topic 1: classification
DESCRIPTION
Topic 1: Classification. Classification History. Taxonomy : Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plants Animals. Carolus Linnaeus. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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• Taxonomy: Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history
• All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms:– Eubacteria– Archaea– Protista– Fungi– Plants– Animals
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• Developed classification system based on physical features
• Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names– 1st word: Genus (broad)– 2nd word: Species (specific)
• Example: House cat– Genus: Felis (cougars, lions,
tigers, cheetahs, etc…)– Species: catus
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• When Writing:–Genus capitalized–species lowercase–Underlined entirely
Ex: Homo sapiens
• When Typing:–Same, except use italics
Ex: Homo sapiens
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• 7 individual levels (taxa) used to classify organisms Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (specific)
• Allows relationships to be clearly seen
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The more levels in common...the more related the species.
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• Taxonomy: grouping life according to shared traits (not just physical)
• 1) Morphology: studying the form and structure of organisms– Comparing the
morphology (traits) of different species shows similarities and/or differences
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Morphology Shows Non-Relationships Also!
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• Comparing DNA, amino acids, & proteins
• DNA mutations occur at known rates–Splits in evolution can be
estimated based on how different DNA between 2 organisms is
–More different the DNA…longer ago common ancestor
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• Patters of development studied to identify relatedness• Blastopore (1st opening of embryo) shows humans &
starfish are more related than humans & squid
Mouth Anus Anus
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• Defined: Evolutionary history of an organism• Shown by cladograms
– Group life according to similaritiesHow many traits does a primate & amphibian share?Which organisms do not have amniotic eggs?
all have amniotic eggs
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• Virus: A biological particle composed of nucleic acid and protein
• Intracellular Parasites: organism that must “live” inside a host
Topic 2: Viruses
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• Reproduce• Have nucleic acid• Adapt to
surroundings• Have organization
• Not made of cells or organelles
• Can’t reproduce on own• Don’t metabolize energy• Don’t perform cellular
processes
Are viruses alive?
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• All Have:–1) Capsid: coat of
protein that surrounds nucleic acid
–2) Nucleic Acid: RNA or DNA
• Some Have:–Tail Fibers: Used for
attachment (not legs)• Shapes vary
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1st Step: Attachment– Virus attaches to a cell receptor– No attachment = No infection
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2nd Step: Entry– Virus enzyme weakens cell membrane– Genetic material (DNA or RNA) enters host cell
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3rd Step: Replication– Virus DNA/RNA makes virus proteins by transcription/
translation
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4th Step: Assembly– New virus proteins are assembled into new viruses
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5th Step: Release– Virus enzyme causes host to burst– Viruses are released to find new host…Cycle repeats
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Host cell
DNA
Pro-phage
1) Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell
2) Entry: Virus nucleic acid enter the cell, but combines with host cell DNA.
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Pro-phage
Pro-phage
Pro-phage
The host cell divides by mitosis, making a copy of the prophage each time.
Two infected cells.
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Pro-phage
Pro-phage
Two cells divide my mitosis to make 4 infected cells.
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Four infected cells divide by mitosis to make 8…and so on….
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Virus DNA eventually becomes active and starts to create viruses following the stages of the lytic cycle.
All infected cells burst, releasing many more viruses to restart the cycle.
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• Prokaryote– Cells w/o nucleus & membrane
bound organelles– Chromosome & plasmids float
freely in cytoplasm• Ribosomes
– create proteins• Flagella
– used in movement• Pili
– act as anchors– Connect to other cell during
conjugation • Endospore
– “cocoon” to protect DNA in harsh times
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• Many bacteria grow in colonies
• 3 Basic Shapes:
• 1) Rod• 2) Spherical• 3) Spiral
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Bacteria Asexual Reproduction
• Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells– Both cells have identical sets of DNA– Less genetic diversity
Click pic
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Bacteria Sexual Reproduction
• Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged between bacteria cells
• Cells connect by pili• DNA duplicated and then exchanged• Creates genetic diversity
Gene to resist ampicillin Gene to resist ampicillin
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• Anaerobic– Obligate anaerobic = cannot live in oxygen
• Aerobic– Facultative aerobic = can live with or without oxygen– Obligate aerobic = must live in oxygen
The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs…which type is it?
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Identifying Bacteria with Gram Staining
• Gram negative:• stains pink• extra outer layer• harder to treat
• Gram positive:• stains purple• lack extra covering• easier to treat
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HEALTHY GINGIVITIS
MODERATE PERIODONTITIS ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS
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Topic 4: Protista
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Protista in General• Usually unicellular• Reproduction:
– Asexual, Sexual, Both• Kingdom for life that
doesn’t fit in animals, plant or fungi kingdom
• Mostly aquatic life• 3 main categories based on
feeding– Animal-like– Plant-like– Protista-like
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Animal-Like Protista (Protozoans)• Aquatic, unicellular• Heterotrophic
– Feed & ingest prey– pathogens, parasites,
predators– 3 subcategories based on how
they move
• 1) Pseudopods : have pseudopodia (false- feet)– Engulf by phagocytosis
• 2) Flagellates: have flagella• 3) Ciliates: have cilia
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Pseudopod (Amoeba) feeding
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Pseudopod Video Clips
File title: Amoeba2 File title: Amoeba4
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Ciliates Video Clip
File title: Paramecia2 File title: Rotifer2
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Flagelletes Video Clip
File title: Euglena2 File title: Euglena
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Animal-Like Protista & Disease
• Malaria: Infected mosquito bites– Fever, vomiting,
coma, death• Sleeping sickness:
bite of tsetse flies– Coma & death
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Plantlike Protista• AKA: Algae• Perform photosynthesis with
chloroplasts– Provide ~ ½ the O2 on earth– Most unicellular– Phytoplankton: basis of aquatic
food chains (producers)• Few multicellular
– Seaweed, kelp• Why not plants?
