topic research - gathering materials evidence

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Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence

Gathering Evidence: An Overview

Library Research

Internet Research

Interviewing

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• Why Gather Information?

• Sources of Information

• Research Tips: Start Early, Use a Bibliography, and Evaluate Material

Critically

Gathering Evidence: An Overview

Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Gathering Evidence: An Overview


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• Don't simply rely on your own expertise to carry you through the speech. Seek

out information to support your arguments and gain credibility with the audience.

• Instead of relying on generalizations or common sense, find current information

to update your interpretation of the topic.

• Gather specialized information that will make your speech more relevant to your

particular audience.

Why Gather Information?


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Parking Garage

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• Research librarians can help you get started on the research process. They can

also help you refine your research and save time.

• If you're looking for the most current information about your topic, look for articles.

Make sure their sources are trustworthy, though!

• When you are evaluating the credibility of a source, use the ADAM protocol: Age

(how old is the information), Depth (how detailed is the information), Author (how

qualified and reputable is the author), and Money (how monetary benefits may

have produced biased information).

Sources of Information


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Library Stacks



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• Even seasoned public speakers start preparing early—follow their lead!

• Bibliographies, which compile many different sources that address a particular

topic, are great research tools.

• Make sure you understand the context of your research, especially if you are

looking at unfamiliar sources.

Research Tips: Start Early, Use a Bibliography, and Evaluate Material Critically


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The Early Bird



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• Finding Materials in a Library

• Types of Material in a Library

Library Research

Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Library Research




• All physical materials such as books and DVDs are labeled according to a

system, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification. The label corresponds to the

material's location in the library.

• Digital materials, such as databases, are easily searchable from the library's

computers. The homepage will help you determine which source to use and will

then direct you to the source.

• Librarians remain one of the best ways to find materials in a library. Their

knowledge and expertise can make research must easier.

Finding Materials in a Library


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Dewey Decimal Categorization



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• Librarians can help you determine the best resources to use and introduce you to

any technology or software you might need to access them.

• Libraries have physical resources such as books, maps, manuscripts, and

periodicals.

• Libraries can provide free access to digital resources such as e-books and

databases that are often inaccessible without a subscription.

Types of Material in a Library


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Melk Abbey Library



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• Finding Materials on the Internet

• Types of Material on the Internet

• Evaluating Internet Material

Internet Research

Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Internet Research




• If you find yourself with an unfamiliar topic, you can orient yourself by conducting

a general, preliminary overview search using Internet search engines.

• Don't limit yourself to just one search engine; Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Ask, and

AOL Search comprise the top five search engines in the U.S. and each do certain

types of searches better than others.

• Use Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT to refine and specify your search

queries for accurate research results.

Finding Materials on the Internet


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The Internet opens up a world of research possibilities.



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• The Internet is a constantly expanding virtual library with over a million terabytes

of data and information to be found and millions more gigabytes added daily.

• The Internet can provide you with a variety of sources including: scholarly

databases and journals, online encyclopedias, books, and videos.

• Even social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook can provide you with

unique and comprehensive sources of citizen journalism.

Types of Material on the Internet


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The virtual library of the Internet



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• Failure to accurately evaluate your Internet sources leaves you and your speech

subject to intense scrutiny and questions of credibility.

• Consider the "age, depth, author and money" of every source you use from the

Internet. The ADAM approach can help you determine whether or not you should

proceed with using a particular source.

• Looking at a website's top-level domain can give you clues about its reliability.

Generally speaking, it's safe to trust information from sites with domain names

that end in .edu, .gov and .ngo and sometimes .org.

• When using and evaluating social media sources, researchers should be aware

of sites that have a poor reputation for checking facts or moderating content.

Evaluating Internet Material


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Evaluating Internet Materials



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• Interview Preparation

• Interview Conduct

• Interview Followup

Interviewing

Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Interviewing




• Thoroughly doing your homework on a potential interview subject not only helps

you to build rapport with him or her during your interview, it helps to confirm

whether or not your interviewee makes an appropriate primary source.

• Whether you write out talking points or specific questions, make sure to pay

attention during your interview to look for opportunities to ask follow-up questions.

• Both interviewers and interviewees should keep in mind factors such as timing

and pacing to keep the discussion focused.

Interview Preparation


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Preparing for Your Interview



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• Set the schedule yourself and factor in breaks if you are interviewing more than

one person in a row.

• Establish rapport with your subject by being friendly, polite, and respectful.

• Leave your ego at the door and let the person you are interviewing teach you.

• Don't be a slave to your questions and the order in which you ask them. If new

questions come up during the interview, ask them.

Interview Conduct


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Conducting Your Interview



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• If you have interviewed synchronously one or two experts in person, telephone,

or video conference, then you should listen to the recording of the interview and

mark points of interest.

• If you have conducted an online synchronous interview using chat, make sure

that you have actually activated the archive feature so that you have a recorded

transcript of the chat and are able to review each of the questions and responses

at a later time.

• If you conducted an online asynchronous interview, you may have a large sample

of geographically dispersed respondents. You will need to summarize the content

or tabulate the ratings if you used rating scales for the interview questions.

