topic 2: intro to evolution by natural selection
TRANSCRIPT
Important vocabulary: Hypothesis Theory
Adaptation Evolution
Microevolution Macroevolution
Explanation based on observationsSummarizes a hypothesis or hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing. Valid until disproven.
Inherited trait that helps an organism survive.
Living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day; “descent with modification”
Change in allele frequencies in a population.
Speciation; often described as patterns over geologic time scales.
B.D. (before Charles Darwin)
Earth is very old, still changing All organisms may be related by
common ancestry Extinctions have occurred Thomas Malthus…populations Lamarck
Lamarckian evolution: main ideas
Organisms arise spontaneously in simple forms
“Use and disuse” “Inheritance of acquired
characteristics”
Galapagos Islands Volcanic islands Oldest: Isla San
Cristóbal (4 my) Youngest: Isla
Fernandina (<1 my)
Endemic Fauna of the GalapagosEndemic = organisms that are native to a geographic area and are found no where else in the world.
The long argument: the years after the voyage of the Beagle Observations of specimens
collected on the different Galapagos Islands
Pigeon breeding Barnacles: 8 years, “homologies” Experiments on seed survival in
salt water
Darwin’s 5 Big Observations (and related inferences)
1. All species have such great reproductive potential that their population size would increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduce successfully.
2. Populations tend to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations.
3. Environmental resources are limited.
Inference #1: Because more offspring are produced than can be supported by the available resources and populations are stable over time, there must be a struggle for existence amongst individuals. This leads to only a fraction surviving to reproduce.
Darwin’s 5 Big Observations (and related inferences)
4. Individuals of a population vary in their characteristics.
5. Much of this variation is heritable (passed on from parents to offspring).
Inference #2: Survival is not random. Individual survival depends on the characteristics that are inherited. Unequal survival results from a process of natural selection that favors individuals best suited for their environments.
Inference #3: Over generations, this process will lead to continuing gradual changes in populations (evolution) as those individuals that survive will reproduce, passing their genes onto the next generation.
Alfred Russell Wallace
1858 “On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties; And On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection” (Published with an abbreviated essay of Darwin’s)
Evolution by Natural Selection
• Overpopulation may lead to Competition for…• Predation affects both…• Selection due to…
• Variation • Due to…• Is it always stronger or faster?
• Reproduction (differential)• Speciation due to…
Key points
Individuals do not evolve…what does? Natural selection can amplify or diminish
only inherited traits Evolution is not goal-directed!
Evidence
Peppered moths Galapagos finches Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Artificial selection (breeding) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Peppered moth (Biston betularia)
Early 1800s population:
B. betularia typica 98%
B. betularia carbonaria 2%
Late 1800s population:
B. betularia typica 2%
B. betularia carbonaria 98%
“…adaptive radiation…refers to more or less simultaneous divergence of numerous lines all from much the same ancestral adaptive type into different, also diverging adaptive zones.”
Simpson 1953
From Petren et al. 1999
Adaptive Radiation
Seeds
Bark & Crevice Insects
Buds
Nectar and gleaned insects
Evolution of many species from one common ancestor in response to variations in available environments and resources.
Convergent Evolution
• The evolution of similar characteristics in unrelated (or extremely far removed) species as a result of similar ecological opportunities and environments
• Analogous structures are due to similar selection pressures
How antibiotics workHow antibiotics work
Antibiotics are chemicals that disrupt bacterial processes, some…
Inhibit cell wall Inhibit cell wall constructionconstruction
Inhibit protein Inhibit protein synthesis (cell dies)synthesis (cell dies)
Inhibit DNA replication Inhibit DNA replication so that cells canso that cells can’’t t dividedivide
Mechanisms of ResistanceResistant (mutant)
bacteria can:1. Modify or destroy the
antibiotic.
2. Flush out antibiotic.
3. Alter the target.EssentialBacterialProtein
EssentialBacterialProtein
Sexual selection The selection of individuals for secondary
sex characteristics
eg bird coloration, elk horns Can be intrasexual or intersexual
Male-male competition Female choice
Often appears at odds with natural selection