– No true leaves, stems, or roots– most unicellular
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Fungus-like Protista• Heterotrophs
– Decomposers: recycle nutrients– Absorb nutrients
• Moist environments• Slime Molds: large (~1 meter)
single celled mass of cytoplasm
• Water molds: can be parasitic– Potato blight: disease & the Irish
potato famine
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Fungi Structure & Basics
• Hyphae: thin strands of cells that make up the fungus body– Hyphae spread into a larger mass (mycelium)
• Fruiting body: Above-ground reproductive structure• Cell wall of chiton (common to animals)• Heterotrophs: hyphae release enzymes to absorb nutrients• Classification determined by sexual reproduction methods
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Zygote Fungi• Bread Molds• Some help “fix” nitrogen in
atmosphere• Asexual Reproduction
– Sporangia produce spores– Spores can grow into new
hyphae when released
...
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Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium
Sporangia release spores
.. .
ground
Haploid spores land
Sporangia grow from the mycelium
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.. .
ground
The process repeats
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Zygote Fungi
• Sexual reproduction– Hyphae from 2 organisms
fuse and form a diploid zygospore
– Zygospore grows new hyphae when released
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ground
Spores land
Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium
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Hyphae of fungus #1 Hyphae of fungus #2
Hyphae of fungi grow together
Diploid zygospore is created
New diploid hyphae grow from the zygospore
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Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium….
Sporangia release spores
.. .
ground
Sporangia grow from the mycelium
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ground
The cycle repeats
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Hyphae of fungus #1 Hyphae of fungus #2
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.. .
ground
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Club Fungi
• Basidia: club-like structure that produces sexual spores (located in gills underneath)
• Hyphae of two individuals grow into mycelium• Fruiting body created to make spores
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Club Fungi
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ground
Fungus #1 mycelium grows underground….Fungus #2 mycelium grows underground
Diploid fruiting body grows from the mass
Haploid spores created & released from the underside of the fruiting body
. . . . .Two fungi grow together and fuse
Spores will land
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ground
Spores will land
New hyphae will grow into a new mycelium
Cycle repeats
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Sac Fungi
• Ascus: sac that contain spores during sexual reproduction
• Two hyphae grow together to create fruiting body• Spores released• Ex: Yeast, morals, truffles
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ground
Fungus #1 mycelium grows underground….Fungus #2 mycelium grows underground
Diploid fruiting body grows from the mass
Haploid spores created & released from the ascus
Two fungi grow together and fuse
Spores will land
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ground
Spores will land
New hyphae will grow into a new mycelium
Cycle repeats
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Lichens
• Fungus + blue-green bacteria or green algae• Mycelium of fungi surrounds the green organism• Grow on rocks (pioneer species), soil, trees• Mutualistic relationship
– Algae/bacteria: obtains warmth, substrate to grow in– Fungus: obtains food
• Food source & help create soil during succession
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Topic 6: Plants
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Plant Evolution• Evolved from green algae
(450 mya)• Green algae ancestor
– Multicellular body– Cells w/ channels to
communicate– Reproduce w/ sperm &
egg• Early plants
– Low growth (nonvascular)
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Land Adaptations
• Retain Moisture– Early plants grew near waters edge– Cuticle: waxy coating
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Land Adaptations
• Transporting Resources– Vascular system: tissue to transport nutrients
• Up from the roots (ex: water)• Down from the leaves (ex: sugars)
– Allows taller growth
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Land Adaptations
• Growing upright– Large plants need to support own weight– Lignin: hardens cell wall; gives wood strength
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Land Adaptations
• Reproduction on land– Pollen: carried by wind/animals– Seeds: hard coat protects embryo inside
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Alternation of generations (In general)• Diploid zygote created• Diploid zygote grows into
a diploid sporophyte• Haploid spores created by
meiosis• Haploid spores grow into
haploid gametophytes– Male gametophyte creates
haploid sperm– Female gametophyte
creates haploid egg• Sperm and egg fuse to
make a diploid zygote• Cycle restarts
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Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants
• Live in moist environments to reproduce
• Liverworts• Hornworts• Mosses
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Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants• Mosses
– Grow low to ground to retain moisture (nonvascular)
– Lack true leaves– Common pioneer
species during succession
– Gametophyte most common (dominant)
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Moss Life Cycle
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gametophyte
1)Moss gametophytes grow near the ground (haploid stage)
2) Through water, sperm from the male gametophyte will swim to the female gametophyte to create a diploid zygote
3) Diploid sporophyte will grow from zygote
4) Sporophyte will create and release haploid spores
.....sporophyte
eggegg
egg egg
malemale male malefemalefemalefemalefemale
zygotezygo
te
zygote
zygote
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5) Haploid spores land and grow into new gametophytes
groundgametophyte
6) The process repeats
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gametophyte
.....sporophyte
eggegg
egg egg
malemale male malefemalefemalefemalefemale
zygotezygo
te
zygote
zygote
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Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants• Vascular system allows
nutrient transport to greater heights
• Live in moist environments to reproduce
• Club mosses• Horsetails• Ferns
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Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants
• Ferns– Vascular: allows taller growth– Haploid spores (meiosis) on underside of fronds– Spores grow into gametophyte– Sperm & egg create a zygote
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Fern Life Cycle
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AdultSporophyte (diploid)
...
