topic 13 plant science
DESCRIPTION
13.1.1 Compare the 4 main types of plants by External Plant Structures Bryophytes (mosses) No roots, but rhizoids Mosses = simple leaves & stem Liverworts = flattened thallus Max height = 0.5 meters Reproduction = spores in a capsule at end of stalkTRANSCRIPT
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Topic 13
Plant Science
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13.1.1 Compare the 4 main types of plants by External
Plant Structures• Bryophytes (mosses)
– No roots, but rhizoids– Mosses = simple leaves & stem– Liverworts = flattened thallus– Max height = 0.5 meters– Reproduction = spores in a capsule
at end of stalk
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• Filicinophytes (ferns)– True roots, leaves, short non-woody stem
• Leaves are pinnate = in pairs of leaflets– Max height = 15 meters– Reproduction = spores in sporangia under
leaves
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• Coniferophytes (conifers)– Shrubs or trees with roots, leaves, woody
stems. Leaves are narrow with thick waxy cuticle
– Maximum height = 100 meters– Reproduction = seeds in female cones.
Male cones produce pollen
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• Angiospermophytes (flowering plants)– Usually have roots, leaves and stems.
Stems may be woody or not.– Maximum height = 100 meters– Reproduction = seeds from flowers. Seeds
in fruits.
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13.1.3 Plan diagram of stem
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Plan diagram of root
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Plan diagram of leaf
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13.1.4 Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the
functions of these tissues.• Palisade mesophyll - main
photosynthetic tissue– Near surface where the light is most
intense for photosynthesis• Upper epidermis
– Upper surface protects internal structure of leaf from water loss.
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• Stoma - a pore/opening gas moves through– In lower surface - the barrier between leaf and
atmosphere• Spongy mesophyll - main gas exchange surface
– Near stomata in lower surface for easy gas exchange• Guard cells
– A pair cells located on sides of stoma to open or close them
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• Xylem - Carry water from roots to other parts of plant
• Phloem - Carry products of photosynthesis (glucose = food for plant)
• Both are a vein that runs through center of leaf so all cells are near for exchange of materials
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13.1.5 Outline the adaptations of xerophytes
– CAM and C4 physiology (Crassulacean acid metabolism)(phosphoenol pyruvic acid (C3) to form Oxoloacetic acid (C4)
• Involves opening stomata during night, not day
– Reduced leaves• Reduced surface area = reduced transpiration
– Rolled leaves• Protected surface area = reduced transpiration
– Thickened waxy cuticle• Keeps water in
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• reduced number of stomata– Fewer openings for water to escape
• stomata in pits surrounded by "hairs”– Holds water in
• Spines– Reduces transpiration
• deep roots– Absorb water deep down in soil
• water storage tissue– Usable water during dry times
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13.1.6 Outline two structural adaptations of hydrophytes.
• air spaces– Buoyancy = floating near surface
• Flotation– Allows plant to be at surface = light
• pliable parts with little strengthening tissue– Move with waves without breaking
• "breathing" roots– Roots sent above surface of water
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• reduced roots– No need for roots = surrounded by water
• finely divided submerged leaves.– Surface area for water absorption