tools for assessment of corrosion and soiling in the multipollutant situation
DESCRIPTION
Tools for assessment of corrosion and soiling in the multipollutant situation. Johan Tidblad and Vladimir Kucera Corrosion and Metals Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Corrosion trends in Europe in the multipollutant situation. MULTI-ASSESS (2002-2005). Fifth Framework Programme, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Tools for assessment of corrosion and soiling in the multipollutant
situation
Johan Tidblad and Vladimir KuceraCorrosion and Metals Research Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden
Corrosion trends in Europe in the multipollutant situation
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20%
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60%
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100%
120%
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Corr
osio
n r
ela
tive 1
98
7 x
Limestone
Steel
Zinc
MULTI-ASSESS (2002-2005)
Fifth Framework Programme,Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Key Action: City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage
Contract number: EVK4-CT-2001-00044
Partners and subcontractors
Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm (co-ordinator)Academy of Fine Arts, Inst. of Sciences and Technologies In Art, Vienna, AustriaBavarian State Department of Historical Monuments, Munich, GermanySwiss Federal Labs. for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), DubendorfSwedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. (IVL), GothenburgCNR Institute for Atmospheric Pollution, Rome, ItalyUniversity of Athens, Department of Applied Physics, GreeceMiddlesex University, School of Health and Social Sciences, London, UKSVUOM, Prague, Prague/Czech RepublicBuilding Research Establishment (BRE), Watford, UKNorwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), KjellerInstitute of Precision Mechanics, Warzaw, PolandRiga Technical University, Centre for Conservation of Stone Materials, LatviaLISA - Université Paris XII, FranceEstonian Environment Research Centre (EERC), TallinnUniversity of Antwerpen, Department of Chemistry, Belgium
Expected main results
Passive samplers for the ”missing” pollutants : nitric acid and particles
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HNO3
HNO3 concentration
Relation of particle deposition and PM10 concentration
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PM10 µg m-3
part
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Dose-response functions, ICP Materials (period 1987-95)
asheltered onlybunsheltered only
Material SO2 NO2 O3 H+ Cl- Carbon steel x xWeathering steel xZinc x xAluminium x xCopper x x xCast bronze x x xNickela x (x)Tina x (x)Alkyd/galvanisedb xSilicon alkyd/steelb xSandstone x xLimestone x xGlass x x x
Dose-response functions multi-pollutant/MULTI-ASSESS programme
incl. HNO3 and PM10 (1997-2001)
Material T Rh SO2 NO2 O3 HNO3 PM10 Rain pH
carbon steel X X X X X X
zinc X X X X X X
copper X X X X X X
bronze X X X X X X
limestone X X X X X X
glass X X X X
SO2 dependence
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0 20 40 60 80 100SO2 / µg m-3
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SO2 dominating situation (ICP Materials)
multi-pollutant situation (MULTI-ASSESS)
Tolerable corrosion and pollution
The tolerable level is the maximum level at which a tolerable corrosion/soiling occurs. It should be based on experiences from
restoration / maintenance work for cultural heritage objects.
Soiling, limestone
DRF: ΔR/R0 = [1-exp(- klimestone x PM10 x t)]
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Time / years
PM10 / µg m-3
ΔR/R0, relative loss of reflectance
k, soiling constant
PM10, in µg m-3
t, time in years
Critical soiling level ΔR/R0 = 35%
Tolerable pollution levels in the multi-pollutant situation
Definition of a tolerable corrosion rate, Kt, depending on use and material, implicitly defines a tolerable multi-pollution situation, which can be reached by reducing one or several of the multi-pollutants:
Kt= fdry(T, RH, [SO2]t, [HNO3]t, ...)
+ fwet(Rain[H+]t)
Summary of DRF, tolerable effects and target levels
Effect
Material
SO2 HNO3 PM Tolerable
effect
Target
SO2 levela
Target
PM10 level
Zinc X X 1.1 µm year-1
Corrosion Carbon steel X X 20 µm year-1 10 µg m-3
Limestone X X X 8 µm year-1
Painted steel X 35% loss of
Soiling White plastic X reflectance 15 µg m-3
Limestone X in 10-15 years athis level will protect about 80% of the areas. For a complete protection, levels of N-pollutants,
especially HNO3 also need to be considered.
