topic 6: lifestyle and health matters / public health issues
TRANSCRIPT
Topic 6:Lifestyle and Health Matters/
Public Health Issues
Readings
Unit 3 Gas in the GI Tract p.29~42
Superbug: Neither Supper nor a bug/ How bacteria evolve into superbugs
keywords
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (n. phr.):diseases relating to the tract in the stomach and intestine
Superbug
Discussion 1
Have you ever experienced abdominal discomfort or pain after you have your meal? If so, what actions did you take to ease your pain?
Vocabulary
Gastrointestinal(GI) tract (n. phr.): 腸胃道 Burp (n.)(v.)/ Belch (v.):打嗝 Bloating (n.): 鼓脹 Flatulence (n.): 放屁 Distention (n.): 膨脹 Rectum (n.): 直腸 Anus (n.): 肛門 Celiac (adj.): 腹腔的 Probiotics (n.): 益生菌
Vocabulary
Gas pains: 脹氣疼痛 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): 大腸激躁症 Crohn’s Disease:
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the digestive system, the intestines in particular. This disease can affect the digestive system anywhere from mouth to anus.
Colorectal cancer: 結直腸癌 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): 胃食道逆流疾病 Peptic ulcer disease: 消化性潰瘍 Malabsorption symptom: 吸收不良症狀 Gallstone: 膽結石 Appendicitis: 盲腸炎 Lactose intolerance: 乳糖不耐症
Vocabulary
Acupressure: 穴位按摩
Homeopathy: 順勢療法Homeopathy is an alternative approach to medicine based on the idea that if a large doses of a substance cause a symptom, when used in very small doses these can cure it.
Hydrotherapy: 水療法
Gas in GI tract
Comes from two ways:1.swallowing air while eating, drinking or talking2.during food digestion process
Can cause abdominal discomfort or painSymptoms:
1.burping/ belching2.flatulence/ farting3.bloating4.gas pain
Ways to eliminate gas in our bodies
GI disorders
Symptoms that just mentioned sometimes indicate the presence of severe GI disorders
For instance:Bloating IBS, Crohn’s disease or colorectal cancer
Other GI disorders: malabsorption symptoms, peptic ulcer disease, GERD or intestinal obstruction
Discussion 2
What kind of food that you eat will make you feel discomfortable afterwards?
Some gas prone foods -----high in carbonhydrates
Milk and other dairy productsBeansVegetablesWhole grain productsFruit
Suggestions to reduce symptoms
Avoid eating foods thought to cause excess gas
Having good eating habits
Taking a brisk stroll after you have your meal
Eating healthy food helps the movement of the small intestine
To avoid excessive salivation
Taking over-the-counter medicines
Seeking help from doctors
Discussion 3
What is superbug? Is it really a super bug?
Superbug refers to the multi drug-resistant bacteria which consist of the gene called NDM-1.
Discussion 4
What are reasons that you think causes the exist of superbug?
Vocabulary
Defy (v.): 對抗 Imminent (adj.): 即將發生的 Escalate (v.): 擴大 Plasmid (n.): 質體 Augment (v.): 擴大 Pathogen (n.): 流行病 Indiscriminately (adv.): 不區別地 Predecessor (n.): 先輩
Main idea
Because of an ongoing competition between bacteria that cause illness and drugs that are designed to kill them, bacteria have been developing resistance to a variety of antibiotics which eventually creates “superbug”.
Supporting details
Superbug was first found in India and Pakistan.
The drug resistance comes from a gene called NDM-1 which sit on plasmids that can be passed among bacteria rapidly.
Such gene can produce enzymes that cut antibiotic molecules into pieces, making the drugs powerless.
Some misunderstandings
There are still two kinds of antibiotics that can fight the superbug.
It is not spreading rapidly due to its high resistance to drugs.
It doesn’t make someone more sick.
Strategies
New kinds of antibiotics
Tighter controls on existing antibiotics
Better international cooperation on health prevention
More careful control on medical tourism
Main idea
High rates of immigration of bacteria into an environment containing antibiotic introduces sufficient genetic variation to cause the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Supporting details
Researchers have applied ecological and evolutionary theory to see how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics in hospital.
Bacteria mutating fast will quickly adapt to harsh environments containing antibiotics.
Supporting details
Superbug are an exception in evolutionary theory. When they spread to and persist in many source environment, they become more infectious.
Conclusion
We need for greater understanding of how bacteria evolve in order to control the mutation of bacteria and to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics.
Discussion 5
If you were the governor, what actions would you take to slow down or even stop the mutation of bacteria?
Discussion 6
Do you think the era of antibiotics is coming to a close? Why?
Thank you for your attention!
And try your best to protect as well as preserve the antibiotics!