toolkit integrating cca into development plans

PUBLISHED BY:

With the funding support for the publication from: Aksyon Klima is also supported by:

PREPARED BY:

Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction are not ends in themselves. They are means to a higher end --- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

ForewordIn 2008, even before an enabling law on climate change was passed in the Philippines, Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) issued a Memorandum Circular 2008-69 calling for the mainstreaming CCA and DRR in local policies, plans, budgets and investment programs. In the same year, the Marinduque Council on Environmental Concerns (MACEC), in partnership with the program on Building Disaster Resilient Communities of Christian Aid, attempted to mainstream Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in barangay development planning and budgeting while innovating on the mainstreaming approach of the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) and !nding ways to utilize the Rationalized Planning System (RPS). The approach was since further developed across the years through various partnerships - Buidling Disaster Resilient Communities (BDRC Learning Circle), Aksyon Klima and its Adaptation Cluster, Strengthening Climate Resilience, DIPECHO-supported work in Small Islands, UNEP-supported Adaptation Knowledge Platform. Hence, the toolkit is a product of years of empowering learning between community-based practitioners, advocates, policy makers, local government units, academics and scientists (i.e. from Manila Observatory, University of the Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences (UP-NIGs) and Marine Science Institute (MSI), PAGASA, PhiVolcs, Ateneo School of Government). To date, the approach has evolved and has been used not only in barangay planning and budgeting but also at the municipal, provincial, and regional platforms by some LGUs.

The publication of this toolkit was taken forward by Aksyon Klima Pilipinas.

The Republic Act (RA) 9729 known popularly as the Climate Change Law mandates the preparation of Local Climate Change Action Plans. RA 10121 of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Law also mandates the preparation of Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plans. Both laws make mention of the integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in development plans.

The preparation of this toolkit seeks to contribute to better climate and disaster governance in the Philippines as well as contribute to better synergyrather than incoherence in climate change initiatives. Thus, the toolkit produced is designed in such a way that it utilizes current processes mandated by the Rationalized Planning System of the Philippines and tools that local government units commonly use. It advocates the preparation of a development plan that already mainstreams CCA and DRR. It is the hope of those who contributed to the preparation of this material that this can help facilitate the immediate mainstreaming of CCA and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) in development planning and budgeting and to the very least contribute to the preparation of Climate Change Action Plans and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plans that can be integration and/or mainstreamed into local development plans.

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In our resolve to facilitate the disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation work at the local communities, local governments and local organizations in the Philippines, this toolkit has been pursued to contribute to the evolving body of knowledge on DRR & CCA work that could help and guide them in pursuing their DRR & CCA goals and objectives. This instrument was a product of almost six (6) years of partnerships and engagements with the communities, the local governments, the scienti!c and academic institutions and CSOs across the country whom we also drew much of our inspirations in coming-up with this toolkit. Indeed, this is a product of collaboration and convergence.

Coastal CORE, Inc. and the BDRC-Learning Circle members are so grateful to its partner-communities and LGUs, to the hard-working and helpful scientists of the Manila Observatory and UP-NIGS, to PAGASA, PHILVOCS, UP-CSWCD and UP Visayas for sharing their knowledge and expertise and to CHRISTIAN AID for all its technical, moral and !nancial support in almost all of these undertakings. We were all strengthened by these partnerships and engagements.

We are sharing this tool to you and hoping that this will be further improved as you do and engage more in our local communities towards attaining our common goal of a climate-resilient Philippines!

Shirley Torrecampo-BolañosExecutive DirectorCoastal CORE, Inc.

CoordinatorBDRC-Learning Circle

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Aksyon Klima Pilipinas attempted to start the process of writing and producing this toolkit as early as the third quarter 2010. Once shelved due to the complexities of the nature of climate change science and policy, compounded with the infancy of understanding what is climate change adaptation as differentiated from disaster risk reduction, the toolkit initiative is revived early this year, and has since endured many transformation.

In most instances wherein practitioners, policy makers, scientists and advocates come together to discuss the mainstreaming of CCA-DRR in local development planning and budgeting processes, the toolkit undergoes modi!cation in order to capture the actual experiences and needs that surface from on the ground interactions. Thus we can say now, that the toolkit is a product enriched not only by knowledge that is shared out there, but also by the lessons that were painstakingly realized by the contributors, the local government units and communities that worked on it.

