poor quality, small rented accommodation, there are people living in some of the most expensive properties on the planet.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 23: Urban change has created social and economic challenges: inequalities in housing, health, education and employment.Inequalities in education:

• In general, schools in the poorest areas get lower GCSE results.

• In Kensington and Chelsea, 80% of pupils achieve 5 or more good GCSE grades.

• In Newham, the figure is 62. Sometimes poorer families have lower aspirations for their children and education is not valued as much. This leads to their children doing less well at school.

• However, inner city schools in London are some of the fasting improving schools in the country.

Inequalities in health:

• See life expectancy figures on slide 21.

• People in poorer areas often have a worse diet and live in worse conditions and are therefore less healthy.

Inequalities in employment.

• Unemployment is higher is poorer areas. (Kensington 3.9%, Newham 9.4%) People in poorer areas may lack the skills or motivation to get a job.

• This can lead to poverty, people being less healthy (see above), people valuing education less and therefore their children do worse at school.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 24: EnvironmentalChallenges: Dereliction

What is derelict land? (1mark)Explain why there has been an increase in derelict land in inner city areas in HICs. (2marks)What is a greenfield site? (1mark)

Dereliction. What does this mean?

AQA definition: Abandoned buildings and wasteland.

Areas in the inner city (e.g. Stratford) used to be home to the factories and terraced houses for factory workers during the industrial revolution.

Most of these factories have closed down as companies have moved abroad to NEEs where land and labour is cheaper (e.g. China)

This has led to derelict areas in inner city areas of London. (Such as Stratford before the Olympics.)

The demand for housing in London is growing (there is a shortage) so there is a huge challenge to redevelop and regenerate these areas (brownfield sites) to reduce building on previously un built on land (greenfield sites)

What is a brownfield site?

Derelict land that has been built on before, normally in the inner city.

What is a greenfield site?

A plot of land, often in a rural area or on the edge of an urban area that has not yet been subject to any building development.

Rural-urban fringe (edge of the city)

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 25: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Brownfield and greenfield sites.

Suggest two advantages of building on greenfield sites. (4marks)Is it better to build on greenfield or brownfield sites. Justify your answer (6marks)

Building on brownfield sites:

Advantages:

• Reduces the need for building on greenfield sites and therefore urban sprawl (see slide

• Services already in place such as roads, water supply, electric.

• Improves the look of run down areas – can improve the whole area.

Disadvantages:

• Land may be contaminated with chemicals from industry and may need cleaning first.

• Old buildings may need to be demolished first.

• Land is more expensive.

• Building may increase traffic congestion in inner city areas.

• Building here may put pressure on existing health and education services.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 25: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Brownfield and greenfield sites.Building on greenfield sites:

Advantages:

• Land is cheaper

• Housing is in greener, more pleasant surroundings.

• Building on this makes out of town locations more accessible and may boost the local economy.

Disadvantages:

• Leads to urban sprawl.

• Leads to loss of habitats for wildlife and/or farmland.

• Infrastructure may be required.

• Increased traffic congestion in countryside areas.

• Once land is built on it is unlikely to be turned back to countryside.

• May put extra pressure on existing health and education services.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 27: Urban change has created environmental challenges: Waste Disposal

Outline one challenge associated with waste disposal in HIC cities. (2marks)Outline one solution to the problems of waste disposal in HIC cities. (2marks)To what extent has urban change created environmental challenges. (6marks)

Waste Disposal: How much of London’s waste goes to landfill?

• 24%

• This is a problem because:• It takes up valuable land that could be used for other things.

• Landfill releases methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to our warming climate.

• It is now no longer acceptable to “waste” valuable resources on this planet now that people understand the need for living in a more sustainable way.

• The target: for zero waste to go to landfill by 2030 through a variety of measures such as:• Encouraging households to reduce their waste by 20%

• To increase recycling.

• To increase London’s capacity for reusing and repairing waste.

• To generate electricity from non recycled waste through burning in a non-polluting way.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 28: The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the growth of commuter settlements.

