topic 2: globalization and global cities. globalization and global cities q1. what is a global...

Topic 2:Topic 2: Globalization and Global Globalization and Global CitiesCities

Globalization and Global CitiesGlobalization and Global Cities

• Q1. What is a global city?Q1. What is a global city?• Q2. How did globalization take place?Q2. How did globalization take place?

• Themes:Themes:• 1.1. Globalization and CityGlobalization and City• 2.2. The development of Hong Kong The development of Hong Kong

as a as a global cityglobal city

The Characteristics of World The Characteristics of World CitiesCities

• The hub points in the global network The hub points in the global network are world cities.are world cities.

• The term “world cities” was first coined The term “world cities” was first coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915; he defined by Patrick Geddes in 1915; he defined them as places where world’s business them as places where world’s business was done.was done.

DefinitionDefinition

• John Friedman (1986), “World city hypothesis”, John Friedman (1986), “World city hypothesis”, in which he defined world city as: in which he defined world city as:

1.1.basing points in the spatial basing points in the spatial organization and articulation of organization and articulation of production and markets;production and markets;

2.2.major sites for the concentration and major sites for the concentration and accumulation of international capital;accumulation of international capital;


3.3. centers of corporate headquarters, centers of corporate headquarters, international finance, global transport international finance, global transport and communications, and high level and communications, and high level business services;business services;

4.4. points of destination for both points of destination for both domestic and international migrants.domestic and international migrants.


Saskia Sassen (1991)’s The Global Saskia Sassen (1991)’s The Global City identified them in four ways:City identified them in four ways:

1.1. key locations for finance and specialized key locations for finance and specialized service firms, which have replaced service firms, which have replaced manufacturing as the leading economic manufacturing as the leading economic services;services;

2.2. sites of production, including the sites of production, including the production of innovations, in leading production of innovations, in leading industries;industries;


3.3. highly concentrated command points in highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world economy;the organization of the world economy;

4.4. markets for the products and markets for the products and innovations produced.innovations produced.


• Cities concentrate control over vast Cities concentrate control over vast resources, while finance and specialized resources, while finance and specialized service industries have restructured the service industries have restructured the urban social and economic order.urban social and economic order.

• Not mere outcomes of a global economic Not mere outcomes of a global economic machine, but specific places where machine, but specific places where internal dynamics, culture and social internal dynamics, culture and social structure matter.structure matter.

Sites of ProductionSites of Production

• Sassen argues global cities are not Sassen argues global cities are not only nodal points for the only nodal points for the coordination of processes, but coordination of processes, but particular sites of production:particular sites of production:


1.1. the production of specialized services the production of specialized services needed by complex organizations for needed by complex organizations for running a dispersed network of running a dispersed network of factories, offices, and service outlets;factories, offices, and service outlets;

2.2. the production of financial innovations the production of financial innovations and the making of markets, both and the making of markets, both central to the internationalization and central to the internationalization and expansion of the financial industry.expansion of the financial industry.


• understand it as a place where certain understand it as a place where certain kinds of work can get done.kinds of work can get done.

• get beyond the dichotomy between get beyond the dichotomy between manufacturing and services. manufacturing and services.

• ““things”, a global city produces are things”, a global city produces are services and financial goods.services and financial goods.

Differences in global cities:Differences in global cities:

• New York is more New York is more decentralized and decentralized and multipolar urban multipolar urban systemsystem

• Tokyo with little of the Tokyo with little of the cultural diversity or cultural diversity or dynamismdynamism

• London has a long London has a long history of a colonial, history of a colonial, imperial cityimperial city

Second-tier global cities:Second-tier global cities:

• Little consensus in the global city literature Little consensus in the global city literature

• Friedmann (1995) identifies Miami, Los Friedmann (1995) identifies Miami, Los Angeles, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Angeles, Frankfurt, Amsterdam and Singapore as second-order centers.Singapore as second-order centers.

Frankfurt Amsterdam Miami


• Yeung and Lo (1997) include all the big Yeung and Lo (1997) include all the big cities in Asia: Seoul, Taipei, Hong Kong, cities in Asia: Seoul, Taipei, Hong Kong, Manila, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Jakarta.Singapore and Jakarta.

Kuala Lumpur Manila Jakarta


• Cities which are competing for world Cities which are competing for world city status, are called “wannabe world city status, are called “wannabe world cities” (Short 1996). cities” (Short 1996).

• Global city: an ongoing competitive struggle Global city: an ongoing competitive struggle and the inherent instability of this system. and the inherent instability of this system.

Three Major Aspects of Global Three Major Aspects of Global CitiesCities

A.A. Command CentersCommand Centers

I.I. control, command and management control, command and management centers - regulate global centers - regulate global manufacturing production, financial manufacturing production, financial transactions, producer services and transactions, producer services and telecommunications networks.telecommunications networks.


A.A. Command CentersCommand Centers

II.II. transnational corporate headquarters - transnational corporate headquarters - house the crucial institutions of economic house the crucial institutions of economic globalization, such as, stock markets, globalization, such as, stock markets, advertising agencies and teleports.advertising agencies and teleports.

III.III. Center of cultural hegemony- Center of cultural hegemony- concentration of cultural festivals like concentration of cultural festivals like music, film or dance festivals in New York.music, film or dance festivals in New York.