Air Quality Directive 99/30/EC
SO2 NO2 PM10
Urban zones – health effects
Hourly limit value 350 200
Daily limit value 150 50
Annual limit value 40 40
Rural areas - ecosystems
Annual limit value 20 30
Limit values of pollutants, µg m-3
Use of DRF for mapping:Steel, Czech Republic (2001)
14.9 – 18.6 µm
18.6 – 20.5 µm
20.5 – 22.4 µm
22.4 – 24.4 µm
24.4 – 30.7 µm
The tolerable corrosion rate is 20 µm
Kit for assessment of deterioration and pollution
Carousel with limestone specimens
Soiling sampler Passive samplerspollutants
Steel and zinc specimens
Tools developed for assessment of corrosion and soiling
FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY
• Dose-response functions for multipollutant situation: - Tolerable deterioration, tolerable pollution levels - Mapping of areas with exceedance - Calculation of cost of damage
FOR LOCAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• DRF – tolerable pollution levels, tolerable deterioration• Kit for rapid assessment of corrosion and soiling• Passive samplers for nitric acid and particles
Conclusions andgaps of knowledge
• The new corrosion functions for the multi-pollutant situation involve, besides the effect of SO2, also the effect of particulate matter and HNO3.
• Assessment of target levels for materials show that they are at least as sensitive to pollution as human beings and therefore cultural heritage should be considered in future assessment of limit values for pollutants.
• The effect of traffic, in particular in the vicinity of main roads, is only in part covered by the new equations. Therefore, future efforts should focus on the corrosion and soiling effects of particular matter, nitric acid and other pollutants, for example those associated with the use of alternative fuels, in the traffic situation.
<Additional figures>
Dose-response function for zinc from ICP Materials (N=98, R2=0.84)
ML = Dry deposition + Wet deposition =
1.4[SO2]0.2·e0.02Rh + f(T)·t0.85 + 0.03Rain[H+]·t
ML = Corrosion attack (mass loss)T = TemperatureRH = Relative humidity[SO2] = SO2 concentration (air)
Rain = Amount of precipitation[H+] = [H+] concentration (precipitation)t = exposure time
Tolerable corrosion rates
For practical purposes, tolerable corrosion rates (Kt) can also be defined as a multiple (n) of the background corrosion rate (Kb), where n is based on experiences from restoration / maintenance work for cultural heritage objects:
Kt = n · Kb
Tolerable corrosion rate based onbackground corrosion rates and n=2.5
Material
Background corrosion rate
Tolerable corrosion rate
Limestone 3.2 µm year-1 8 µm year-1 Sandstone 2.8 µm year-1 7 µm year-1 Copper 0.34 µm year-1 0.8 µm year-1 Bronze 0.25 µm year-1 0.6 µm year-1 Zinc 0.46 µm year-1 1.1 µm year-1 Carbon steel 8.5 µm year-1 20 µm year-1
Example of use: tolerable SO2 levels
Parameter
Scenario 1 “average”
Scenario 2 “urban”
Temperature Relative humidity Precipitation
10.3 oC 73.2 %
604 mm year-1 pH level 5.0 O3 concentration 47 µg m-3 33 µg m-3 NO2 concentration 19 µg m-3 56 µg m-3 HNO3 concentration 0.82 µg m-3 1.16 µg m-3 PM10 concentration 37 µg m-3 72 µg m-3
Material
Scenario 1 “average”
Scenario 2 “urban”
Limestone 25 µg m-3 9 µg m-3 Copper 5 µg m-3 13 µg m-3 Bronze 21 µg m-3 9 µg m-3 Zinc 11 µg m-3 5 µg m-3 Carbon steel 11 µg m-3 6µg m-3