What is urban sprawl? (1mark)Suggest one reason for the growth of commuter settlements. (1mark)Discuss the effects of rural urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe. (6marks)

The challenge of urban sprawl: What is urban sprawl?AQA definition: The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside. This often leads to development on the rural-urban fringe. What is this?AQA definition: A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from out of town shopping centres and golf courses to farmland and motorways. • In the UK, the land surrounding our cities is protected by law since 1947 from being built on.

These areas are known as green belts. However, as the demand for housing increases, so does the pressure to build on the edge of cities. There are currently plans to build 100,000 houses on greenbelt land around London.

• As the population and house prices in London rise, people are increasingly moving to commuter settlements outside the greenbelt. In this way, urban development can “leapfrog” the greenbelt and continue just outside it. An example of a commuter settlement to London is…

• Chelmsford. Around these too, urban development encroaches into the surrounding countryside.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 29: The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe and the growth of commuter settlements.The effects of urban sprawl: Areas such as Upminster and Noak Hill in Essex are experiencing the following effects:• Extra cost to the tax payers who pay for the infrastructure (roads, water

supply, electricity supply etc.) required on the edge of cities.• Increased traffic congestion and air pollution from ore cars on the roads

in rural areas.• People in these areas often have long commutes to work which can have

negative effects on people’s health (high blood pressure) and family life (parents may return home after the children have gone to bed).

• Loss of wildlife habitats, displacing animals.• Socially, people may live further from their neighbours and may feel

isolated.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 30: An example of a regeneration project: Stratford, London

For a regeneration project you have studied, explain why the area needed regenerating. (4marks)

Urban Regeneration in Stratford: What is urban regeneration?

AQA definition: The revival of old parts of the built‐up area by either installing modern facilities in old buildings (known as renewal) or opting for redevelopment (ie demolishing existing buildings and starting afresh).

Why did the area need regenerating?

• Stratford is in Newham, one of the most deprived areas in London see figures on slides 21 and 23.

• Many areas were derelict as old factories had closed down as land and labour became cheaper in countries such as China and industry moved abroad. Therefore there were many available brownfield sites.

• This led to widespread unemployment, poverty and deprivation in the area.

• Waterways (canals and rivers) and soils were polluted with industrial waste.

• The area had high crime rates and vandalism and graffiti was widespread.

• One of the reasons Stratford won the games was because of its multicultural, young population who it was argued would benefit most from the Olympic Games.


Describe and explain the features of a regeneration project you have studied. (6marks)

The main features of regeneration:

• The whole area was regenerated including:

• Derelict land being turned into the stunning Queen Elizabeth Park – the largest new park in London for over 100 years.

• Adjacent to the park the athletes village was turned into East Village – blocks of flats providing homes for local people.

• The International Quarter – high rise offices with space for businesses employing 25,000 people.

• Westfield shopping centre employs 10,000 people.

• Olympic stadium now houses West Ham football club.

• Cleaning up of the whole environment around Stratford.

• New School: Chobham Academy.

• Improvements in infrastructure especially transport and Stratford Station.

• Changes are ongoing and will take until 2030.


To what extent has a regeneration project in an HIC city you have studied been successful. (9marks)

Stratford regeneration – some issues:

• Homes in East Village not really “affordable” for many local people.

• Jobs have been created in high paid tertiary and quaternary sectors but few local people are qualified for these and therefore unemployment in the borough remains high.

• Properties housing poorer people were demolished to make way for the site (450 housing association flats) and people were relocated out of the area.

• Parts of Stratford have not benefitted from regeneration such as New Town and poverty remains a problem.

• There have been conflicts between local people and developers.

Time will tell how successful the regeneration of Stratford will be.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 33: Features of sustainable urban living

Define sustainable urban living. (2marks)Describe the features of sustainable urban living. (6marks)Outline one way in which waste recycling can contribure to sustainable urban living. (2marks)

Sustainable urban living – what is this?

AQA definition: A sustainable city is one in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources allocated fairly and jobs secure, and there is a strong sense of community, with local people involved in decisions made. Sustainable urban living includes several aims including the use of renewable resources, energy efficiency, use of public transport, accessible resources and services.