.
1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores
ground
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ground
2) Haploid spores land in the soil
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ground
3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil
Let’s zoom in
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4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)Let’s zoom back out
eggegg
egg
zygote
zygote
zygote
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ground
5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote
sporophyte
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6) Fronds uncurls into leaves.
ground
7) Cycle repeats -- Haploid spores created and released
..
..
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ground
Haploid spores land in the soil
![Page 87: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
ground
From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil
Let’s zoom in
![Page 88: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)Let’s zoom back out
eggegg
egg
zygote
zygote
zygote
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ground
Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote
sporophyte
![Page 90: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Fronds uncurls into leaves.
ground
Cycle repeats
..
..
![Page 91: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Seeds and their advantages• 1) Seed plants don’t depend
on water to reproduce– Pollen (contains sperm)
combines with egg– Egg hardens into a seed
• 2) Nourishment and protection– Nourish: Nutrients inside
seed for the embryo– Protection: Hard shell
• 3) Allow dispersal– Carried by wind, water,
animals
![Page 92: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants
• Type 1: Gymnosperms• Seeds not enclosed in a
fruit– produced inside cones
• Cone = reproductive structure
• Male cones: produce pollen
• Female cones: produce eggs and seeds
![Page 93: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants• Gymosperm example:
Conifers– Cone plants– Needle-like leaves– Common to lumber
industry– Evergreen, Pine,
Redwood, Cedar
![Page 94: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Conifer Life Cycle
![Page 95: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes
![Page 96: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
2) Pollen grains released from the male seed cones-- Pollen is the male gametophyte
eggzygote
egg egg
egg
zygote
zygote
zygote
Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs
![Page 97: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones
seed
seed
seed
seed
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4) Seeds released
![Page 99: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
5) Seed will land
ground
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6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats
ground
![Page 101: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes
![Page 102: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
eggzygote
egg egg
egg
zygote
zygote
zygote
Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs
![Page 103: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones
seed
seed
seed
seed
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4) Seeds released
![Page 105: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
5) Seed will land
ground
![Page 106: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats
ground
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Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants
• Type 2: Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Flower = reproductive structure– Protects gamete and
fertilized eggs• Seeds enclosed in a fruit
– Fruit: Plant ovary– Often attract animals
to disperse the seeds inside
![Page 108: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Fruit Production
• In the seed– Embryo– Food supply
• Surrounding ovary grows into a fruit
• Fruit attracts animals to eat and spread the seeds Fruit seeds in fox droppings
![Page 109: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Angiosperm types(flowering plants)
• 2 groups: Monocots and Dicots (based on seed type)• Cotyledon: embryonic leaf• Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf• Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves
![Page 110: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Angiosperm Life Spans• Three Life Span Types:• Annuals
– 1 year: Mature…produce seeds…die
• Biennials– 1st year: produces short stem,
low growth leaves, food reserves
– 2nd year: taller stem, leaves, flowers, seeds
• Perennials– Live for more than 2 years
![Page 111: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Flowers• Reproductive structure
of flowering plants• Sepals
– outer ring of leaves– protection
• Petals– Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to
attract pollinators• Open petals & sepals
reveal male and female structures
![Page 112: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Flowers • Female Carpel– Inner most part– Ovary: within the
base (female gametophyte)
– Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen
• Male Stamen– Surrounds carpel– Anther: produces
pollen (male gametophyte)
![Page 113: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Angiosperm Life Cycle
![Page 114: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Pollen stick to animal or released into wind
![Page 115: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Animal finds a new flower to feed on
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Pollen transferred to the stigma….seeds develop
eggzygote
![Page 117: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Flower petals start to fall off and dies
zygote
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Fruit falls to ground
![Page 119: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…cycle repeats
seed
![Page 120: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Pollen stick to animal or released into wind
![Page 121: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Animal finds a new flower to feed on
![Page 122: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Pollen transferred to the stigma….seeds develop
eggzygote
![Page 123: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Flower dies
zygote
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Fruit falls to ground
![Page 125: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…cycle repeats
seed
![Page 126: Topic 1: Classification](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/568164ad550346895dd6b394/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
End of the Semester!