TOPIC-STONE

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

GROUP MEMBERS

1 . SALONI DHIMMAR

2. AANAL SANKESARA

3. MAITRI SHAH

4. DIVYA PANDYA

5. MAHIMA SHAH

STONE

Properties of stone:-

It is har

d s

oli

d

non

metallic

mi

neral

matter

of

whic

h r

ock is

ma

de es

pecially as a

buil

di

ng

material.

LIMESTONE

DEFINITION

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium

carbonate (CaO3) in the form of the mineral calcite

FORMATION

It most clearly form in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is form from the accumulation of shell, coral, algae.

WHERE IT IS FOUND

Today Earth has many limestone forming environment. Most of them are found in shallow water areas between 30 degrees south latitude. It is found in Caribbean Sea, Indian ocean, Persian gulf, Gulf of Mexico.

COMPOSTION

Lime stone is by definition a rock that contains at least 50% calcium carbonate in the form of calcite by weight. It contains small material of quarts, feldspar clay minerals pyrite, siderite

USES

Limestone is a rock with an enormous diversity of uses. It could be the one rock that is used in more ways than any other. Most limestone is crushed and used as a construction material . It is used as crushed stone for road base

Pyramid of gizaCourt house

ADVANTAGES

Elegance Carving Porous and soft

DISADVANTAGES

Very expensive Very heavy Difficult to maneuver

COST

Limestone can be fairly expensive to install. The materials usually cost between $3 to $10 per square foot and it is strongly recommended that it be installed by a professional as limestone very heavy and difficult to maneuver.

GRANITE

DEFINITION OF GRANITE

Granite is common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock which is a

granular and phaneritic in texture.

COMMERCIAL GRANITE

CHEMICAL CONTAINS

Granite containing potassium feldspar , plagioclase feldspar , quarts and biottite and/ or amphibole minerals.

It is the potassium feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3

Its copressive strength usually lies above 200mpa.

Melting temprature is 1215-1263 C

USESEXTERIOR USES:-Rough –cut and polished granite is used in

buildings , bridges , paving , monuments.

INTERIOR USES:-Indoors polished granite slabs and tiles are used

in counters , tile floors and decorative features.

ORBICULAR GRANITE

MOUNT-RUSHMORE

ADVANTAGES

Granite is hard and toughPlacing hot items or cutting on granite will

never damage the surfaceStain resistantAdds value of your home.The color of your granite countertop will never

fade.

DISADVANTAGES

Granite needs to be sealed once every 2 years.

MARBLE

DEFINITION

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock

composed of recrystalized carbonate minerals , most

commonly limestone or dolomite rock.

PROPERTIESWhiteness of marble is due

metamorphism.Many colored marble varieties are usually

due to various mineral impurities such as clay , silt , sand, iron oxides or chert.

USES

It is used for making different antiques and sculpturesIt is also used for construction .

Taj mahal

ADVANTAGESVery few rocks have as many uses as

marble .It is used as it is an abundant , low cost

commodity in construction projects.Marble is translucent stone that allows

light to enter and produce a soft “glow”.It also has the ability to take a very high

polish.

PRODUCTION Following 4 countries have almost half of world

production of marble and decorative stones . Italy is the leading country in marble production with

20 % world production. China is second leading country with 16 % total world

production. India is third ranking with 10% of total world

production. Spain is in fourth position with 6% of world

production.

ARTIFICIAL MARBLEMarble dust is combined with cement or

synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble.

The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stone's color patterns.

SLATE

slate is naturally durable stone consisting of many layers.

Slate is fine-grained homogeneous metamorphic rock.

Derived from shale type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash

WHAT IS SLATE

propertiesGrey in colour Durable and electrical insulatorHas low water absorption index about

less than %.Resistant to frost damage and breakage

due to freezingNatural slate is also fire resistant and

energy efficient

USES

Slate faced churches

Also used in kitchen countertops , blackboards , slates for writing , electrical switchboards

AVALABILITY

Slate is mostly found in brazil ,United states,Africa, spain and china.It is available at U.P ,M.p, bihar,Madras , rajasthan and mysore In india.

KOTA STONE

DEFINITION

Kota stone is a fine granited

variety of limestone.

WHERE IT IS FOUND?

It is found in kota district Rajasthan,INDIA.

Kota stone of greenish blue and brown colours is very popular in Rajasthan

USES

Exterior

Pathways

Corridors

DrivewayBalconies

Commercial buildings

Chemical industries as

flooring

ADVANTAGES

Tough

Non water absorbent

Non slip

Affordable pricesAvailable in all sizes

Easily available

Long durablity.

sandstoneSandstone ( arenite) is a type of sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized minerals.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. sandstone may be any colour, like tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white and black.

Properties and uses Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times. It is soft, making it easy to carve hence being used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings.

sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work making sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete. . The paving stone made up of sandstone is strong and durable, making it a popular choice for pavers. The stone is tough, but can be easily cut to preferred size and shapes.

USES The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades. When used, it conveys elegance and class to the room is it used. Sandstone with a rough texture can be used for fireplaces, walkways and walls.• For Pavements and Tile works. Sandstone uses include floor and wall tiles within the construction. It is used as decorative tiles and paves in the walkwaysCompared to concrete and clay, sandstones can withstand any weather, even during extreme hot climates and cold ones. They can also withstand heavy traffic, making it an excellent material for pavers. Because of that, maintenance and replacement of these tiles and pavers are minimal. The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades.

DOORWAY MADE OF SANDSTONE TYPE OF SAND STONE

Forms of artificial stones1) cement concrete : mixture of cement ,

fine aggregate , coarse aggregate and water . It is known as R.C.C.

2)mosaic tiles: it is pre-cast concrete tiles with marble chips at top surface.

3)terrazo : mixture of marble chips and cement . Used in bathrooms , residential buildings , temples ,etc

terrazo Mosaic tiles

THANK YOU……