Features of sustainable urban living using East Village in Stratford as an example:

1. Water and energy conservation – reducing water and energy consumption to enable people to go on living into the future without damaging their environment.

In East Village, water use is 50% less than the average urban area through collecting and recycling of water to be used for toilet flushing and watering gardens. (Not drinking water.) In East Village, energy use is 30% lower than other urban areas through the use of an efficient combined heat and power system which burns biomass. Houses are designed to be energy efficient through A rated appliances and effective insulation.

2. Waste recycling. What is this?

AQA definition: The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste.

Newham uses orange bags for collecting recycling and has waste collection points around the area.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 33: Features of sustainable urban living

Explain how green space can contribute to sustainable urban living. (4marks)

3. Creating green space. How do these contribute to sustainable urban living?• Serve as the city’s green lungs – keep the air clean.• Vegetation protects the soil and prevents flooding.• A natural, free recreational space.• Places for exercise and fresh air – improves people’s wellbeing and quality of life.• Habitat for wildlife.

In East Village there is…

10 hectares for green space in a total area of 27 hectares.

The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

Wetland areas with ponds where water is recycled.

Green roofs on top of East Village apartments.

Private green space within every apartment block.

An orchard with fruit trees and children’s play area.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 35: How Urban Transport Strategies are used to manage traffic congestion:

Evaluate an urban transport strategy you have studied. (6marks.)To what extent has an urban transport strategy you have studied been a success? (6marks)Outline one way in which urban transport strategies can reduce traffic congestion. (2marks)

Example 1: Congestion charge in London:

Charges people £11.50 to enter the congestion charge zone in central London. If they do not pay they get fined.

Aims: To reduce congestion in central London, to raise funds to be spent on improving public transport which should further reduce congestion.

Successes:

• There are 70,000 fewer cars per day in the congestion charge zone.

• 6% increase in bus passengers during congestion charge hours.

• Raised 2.57million in revenues.

Problems:

Congestion is near its pre charging levels (but supporters argue this would be a lot worse without the charge.

Limited funds have been reinvested into transport infrastructure because high operating costs don’t leave much profit.

It has been criticised as a tax on the poor as rich people just pay the charge and enter London anyway.

Key workers such as doctors and nurses still have to pay the charge.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an HIC: LondonSlide 36: How Urban Transport Strategies are used to manage traffic congestion:

Example 2: Bike Hire Scheme in London (“Boris Bikes”)

6,000 bikes for hire and 400 docking stations at which to drop them off all over London. Free to use for first half an hour. Set up 2010

Successes:

6million journeys in first year.

Numbers using the scheme increasing year on year.

Less than 100 accidents, none of them serious.

One fifth of all road based traffic is now bicycle.

Problems:

• Not reliable for working people as often docking stations are full and you have to look elsewhere. More of an attraction for tourists.

• Not all Londoners can get them when they want them.

• High cost (£79million) for not very useful mode of transport.

TOPIC: Urban Issues and Challenges. Case Study: A major city in an LIC or NEE: Mumbai.Facts Quiz

What % of the UK’s GDP is generated by London?

22%

Name a key train station in London.

Kings Cross

Name a motorway near London.

M25 (goes around it.)

Name an example of a university.

UCL, Imperial College.

Name an example of a hospital.

Great Ormand Street hospital.

How many languages are spoken in London?

300

What is the name of London’s financial centre?

The city of London and now Canary Wharf as well.


What was London’s population in 2015?

8.6million

Example of a museum?

British museum, natural history museum

Example of a multi cultural event?

Notting Hill Carnival.

How many people work in Canary Wharf today?

100,000

When is Crossrail due to open?

2018

What % of London is green space?

47%

How many trees in London?

8.1million


How many green roofs are in London?

700

What is the life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea?

90 years

What is the life expectancy in Newham?

78

What % of London’s waste goes to landfill?

24

How many fewer cars are there per day due t the congestion charge?

70,000

How many journeys were made in the first year of the bicycle hire scheme in London?

6million.

topic: urban issues and challenges. case study: slide...

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