top five scientist.docx

8/10/2019 TOP FIVE SCIENTIST.docx

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TOP FIVE SCIENTIST

1)Stephen Hawking

2)Issac Newton

3)Albert Einstein

4)Thomas Edison

5)A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

1)Stephen Hawking


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Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s

Born Stephen William Hawking8 January 1942 (age 71)

Oxford,England

Residence United Kingdom

Nationality British

Influences

Notable

awards

Albert Einstein Award(1978)

Wolf Prize(1988)

Prince of Asturias Award

(1989) Copley Medal(2006)

Presidential Medal of Freedom

(2009)

SpecialFundamental Physics

Prize(2012)

Children

with Jane Wilde - Robert

(1967), Lucy (1969), and

Timothy (1979)

Stephen William Hawking,CH,CBE,FRS,FRSA(born 8 January 1942) is a Britishtheoreticalphysicist,cosmologist,and author. Among his significant scientific works have been a

collaboration withRoger Penroseongravitational singularities theoremsin the framework of

general relativity,and the theoretical prediction thatblack holesemit radiation, often calledHawking radiation.Hawking was the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the
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general theory of relativityandquantum mechanics.He is a vocal supporter of themany-worlds

interpretationof quantum mechanics.

He is anHonorary Fellowof theRoyal Society of Arts,a lifetime member of thePontifical

Academy of Sciences,and a recipient of thePresidential Medal of Freedom,the highest civilian

award in the United States. Hawking was theLucasian Professor of Mathematicsat theUniversity of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.

Hawking has achieved success with works ofpopular sciencein which he discusses his owntheories and cosmology in general; hisA Brief History of Timestayed on the BritishSunday

Timesbest-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking has amotor neurone disease

related toamyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years. Heis almost entirely paralysed and communicates through aspeech generating device.He married

twice and has three children.

2)Issac Newton

Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (age

46).

Born

25 December 1642

[NS:4 January 1643][1]

Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth,
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Lincolnshire,England

Died

20 March 1727 (aged 84)

[OS:20 March 1726

NS:31 March 1727][1]

Kensington,Middlesex,EnglandResting place Westminster Abbey

Residence England

Nationality English(laterBritish)

Institutions

University of Cambridge

Royal Society

Royal Mint

Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge

Academic

advisors

Isaac Barrow[2]

Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]

Signature

SirIsaac NewtonPRSMP(25 December 164220 March 1727) was an Englishphysicistandmathematicianwho is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as

a key figure in thescientific revolution.His bookPhilosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica

("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundationsfor most ofclassical mechanics.Newton also made seminal contributions toopticsand, as

mathematician, he shares credit withGottfried Leibnizfor the invention of the infinitesimal

calculus.

Newton'sPrincipiaformulated thelaws of motionanduniversal gravitationthat dominated

scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. It also demonstrated that themotion of objects on the Earth and that ofcelestialbodies could be described by the same

principles. By derivingKepler's laws of planetary motionfrom his mathematical description of

gravity, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of theheliocentricmodel of the

cosmos.

Newton built the first practicalreflecting telescopeand developed a theory of colour based on

the observation that aprismdecomposes white light into the many colours of thevisiblespectrum.He also formulatedan empirical law of coolingand studied thespeed of sound.In

addition to his work on the calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of

power series,generalised thebinomial theoremto non-integer exponents, and developedNewton's methodfor approximating theroots of a function.
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Newton was a fellow ofTrinity Collegeand the secondLucasian Professor of Mathematicsat the

University of Cambridge.He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a

member of the Cambridge faculty, he refused to takeholy ordersin theChurch of England,perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine oftrinitarianism.In addition to his work on the

mathematical sciences, Newton also dedicated much of his time to the study ofalchemyand

biblical chronology,but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after hisdeath. In his later life, Newton became president of theRoyal Society.He also served the Britishgovernment as Warden and Master of theRoyal Mint.

3)Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein in 1921

Born

14 March 1879

Ulm,Kingdom of Wrttemberg,

German Empire

Died18 April 1955 (aged 76)

Princeton, New Jersey,United States
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Residence

Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria,

Belgium, United Kingdom, United

States

Citizenship

Kingdom of Wrttemberg

(18791896) Stateless(18961901)

Switzerland(19011955)

AustriaHungary(19111912)

German Empire(19141933)

United States(1940

Fields Physics

Institutions

SwissPatent Office(Bern)

University of Zurich

Charles University in Prague

ETH Zurich

Caltech

Prussian Academy of Sciences

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute

University of Leiden

Institute for Advanced Study

Alma mater

ETH Zurich

University of Zurich

Doctoral advisor Alfred Kleiner

Other

academic advisorsHeinrich Friedrich Weber

Notable students

Ernst G. Straus

Nathan Rosen

Le Szilrd

Raziuddin Siddiqui[1]

Known for

General relativityandspecial

relativity

Photoelectric effect

Mass-energy equivalence

Theory of Brownian Motion

Einstein field equations

BoseEinstein statistics
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Bose-Einstein condensate

BoseEinstein correlations

Unified Field Theory

EPR paradox

Notable awards

Nobel Prize in Physics(1921)

Matteucci Medal(1921)

Copley Medal(1925)

Max Planck Medal(1929)

TimePerson of the Century

(1999)

Signature

Albert Einstein(pron.:/lbrtanstan/;German:[albt antan]( listen); 14 March 1879

18 April 1955) was a German-borntheoretical physicistwho developed thegeneral theory of

relativity,one of the two pillars ofmodern physics(alongsidequantum mechanics).[2][3]

Whilebest known for hismassenergy equivalenceformulaE= mc

2(which has been dubbed "the

world's most famous equation"),[4]

he received the1921Nobel Prize in Physics"for his services

to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of thephotoelectric effect".[5]

The latter was pivotal in establishingquantum theory.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought thatNewtonian mechanicswas no longerenough to reconcile the laws ofclassical mechanicswith the laws of theelectromagnetic field.

