topic 2: the endocrine system. 2.1 systems of chemical mediation and communication
TRANSCRIPT
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Topic 2:
The Endocrine System
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2.1 Systems of chemical mediation and communication
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2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 1)
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2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 2)
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 3.12: Exocytosis, p. 78.
Extracellularfluid
Cytoplasm
Molecules tobe secreted
VesicleSNARE
Plasma membraneSNARE
Secretory vesicle
(a)
(b)
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 3.13: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, p. 79.
Recycling ofmembrane andreceptors (if present)to plasma membrane
CytoplasmExtracellular fluid
Extracellularfluid
Plasmamembrane
Detachmentof clathrin-coatedvesicle
Clathrin-coatedvesicle
Uncoating
Uncoatedvesicle
Uncoatedvesiclefusing withendosome
To lysosomefor digestionand releaseof contents
Transcytosis
Endosome
Exocytosisof vesiclecontents
Clathrin-coatedpit
Plasmamembrane
Ingestedsubstance
Clathrinprotein
(c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Extracellularfluid
Cytoplasm
Bacteriumor otherparticle
Pseudopod
Clathrinprotein
(b) Phagocytosis
Clathrinprotein
Membranereceptor
(a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
1
3
2
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2.3 The major endocrine glands and tissues in humans
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 16.3: PIP second-messenger mechanism of amino acid-based hormones, p. 608.
PIP2
IP3
ReceptorGTP
GTP
CatecholaminesTRHADHGnRHOxytocin
Triggers responses of target cell
GDP
Extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Inactiveprotein kinase C
Activeprotein kinase C
Phospholipase C
Gq
Ca2+ Ca2+-calmodulin
Hormone
Endoplasmicreticulum
DAG
GTP
1
2 34 5
5
6
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2.4 The hypothalamus
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2.5 The pituitary gland
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2.6 Hypothalamic communication with the anterior and posterior pituitary
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2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 1)
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2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 2)
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Figure 23.20
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2.8 The pancreas (Part 1)
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Six primary hormones produced by the pancreas:
1.Insulin - causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat to uptake gluclose from the blood to store as glycogen in muscle and liver.
2. Glucagon – released when blood glucose levels are too low , causing the liver to convert stores of glycogen into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream
3.Somatostatin - suppresses the release of various gastrointestinal hormones.
4.Ghrelin – hunger stimulating hormone
5.Pancreatic polypeptide – regulates secretion of the endocrine and exocrine chemicals of the pancreas. In humans , secretion is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise.
6.Amylin - functions as a synergistic partner to insulin, but seems to be more intimately involved in determination of the glycemic index than insulin in readings related to A1C.
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2.8 The pancreas (Part 2)
Alpha cells will produce glucagon.Beta cells will produce insulin and amylin.Delta cells will produce somatostatinPP cells will produce pancreatic polypeptide.Epsilon cells will produce ghrelin.
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2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 1)
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2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 2)
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2.10 The pineal gland (Part 1)
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2.10 The pineal gland (Part 2)
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This is the point where we have concluded Chapter 2 materials relevant to lecture exam #1. The remainder of the materials that follows will be part of lecture exam #2.
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Figure 27.1
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Figure 27.3a
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2.11 The testes
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Figure 27.11
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Figure 27.12a
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Figure 27.12b
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Figure 27.14a
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2.12 The ovaries (Part 1)
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2.12 The ovaries (Part 2)
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2.13 Protein and peptide hormone receptors
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2.14 A tyrosine kinase receptor
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Active siteAmino acids
Enzyme (E)Enzyme-substratecomplex (E-S)
Internal rearrangementsleading to catalysis
Dipeptide product (P)
Free enzyme (E)
Substrates (S)
Peptide bond
H2O
+
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2.15 A G protein
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2.16 Signal amplification by second messengers
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2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 1)
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2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 2)
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2.21 Primary structures of species-specific forms of GnRH
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2.23 Primary structure of the nonapeptides secreted by the posterior pituitary
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2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 1)
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Figure 27.17
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2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 2)
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2.26 Thyroid hormone synthesis
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2.28 Steroid chemical structure and nomenclature
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2.29 Steroid hormone receptors are generally located in the cytosol or nucleus of a cell
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2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 1)
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2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 2)
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2.31 Androgens (Part 1)
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2.31 Androgens (Part 2)
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2.32 Estrogens (Part 1)
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2.32 Estrogens (Part 2)
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2.33 Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are catecholamines
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2.35 Models of negative and positive feedback
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2.36 Negative feedback
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Box 2.1(A) Life cycle of the silkworm moth
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Box 2.2 The Discovery of Secretin
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