• Once you have completed your content analysis, you will want to consider how to

cite or credit the source(s) of the “personal communication” in order to indicate

the person, the date, and the type of interview or manner of data collection.

Interview Followup


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Jimbo Wales being interviewed by Herbert Blankesteijn



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Appendix

Key terms

• bibliography A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or author. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• bibliography A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or author. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• citizen journalism Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an event, and disseminated via new media. (

CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Content analysis A methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questions of content analysis: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?" (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• critical thinking he application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• database A structured collection of data, typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). (

CC BY-SA 3.0)


CC BY-SA 3.0)


CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Dewey Decimal Classification A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical materials. The most common categorization system in American public libraries. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• interview A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or applicant. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibliography

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/citizen+journalism


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content+analysis


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/database






http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/dewey-decimal-classification


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interview


• keyword To tag with keywords, as for example to facilitate searching. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• peer review The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• search engine an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on some criteria, especially one that searches the Internet for documents containing specified words (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• skype to make a telephone call using software. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• talking point A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is intended as a basis for further discussion, especially one which represents a point of view. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keyword


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer+review


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/search+engine


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skype


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talking+point


Parking Garage


Flickr. "All sizes | Parking Garage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/midexies/2758445640/sizes/z/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com



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Library Stacks


Flickr. "Libraries are Creepy | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul_lowry/2266388742/ View on Boundless.com


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The Early Bird


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Dewey Decimal Categorization


Wikimedia. "Dewey spine label." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dewey_spine_label.jpg View on Boundless.com



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Melk Abbey Library


Wikipedia. "Melk - Abbey - Library." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melk_-_Abbey_-_Library.jpg View on Boundless.com


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

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The Internet opens up a world of research possibilities.


Flickr. "All sizes | laptop on subway | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/theredproject/2878006012/sizes/z/ View on Boundless.com



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The virtual library of the Internet


Flickr. "All sizes | Dublin - Trinity College Library | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/irishwelcometours/4909553055/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com



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Evaluating Internet Materials


Flickr. "Using the laptops | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevenzwerink/8077587082/ View on Boundless.com



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Preparing for Your Interview


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Conducting Your Interview


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Jimbo Wales being interviewed by Herbert Blankesteijn


Wikimedia. "Interview jimbo." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interview_jimbo.jpg View on Boundless.com


http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

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The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0




A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review

http://www.boundless.com/





Subject matter experts should take the time to gather information related to their speech topic because research can

A) back up claims using personal opinions.

B) back up claims based on general information that is well-known to the public.

C) back up claims with information from the Internet.

D) back up claims with evidence from industry studies.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


Subject matter experts should take the time to gather information related to their speech topic because research can

A) back up claims using personal opinions.

B) back up claims based on general information that is well-known to the public.

C) back up claims with information from the Internet.

D) back up claims with evidence from industry studies.







A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) fallacy

D) evidence

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence



A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) fallacy

D) evidence






When using the "ADAM" protocol, researchers should ask which of the following questions when considering the author as a factor?

A) What is the author's agenda in writing the article?

B) Are the authors or publishers affiliated with institutions where they have a conflict of interest?

C) How deep and detailed is the author's work?

D) Was the author's article published recently?



A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or author.

A) bibliography

B) evidence

C) talking point

D) citizen journalism

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "bibliography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibliography



A) bibliography

B) evidence

C) talking point







What is the advantage of using scholarly information instead of information from the popular press?

A) Oversight

B) Timeliness

C) Credibility

D) All of the answers

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0

http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


What is the advantage of using scholarly information instead of information from the popular press?

A) Oversight

B) Timeliness

C) Credibility

D) All of the answers


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/




Which of the following research databases can be used to target specific information and filter out irrelevant material?

A) Google Scholar

B) EBSCO

C) All of these answers.

D) ProQuest



Which of the following research databases can be used to target specific information and filter out irrelevant material?

A) Google Scholar

B) EBSCO


D) ProQuest







A) evidence

B) talking point

C) citizen journalism

D) bibliography

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "bibliography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibliography



A) evidence

B) talking point


D) bibliography






According to American philosopher Wayne Burgraff, speakers should spend how many hours per minute of content preparing for a presentation?

A) Two hours

B) Three hours

C) One hour

D) Four hours



Which source would you favor using for information about contemporary ideologies of conservative politicians?

A) An article written by a journalist who interviewed people at a polling location right after they voted

B) A book produced by a well-known, conservative publishing company

C) An article about the influence of political ideologies on the 1964 Civil Rights Act

D) A book about conservative ideologies which you noticed many of your other sources also used

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Which source would you favor using for information about contemporary ideologies of conservative politicians?

A) An article written by a journalist who interviewed people at a polling location right after they voted

B) A book produced by a well-known, conservative publishing company

C) An article about the influence of political ideologies on the 1964 Civil Rights Act

D) A book about conservative ideologies which you noticed many of your other sources also used


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/




The application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues.

A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator

D) critical thinking

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "critical thinking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking


The application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues.

