topic: genetic changes
DESCRIPTION
Topic: Genetic Changes. Aim: How can genetic information be altered?. Thought Questions. How is reading the DNA like a recipe? What happens when recipes go wrong? How does a wrong recipe relate to having the wrong “DNA” recipe?. What is a mutation?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Topic: Genetic Changes
Aim: How can genetic information be altered?
![Page 2: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Thought Questions
• How is reading the DNA like a recipe?
• What happens when recipes go wrong?
• How does a wrong recipe relate to having the wrong “DNA” recipe?
![Page 3: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a mutation?
• A genetic change/alteration that occurs on or within DNA.
• Results in a different transcription and translation message ultimately a different protein– Consequences: the protein may be the wrong protein
that the cell needs• Passed on through sex cells ONLY, not somatic cells• Mutations can be harmful when expressed, but can be
hidden
![Page 4: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Agents that Cause Mutations:
• Environment– Mutagens: factors in the environment that can
cause a mutation– Long term radiation exposure ( UV from the sun,
radioactivity) cancer related– Chemical exposure ( formaldehyde, benzene, cigarette
smoke) – pH, physical manipulation, temp Example: Temp.
influenced : Himalyan Rabbit expresses genes in the winter( low temps) to make black fur for warmth.
*** Environment can influence genetic expression
![Page 5: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Temperature Influences Trait
Rabbit expresses genes for a dark coat on particular parts of its body. When an ice pack is placed on its back, it too turns black
WHY DID THIS HAPPEN?
![Page 6: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of Mutations
A- Chromosomal Mutations: changes that occur on sections of the chromosome or the complete chromosome structure. Ex: Inversion and Translocation
B- Gene (Point) Mutations: changes that occur on individual base(s) of the nucleotidesEx: Substitution, Addition, Deletion, Point Inversions
![Page 7: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Types of Chromosomal Mutations- Inversion
• Segment of the chromosome breaks off and reinserted in the same place but in the reverse direction relative to the rest of the chromosome
![Page 8: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of Chromosomal Mutations- Translocation
Information from one of two homologous chromosomes breaks and binds to the other. Known as “jumping genes”
![Page 9: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gene Mutations- Substitution
Substitution (point) mutation = when one base is replaced with another
Results in transcription and translation
of a different amino acid than expected.
Sickle Cell Anemia disease where substitution occurs on one base
![Page 10: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Disease where an individuals red blood cells are sickle in shape due to a substitution mutation that occurs in the DNA sequence of their red blood cell. Valine is substituted for glutamic acid
![Page 11: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Results of sickle cell anemia
![Page 12: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gene Mutation- Addition
• Addition (point) mutation = when bases are added to the DNA sequence
• Results in the frame shift (bases move down) from the nucleotide sequences. Different (sometimes wrong or unwanted) amino acids are created into proteins
![Page 13: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Gene Mutations- Deletion
• Deletion= nucleotides are deleted, which affects the coding of proteins that use this DNA sequence
![Page 14: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Results of Addition & Deletion Mutations
Addition and Deletion mutations cause the DNA sequence to be read incorrectly Frameshift Mutation
![Page 15: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
RESULTS OF ALL TYPES OF MUTATIONS
• Overexpression of protein instruction
• No expression of protein instruction
• Expression of wrong protein instruction
![Page 16: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Human Diseases Caused By Mutations
1) Sickle Cell Anemia - substitution mutation
2) Huntington’s Disease - addition mutation
3) Tay-Sachs Disease - deletion mutation
4) PKU- phenylketonuria- chromosomal mutation
![Page 17: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
PKU-phenylketonuria
• Missing enzyme that helps to breakdown phenylalanine. Genes are not expresses to make the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
![Page 18: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Recipe for a Ham & Cheese Sandwich (Normal)
1) Take 2 pieces of ham and place it on one slice of bread.
2) Add one slice of cheese on top of the ham.
3) Place one piece of lettuce on top of the cheese.
4) Place mayo on the second piece of bread.
5) Close the sandwich with the mayo on the inside.
Enjoy!
![Page 19: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Name the mutation
1) Takke 2 pieces of hham and place it on one slice of bread.
2) Add one sliccce of cheese on top of the ham.
3) Ppplace one piece of leettuce on top of the cheese.
4) Place mayyyo on the seccond pieeece of bread.
5) Clossse the sandwich with the mayo on the inside.
Enjoyyyyyyy!
![Page 20: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Name the mutation
1) Place mayo on the.
2) Take 2 pieces of ham and on top of the ham. place it on one slice of bread.
3) Add one slice of cheese
4) Place one piece of lettuce on top of the cheese.
5) second piece of bread Close the sandwich with the mayo on the inside.
Enjoy!
![Page 21: Topic: Genetic Changes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/56815546550346895dc31662/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Name the mutation
1) Take 2 pieces of ham and place it on one slice of bread.
2) Place mayo on the second piece of bread.
3) Close the sandwich with the mayo on the inside.
Enjoy!