Aksyon Klima is very thankful to the Adaptation cluster (of Aksyon Klima) in steering this project to its completion; to the BDRC Learning Circle for playing the lab rat, without such role, lessons that we used as inputs could not have been in any way possible; to the scientists from Manila Observatory who patiently guided us along the way; to the institutions that gave !nancial support to this initiative; and to the national and local policy makers and implementers who give us reason every day to complicate all our working lives, in the service of the Filipino people. Please use and share this toolkit, consistent with our advocacy, this will be in the domain of the creative commons.

Rowena BolinasCoordinatorAksyon Klima

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In hosting and facilitating this drive to produce and promote a Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) toolkit for use by Local Government Units (LGUs), the Ateneo School of Government (ASoG) stands with our partners in government, the academe, and society in pushing for a culture of evidence-based CCA and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in the country. The experiences of Ondoy and Sendong have shown that our LGUs stand at the forefront of disaster preparedness and response, and at the heart of adapting to the effects of climate change on sustainable development.

History has shown that local communities can be surprisingly resilient in the face of climate change’s pressures, recovering from the ravages of drought, "ood, heat and cold. In partnership with scienti!c and academic institutions, LGUs can tap the strengths of their communities, and the best knowledge and practices available, to craft thorough strategies to mitigate and reduce their exposure to natural calamities, to save lives and livelihoods from disaster, and to prepare their peoples to thrive in a climatically restless world. Their experiences, in turn, can also serve as laboratories and lessons for researchers and scientists, to better re!ne CCA and DRR paradigms and action plans to suit local conditions and new discoveries, the LGU serving as the nexus of science, policy, and practice.

On behalf of the Ateneo School of Government, I wish you the sailor’s toast for fair winds and following seas, in our common journey towards effective CCA and DRR.

Antonio La ViñaDeanAteneo School of Government

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Table of Contents

Foreword 3

De!nition of Terms 8

Introduction 9

12 Steps in Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation 16

and Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Planning: A Practitioner’s Perspective

Sample Tools 34

Weather1 is the "uctuating state of the atmosphere around us, characterized by temperature, wind, precipitation, clouds and other weather elements.

Climate2 refers to the average weather and its variability over a certain time-span and a speci!ed area.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests 30 years as a standard time span for de!ning climate of a region

Climate change3 refers to the state of the climate that can be identi!ed (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.

Climate extreme4 (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. For simplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events are referred to collectively as ‘climate extremes.’

Climate variability5 refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate at all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).

Disaster Risk6 refers to the likelihood over a speci!ed time period of severe alterations in thenormal functioning of a community or a society due to hazardous physical events interacting with vulnerable social conditions, leading to widespread adverse human, material, economic, or environmental effects that require immediate emergency response to satisfy critical human needs and that may require external support for recovery.

Disaster Risk Reduction7 denotes both a policy goal or objective, and the strategic andinstrumental measures employed for anticipating future disaster risk; reducing existing exposure, hazard, or vulnerability; and improving resilience.

Resilience8 refers to the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb,accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and ef!cient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions

Hazard9

According to the UNISDR, a hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage , loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Vulnerability10

According the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , the The degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of

climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity.

Capacity11

The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.

Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management.

Understanding Adaptation12

Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits bene!cial opportunities.

Various types of adaptation can be distinguished:

1. Anticipatory Adaptation --- Adaptation that takes place before impacts of climate change are observed. Also referred to as proactive adaptation.

2. Autonomous Adaptation --- Adaptation that does not constitute a conscious response to climatic stimuli but is triggered by ecological changes in natural systems and by market or welfare changes in human systems. Also referred to as spontaneous adaptation.

3. Planned Adaptation --- Adaptation that is the result of a deliberate policy decision, based on an awareness that conditions have changed or are about to change and that action is required to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired state.

4. Private Adaptation --- Adaptation that is initiated and implemented by individuals, households or private companies. Private adaptation is usually in the actor’s rational self-interest.

5. Public Adaptation --- Adaptation that is initiated and implemented by governments at all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed at collective needs.

6. Reactive Adaptation --- Adaptation that takes place after impacts of climate change have been observed. (Source: IPCC)

Adaptive Capacity: The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. (Source: IPCC)

Coping Capacity: The means by which people or organizations use available resources and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards (Source: ISDR) Understanding Mitigation13

Disaster Mitigation - Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards. (Source: ISDR).