A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator

D) critical thinking



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking



A structured collection of data, typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).

A) search engine

B) keyword

C) database

D) credibility

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "database." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/database



A) search engine

B) keyword

C) database

D) credibility







A) citizen journalism

B) database

C) active listening

D) Dewey Decimal Classification





B) database

C) active listening







The majority of public libraries in the United States use which of the following systems?

A) Colon Classification

B) Library of Congress Classification





Candice is looking for a specific book for her macroeconomics research project. What is the first thing she should do to most effectively conduct her library search?

A) Ask a librarian

B) Search the physical library on her own

C) Look the book up in the library's database

D) Conduct a Google search



A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical materials. The most common categorization system in American public libraries.

A) Dewey Decimal Classification

B) database


D) talking point

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/dewey-decimal-classification


A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical materials. The most common categorization system in American public libraries.

A) Dewey Decimal Classification

B) database


D) talking point



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/dewey-decimal-classification





B) active listening

C) Dewey Decimal Classification

D) database



An individual can do which of the following if a book is currently not on the library shelves?

A) All of these answers.

B) Inquire whether the library has an e-book or digital version

C) Ask the library to reserve a copy in circulation

D) Order it from a partner library



An individual can do which of the following if a book is currently not on the library shelves?


B) Inquire whether the library has an e-book or digital version

C) Ask the library to reserve a copy in circulation

D) Order it from a partner library







A) search engine

B) keyword

C) database

D) credibility



To tag with _______s, as for example to facilitate searching.

A) database

B) peer review


D) keyword

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "keyword." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keyword


To tag with _______s, as for example to facilitate searching.

A) database

B) peer review


D) keyword



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keyword



an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on some criteria, especially one that searches the Internet for documents containing specified words

A) database

B) peer review


D) search engine

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "search engine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/search+engine


an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on some criteria, especially one that searches the Internet for documents containing specified words

A) database

B) peer review


D) search engine



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/search+engine



When searching for information on the internet, you should


B) explore a variety of different search engines.

C) use a thesaurus to find synonyms that may allow your search to generate more results.

D) use "and," "or," or "not" to clarify your searches.



The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents.

A) search engine

B) peer review

C) keyword

D) credibility

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "peer review." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer+review


The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents.

A) search engine

B) peer review

C) keyword

D) credibility



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer+review




A) search engine

B) database

C) keyword

D) credibility



Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an event, and disseminated via new media.

A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility


Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "citizen journalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/citizen+journalism


Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an event, and disseminated via new media.

A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/citizen+journalism




A) database

B) citizen journalism

C) active listening




Which of the following is a description of an online encyclopedia?

A) Academic, peer reviewed collections published online.

B) Online tools such as Project Gutenberg that allow access to full books in an internet browser.

C) A collection of entries collaboratively written by volunteers around the world.

D) A form of citizen journalism that provides real-time, first-person accounts of world events.



The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility



A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database







A) understanding

B) credibility

C) memory

D) mnemonic




A) credibility

B) anecdote

C) topic

D) introduction



The ADAM approach is used to evaluate online sources. What does the acronym ADAM stand for?

A) accuracy, detail, author, money

B) age, depth, anonymity, mediation

C) age, depth, author, money

D) accuracy, detail, anonymity, mediation



A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or applicant.

A) interview

B) skype

C) Content analysis

D) keyword

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "interview." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interview


A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or applicant.

A) interview

B) skype

C) Content analysis

D) keyword



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interview



Before preparing a list of questions for the interviewee, the interviewer should first

A) determine the interview format.

B) prepare a content analysis.

C) research the interview subject and their related field.

D) practice the timing and pacing of the interview.



A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is intended as a basis for further discussion, especially one which represents a point of view.

A) search engine

B) talking point

C) active listening

D) Content analysis

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "talking point." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talking+point


A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is intended as a basis for further discussion, especially one which represents a point of view.

A) search engine

B) talking point

C) active listening

D) Content analysis



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talking+point



Which of the following can interviewers do to help participants feel more comfortable during an interview?

A) Record the interview in front of the participant

B) Use questions as conversation starters

C) Ask questions that encourage participants to talk about their feelings

D) Pause immediately following a question



to make a telephone call using software.

A) skype

B) talking point

C) interview

D) Content analysis

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "skype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skype


to make a telephone call using software.

A) skype

B) talking point

C) interview

D) Content analysis



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skype



An interviewer who has used the online synchronous interviewing method will want to do which of the following during content analysis?

A) Take notes and transcribe relevant interview responses during the interview

B) Tabulate ratings for each of the interview questions and responses

C) Tabulate the frequency of responses for each of the question categories

D) Record a transcript of the interview questions and responses to review at a later time.



A methodology in the social sciences for studying thecontent of communication. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questionsof _______: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and withwhat effect?"

A) keyword

B) active listening

C) talking point

D) Content analysis

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Content analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content+analysis


A methodology in the social sciences for studying thecontent of communication. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questionsof _______: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and withwhat effect?"

A) keyword

B) active listening

C) talking point

D) Content analysis



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content+analysis

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