B.B. Socio-cultural infrastructureSocio-cultural infrastructure

• Amin and Thrift (1994) identify three Amin and Thrift (1994) identify three important elements:important elements:

1.1. Centers provide the face-to-face Centers provide the face-to-face contact needed to generate collective contact needed to generate collective beliefs.beliefs.

New York Central Park


B.B.Socio-cultural infrastructureSocio-cultural infrastructure

2.2. Centers are needed to enable social and Centers are needed to enable social and cultural interaction, that is, to act as cultural interaction, that is, to act as places of sociability, of gathering places of sociability, of gathering information, establishing coalitions, information, establishing coalitions, maintaining trust, and developing rules of maintaining trust, and developing rules of behaviors.behaviors.


B.B.Socio-cultural infrastructureSocio-cultural infrastructure

3.3. Centers are needed to develop, test Centers are needed to develop, test and track innovations, to provide a and track innovations, to provide a critical mass of knowledgeable people critical mass of knowledgeable people and socio-institutional networks.and socio-institutional networks.

"centers of representation, interaction "centers of representation, interaction and innovation" and innovation"

Silicon Valley


C.C. Social polarization: winners and losersSocial polarization: winners and losers

• the richest and the poorest members of the richest and the poorest members of societysociety

• increasing capital intensity of production increasing capital intensity of production and large-scale immigration of foreign and large-scale immigration of foreign workersworkers

Ghetto in New York CityChinatown in New York City


C.C. Social polarization: winners and Social polarization: winners and loserslosers

• the paradoxical relationship- between the paradoxical relationship- between the growth of finance and producer the growth of finance and producer services and the increase of an services and the increase of an informal economy in these citiesinformal economy in these cities

Vendor in New York City


C.C. Social polarization: winners and losersSocial polarization: winners and losers

• Services sector produces a larger share of Services sector produces a larger share of low-wage jobs than manufacturing does.low-wage jobs than manufacturing does.


C.C. Social polarization: winners and losersSocial polarization: winners and losers• New concepts like "dual cities" or "divided New concepts like "dual cities" or "divided

cities" cities"

- to illustrate the fact that world cities contain - to illustrate the fact that world cities contain the extremes of wealth and povertythe extremes of wealth and poverty

Social polarization: winners and Social polarization: winners and loserslosers

• Example in Hong KongExample in Hong Kong

This is a senior staff quarters of a local university.

But what is this?

What is this?


• Example in Hong KongExample in Hong Kong

This a home of an old woman. She was living here at least 6 years.


• Example in Hong KongExample in Hong KongCan you imagine that

an old woman still using woods for

cooking just beside a university, not in N.T., and in Hong

Kong such a affluent society?


• disproportionate flows of skilled disproportionate flows of skilled international migrantsinternational migrants

• huge cross-border movements of huge cross-border movements of financial specialists, banking financial specialists, banking professionals, managers and high-tech professionals, managers and high-tech talents in global citiestalents in global cities


• process of professionalization vs process process of professionalization vs process of polarizationof polarization

VSVS


• The depiction of New York by Castells The depiction of New York by Castells (1993) can be best summed up: (1993) can be best summed up:

– "Wall Street may make New York one "Wall Street may make New York one of the nerve centers of the global of the nerve centers of the global capitalist system, but this dominant capitalist system, but this dominant position has a dark side in the ghettos position has a dark side in the ghettos and barrios where a growing population and barrios where a growing population of poor people lives.”of poor people lives.”

Globalization and The Asia-Pacific Globalization and The Asia-Pacific RegionRegion

• Major cities along the Asia-Pacific Major cities along the Asia-Pacific Corridor - the new sites of global Corridor - the new sites of global manufacturing production manufacturing production

• A regional city system- Yeung and Lo A regional city system- Yeung and Lo (1996) called this as the Asia-Pacific (1996) called this as the Asia-Pacific functional city system.functional city system.


• A function city system is:A function city system is:

• “ “a network of cities that are linked, a network of cities that are linked, often in a hierarchical manner based on often in a hierarchical manner based on a given economic or socio-political a given economic or socio-political function at the global or regional level.”function at the global or regional level.”


• Asia-Pacific urban corridor:Asia-Pacific urban corridor:

• stretching between Tokyo and north-stretching between Tokyo and north-east China, via the two Koreas, to east China, via the two Koreas, to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, makes up the east Asian regional city makes up the east Asian regional city system.system.


• Cities networked into the functional city Cities networked into the functional city system have not developed uniformly: system have not developed uniformly:

– on the top of the urban hierarchy on the top of the urban hierarchy include the major capital exporters. include the major capital exporters. (eg, Tokyo, Seoul and Taipei).(eg, Tokyo, Seoul and Taipei).


– Major industrial FDI recipients (e.g. Major industrial FDI recipients (e.g. Jakarta, Shanghai and Bangkok).Jakarta, Shanghai and Bangkok).

– Two entrepots (Hong Kong and Two entrepots (Hong Kong and Singapore)Singapore)

– Some cities serve as tourist cities. Some cities serve as tourist cities.

ConclusionConclusion

• Global city formation is a continuing and Global city formation is a continuing and varied process. varied process.

• Asian scholars developed their own Asian scholars developed their own views of studying global cities in the views of studying global cities in the Pacific Region.Pacific Region.

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