Climate Mitigation is a human measure to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (Source: IPCC).

Understanding basic concepts mentioned in climate information

Nowcasting14 is a technique for very short-range forecasting that maps the current weather, then uses an estimate of its speed and direction of movement to forecast the weather a short period ahead — assuming the weather will move without signi!cant changes.

Projection15 The term “projection” is used in two senses in the climate change literature. In general usage, a projection can be regarded as any description of the future and the pathway leading to it. However, a more speci!c interpretation has been attached to the term “climate projection” by the IPCC when referring to model-derived estimates of future climate.

Forecast/Prediction16 When a projection is branded “most likely” it becomes a forecast or prediction. A forecast is often obtained using deterministic models, possibly a set of these, outputs of which can enable some level of con!dence to be attached to projections.

Scenario17 refers to a coherent, internally consistent and plausible description of a possible future state of the world. It is not a forecast; rather, each scenario is one alternative image of how the future can unfold. A projection may serve as the raw material for a scenario, but scenarios often require additional information (e.g., about baseline conditions). A set of scenarios is often adopted to re"ect, as well as possible, the range of uncertainty in projections. Other terms that have been used as synonyms for scenario are “characterisation”, “storyline” and “construction”.

Evidence-based Approach in this document refers to a manner by which planning and budgeting are informed by community realities, traditional and indigenous knowledge, history, culture, social, political, economic experiences and challenges, environmental transformation and state of resources, and scienti!c information.

1 Perez, Rosa, Presentation on the Science and Adaptation to Change, during the Learning Dialogue on CCA: Integration CCA in the programs, plans and actions and budgeting process of the LGU’s Development Planning Initiatives, 28-29 May 2012 at Legazpi City, Province of Albay.

2 Ibid.3 IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of

Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.

4 Ibid.5 Ibid.6 Ibid.7 Ibid.8 Ibid.9 United Nations (2009), 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster

Risk Reduction, Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.

10 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-1-2.html

11 UN (2006), On Better Terms: A Glance at Key Climate change and Disaster Risk Reduction Concepts, Geneva: United Nations.

12 Ibid13 Ibid.14 www.metof!ce.gov.uk/learning/science/hours-ahead/

nowcasting15 IPCC Data Distribution Center 2011, De!nition of Terms

Used Within the DDC Pages, http://www.ipcc-data.org/ddc_de!nitions.html

16 Ibid.17 Ibid.

Key Terms and Concepts8

SECTION 16 OF REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 7160 - Every local government unit shall exercise the powers expressly granted, those necessarily implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary, appropriate, or incidental for its ef!cient and effective governance, and those which are essential to the promotion of the general welfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government units shall ensure and support, among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the development of appropriate and self-reliant scienti!c and technological capabilities, improve public morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment among their residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants.SECTION 24, Liability for Damages. - Local government units and their of!cials are not exempt from liability for death or injury to persons or damage to property

SECTION 11 (2), RA 10121Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction

SECTION 19, RA 10121

who commits any of the following prohibited acts shall be subjected to the penalties . . .

loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and misuse of funds.

INTRODUCTIONWHY SHOULD CCA AND DRR BE CONCERNS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)?

SECTION 2, RA 9729The state shall integrate disaster risk reduction into climate change programs and initiativesThe state shall strengthen, integrate, consolidate, and institutionalize government initiatives to achieve coordination in the implementation of plans and programs to address climate change in the context of sustainable development

SECTION 2, RA 9729it is hereby declared the policy of the State to systematically integrate the concept of climate change in various phases of policy formulation, development plans, poverty reduction strategies and other development tools and techniques by all agencies and instrumentalities of the government.

SECTION 14, RA 9729The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in the formulation, planning and implementation of climate change action plans in their respective areas, consistent with the provisions of the Local Government Code, the Framework, and the National Climate Change Action Plan. Barangays shall be directly involved with municipal and city governments in prioritizing climate change issues and in identifying and implementing best practices and other solutions. Municipal and city governments shall consider climate change adaptation, as one of their regular functions. Provincial governments shall provide technical assistance, enforcement and information management in support of municipal and city climatechange action plans. Inter-local government unit collaboration shall be maximized in the conduct of climate- related activities.

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A changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather and climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather and climate events.IPCC, 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp.