This led to the development of hisspecial theory of relativity.He realized, however, that theprinciple of relativity could also be extended togravitational fields,and with his subsequenttheory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on thegeneral theory of relativity.He

continued to deal with problems ofstatistical mechanicsandquantum theory,which led to his

explanations ofparticle theoryand themotion of molecules.He also investigated the thermal

properties of light which laid the foundation of thephotontheory of light. In 1917, Einsteinapplied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of theuniverseas a whole.

[6]

He was visiting the United States whenAdolf Hitlercame to power in 1933, and did not go back

to Germany, where he had been a professor at theBerlin Academy of Sciences.He settled in the

U.S., becoming acitizenin 1940.[7]

On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President

Franklin D. Rooseveltthat Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommendedthat the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become theManhattan

Project.Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using thenew discovery ofnuclear fissionas a weapon. Later, with the British philosopherBertrand

Russell,Einstein signed theRussellEinstein Manifesto,which highlighted the danger of nuclearweapons. Einstein was affiliated with theInstitute for Advanced StudyinPrinceton, New Jersey,

until his death in 1955.
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Einstein publishedmore than 300 scientific papersalong with over 150 non-scientific works.[6][8]

His great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous

withgenius.[9]

4)Thomas Edison

"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percentperspiration."

Thomas Alva Edison,Harper's Monthly(September1932 edition)

Born

Thomas Alva EdisonFebruary 11, 1847

Milan, Ohio,U.S.

DiedOctober 18, 1931 (aged 84)

West Orange, New Jersey,U.S.

Nationality American

Education School dropout

Occupation Inventor, businessmanReligion Deist

Spouse(s)Mary Stilwell (m. 18711884)Mina Miller (m. 18861931)

Children

Marion Estelle Edison (18731965)Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (18761935)William Leslie Edison (18781937)

Madeleine Edison(18881979)
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Charles Edison(18901969)

Theodore Miller Edison(18981992)

Parents

Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (18041896)

Nancy Matthews Elliott (18101871)

Relatives Lewis Miller(father-in-law)

Signature

Thomas Alva Edison(February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was anAmericaninventorand

businessman.He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world,including thephonograph,themotion picture camera,and a long-lasting, practical electriclight

bulb.Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first

inventorsto apply the principles ofmass productionand large-scale teamwork to the process of

invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrialresearch laboratory.

[1]

Edison is the fourth mostprolific inventorin history, holding 1,093US patents in his name,aswell as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with

numerous inventions that contributed tomass communicationand, in particular,

telecommunications. These included astock ticker,a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an

electric car, electrical power, recorded music andmotion pictures.

His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as atelegraphoperator.

Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution[2]

to homes, businesses,

and factoriesa crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His firstpower station

was on Pearl Street inManhattan,New York
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5)A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam at the 12thWharton India Economic

Forum,2008

11thPresident of India

In office25 July 200225 July 2007

Prime

Minister

Atal Bihari VajpayeeManmohan Singh

Vice

PresidentBhairon Singh Shekhawat

Preceded by K. R. Narayanan

Succeeded by Pratibha Devisingh Patil

Personal details

Born

15 October 1931 (age 81)

Rameswaram,British India(present

dayTamil Nadu,India)

Alma materSt. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli

Madras Institute of Technology

ProfessionProfessor, Author, scientist

Aerospace engineer
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Website abdulkalam.com

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalamborn 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P.

J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indianscientistand administrator who served as the11thPresident ofIndia.Kalam was born and raised inRameswaram,Tamil Nadu,studied physics at theSt.

Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli,andaerospace engineeringat theMadras Institute ofTechnology(MIT),Chennai.

Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer withDefence Research and

Development Organisation(DRDO) andIndian Space Research Organisation(ISRO).[1]

Kalamis popularly known as theMissile Man of Indiafor his work on the development ofballisticmissileandlaunch vehicletechnology.

[2]He played a pivotal organizational, technical and

political role in India'sPokhran-IInuclear tests in 1998, the first since theoriginal nuclear test by

Indiain 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority overnuclear physics but who just carried on the works ofHomi J. BhabhaandVikram Sarabhai.

[3]

Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeatingLakshmi Sahgaland was supportedby both theIndian National Congressand theBharatiya Janata Party,the major political parties

ofIndia.He is currently a visiting professor atIndian Institute of Management Ahmedabadand

Indian Institute of Management Indore,Chancellorof theIndian Institute of Space Science andTechnology Thiruvananthapuram,aprofessorof Aerospace Engineering atAnna University

(Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and

research institutions across India.

Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his bookIndia 2020.

Books authored by him have received considerable demands inSouth Koreafor the translatedversions.

[4]He has received several prestigious awards, including theBharat Ratna,India's

highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with thestudent community in India.

[5]He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called

the What Can I Give Movementwith a central theme to defeatcorruption in India.Kalam wasalso criticized for inaction as a president on the pending mercy plea petitions, that delayed

prosecution of the convicts.
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nna_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_2020http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_2020http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_2020http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_2020http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology_Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology_Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Indorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam#cite_note-Britannica-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College,_Tiruchirappallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College,_Tiruchirappallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameswaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientisthttp://www.abdulkalam.com/

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