Topic of lecture:

Process of Recuperation and rectification of

ethanol.

Recuperation (recovery) – (in translation from the Latin – return, receipt again) - is a

technological operation to return the valuable extragent from waste materials,

condensates in the production.

They help: to prevent loss of ethanol to reduce the cost of finished productto ensure profitability of manufacturing

Partial recuperation of ethanol - its displacement from the waste material with water or steam,

stripping with water.

Installation for Recuperation

Installation consists:1 cube span with

perforated bottom and a steam jacket.

Cube connected through trail with

3 refrigerator –condenser4 collected

Rectification – (fixes, clearing) – is separation of liquids with are the

mutually mix and have close boiling points on individual

components.

Installation for Rectification

1 cube span,2 heater3 rectification columns,5 dephlegmator 6 refrigerator condenser4, 7 Pipelines

Topic of lecture:

NEOGALENICAL DRUGS

• Neogalenical drugs (maximally purified drugs) - group of phytodrugs containing complexes of natural medicinal substances, separated from concomitants.

• Neogalenical drugs differ essentially from Galenical ones in almost full absence of concomitant substances. This fact provides their high pharmacological activity, decreasing of side effect reactions, increasing in stability and permits to use it for injections.

General stages of technological process of Neogalenical drugs

production:

1. Extraction of herbal raw material. 2. Purification of extract. 3. Evaporation of the extragent. 4. Drying the condensed extract. 5. Standardization the purified extract.6. Neogalenical drugs production.

Methods of extracts purification of extracts while Neogalenical drugs

production• Denaturation • Salting-out clarificatio, • Dialysis, electrodialysis • Alcohol clarification • Liquid-liquid extraction • Changeover of a solvent • Sorption (adsorption, absorption and

chemisorptions )

Denaturation.

• In this process, a precipitation of ballast substances is carried out under the influence of heating, UV-radiation and ultrasonic waves on proteins. Process of denaturation is irreciprocal.

Salting-out clarification.

• In this process, high molecular natural compounds (proteins, gums, pectins) are precipitated from extracts under the influence of strong electrolytes.

• It becomes possible due to hydration ability of electrolyte ions.

Clarification with alcohol

• The mechanism of alcohol clarification is analogue with mechanism of salting - out clarification.

• Alcohol is very hydrophilic substance and in solutions of biopolymers alcohol takes away a protective hydrated layer from their molecules and is hydrated itself.

Dialysis and electrodialysis.

• The dialysis is based on properties of biopolymer's molecules to pass selectively through semipermeable membranes.

• Films made of gelatin, cellophane, collodium, nitrocellulose are used for dialysis.

• Process of dialysis is very routine and slow enough.

Electrodialysis

• The substances disintegrating on ions are subjected basically by influence of electricity .

During this process, separation of substances from dialysate is carried out continuously or periodically.

Sorption is process of sorption of gases, vapours or dissolved solids by solid or fluid sorbents.

Adsorption - it is sorption of substance on a surface of sorbent. Adsorption is a selective process, which allows to adsorb fixed substances from a solution.

Absorption

• it is sorption of substance by all volume of solid or liquid sorbent.

For example, absorption is used at obtaining of volatile oils by anfleurage of flowers: volatile oils are absorbed from raw material by all volume of fat in the closed vessel.

Hemosorption

• it is sorption of substances due to creation of chemical combinations between sorbent and BAS.

• The ion exchange is attributed to chemisorptions.

Liquid-liquid extraction

• is widely used for purification of NGD and obtaining of individual substances from herbal and animals raw material.

Liquid-liquid extraction is a diffusive process during which one or more dissolved substances are extracted from extract by another solvent immiscible or sparingly soluble in it.

For efficient realization of liquid-liquid extraction, it is necessary to make in contact non-miscible liquids, and then to separate them.

Topic of lecture:

TECHNOLOGY OF BIOGENIC STIMULANTS

Biogenic stimulants

• It is complex of medicines substances which supposed that isolated tissues of vegetative or animal origin after their acclimatization to severe surrounding conditions are subjected to biochemical reorganization in metabolic systems forming substances capable to render stimulating influence and to accelerate vital processes when administered by an organism.

In 1942 V.P. Filatov had formulated the doctrine were the author emphasized two

positions: • a) formation of biogenic stimulants should be

considered as the way of body adaptation to environment produced by evolution;

• b) biogenic stimulants are formed within tissues separated from an organism until these tissues are alive and are placed under extreme conditions.

The main factors causing formation of biostimulants include:

1. low temperature (2-4 C above zero);

2. storage in dark place (parts of plants);

3. hard work of muscles;4. x-ray irradiation.

Properties:

1. Biogenic stimulators being entered into a "large" organism (by transplantations of tinned tissues or by injections of their extracts) will activate vital processes there.

2. Strengthening metabolism, they enhance physiological functions of a body;

3. In the case of body disease - raise its resistibility and regenerative properties, promote recovery.

The main objective of biostimulant manufacture is to obtain the whole complex of biologically active substances from plant or animal tissues in native (unchanged) state.

General stages of technological process of Biogenic stimulants

production:1. Preparing herbal raw material (washing, cutting).2. Biostimulation HRM.3. Milling HRM.4. Extraction of herbal raw material. 5. Purification of extract. 6. Evaporation of the extragent. 5. Standardization the purified extract.6. Neogalenical drugs production.

Biogenic preparations of vegetable, animal and mineral origin

Biossedum, Fluid aloe extract for injections and as oral

solution, Peloidinum, Peloidodistillate for injections, FiBS for injections, Gumisolum, Placenta extract, Corpus vitreum, etc