Climate and weather are resources that contribute to life and well-being. The essential climate variables serve valuable purpose to our existence and our survival. They have, however, the potential of becoming hazards. How we use and engage with these resources are also determinants of how they will affect us.

There are climate and weather-related hazards that have caused destruction and disasters. The current climate and weather-related hazards we are experiencing may only be indicators of what may come in the future.

DRR, CCA and mitigation are now priorities of the national government. However, it is the local government units who are at the forefront of preparing local climate change action plans and disaster risk reduction and management plans, mainstreaming CCA and DRR in development plans and in implementing CCA and DRR in vulnerable communities.

It is the understanding of the those who developed this material that CCA and DRR are both just means to an even higher goal. In the immediate future, DRR and CCA are supposed to enable the country to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The ultimate goal is to contribute to sustainable development.

Domain Essential Climate Variables

Atmospheric(over land, sea and ice)

Oceanic

Terrestrialb

Surface: Air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, surface radiation budget, wind speed and direction, water vapour

Upper-air: Earth radiaiton budget (including solar irradiance), upper-air temperature (inlcuding MSU radiances), wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud properties

Composition: Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, other long-lived greenhouse gases,a aerosol properties

Surface: Sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level, sea state, sea ice, current, ocean colour (for biological activity), carbon dioxide partial pressure

Sub-surface: Temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, carbon, ocean tracers, phytoplankton

River discharge, water use, groundwater, lake levels, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps, permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, albedo, land cover (including vegetation type), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass, !re disturbance

Figure 1. Understanding our Essential Climate Variable

a Including nitrous oxide, cholor"ourocarbon, hydrochloro"ourocarbon, hydro"ourocarbons, sulphur hexa"ouride and per"ourocarbons.b Includes run-off (m3 s-1), groundwater extraction rates (m3yr-1) and location, snow cover extent (km2) and duration, snow depth (cm), glacier/ice cap inventory and mass balance (kgm-2yr-1), glacier length (m), ice sheet mass balance (kgm-2yr-1) and extent (km2), performance extent (km2), temperature pro!les and active layer thickness, above-ground biomass (t ha-1), burnt area (ha), date and location of active !re, burn ef!ciency (percentage of vegetation burned per unit area)

UNFCCC 2007, Decision 11/CP13, Reporting on Global Reporting Systems for Climate,

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/eng/06a02.pdf

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Climate ChangeAdaptation

Reduce risk to:

Gradual changes in climatic parameters

Hazards that are associated with changing climate

“normals”

Hazards that are associatedwith extreme events

Extreme weather events with increased frequency and

severity

Other events (e.g. technological, terrorism)

Climate- and weather-related

events

Sea levelrise

Changes in mean

temperature

Changes in precipitation

patterns

Ecologicalevents

Geophysical events

Disaster RiskManagementReduce risk to:

Gotangco, C. Kendra, 2012: Understanding Vulnerability and Risk.Presentation delivered at the UNEP Regional Adaptation Platform ,Philippines workshop, March 21, 2012. With inputs from IRDR FORIN Faculty Alan Lavell and Adapted from C. Kendra Gotangco Castillo, 2007: Developing a Community-based Co-Bene!ts Framework forClimate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management in Oriental Mindoro,submitted to the Environmental Science Dept., Ateneo de Manila University,and the Manila Observatory.

The tables that follow re"ect that coherence and link between climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and sustainable development. Table 1 below describes the link between CCA and DRR and sustainable development and how these sub-goals and ultimate goal are translated in Philippine policies. Table 2 presents how the CCA and DRR mainstreaming and integration process can be undertaken using the processes of the Rationalized Planning System. Table 3 presents the hierarchy of plans, under the Rationalized Planning System of the Philippines, where CCA and DRR can be mainstreamed and integrated. This spells how many plans will need to be in"uenced for the mainstreaming to happen at all levels of CCA and DRR governance.

Figure 2. Hazards associated with Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management

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Table 1. Summary of Philippine Plans Related to CCA and DRR

International Frameworks on Development , CCA and DRR

National Frameworks on Development, CCA and DRR

Accompanying National Plans

Processes Employed

Local Plans Outputs

Agenda 21 Philippine Agenda 21 Philippine

Development Plan

Philippine Investment Plan

Provincial Development and Physical Development Plan (PDPFP)

Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP)

Local Development Investment Plan (LDIP)

Annual Investment Plan (AIP)

Local CC Action Plan (LCCAP)

DRRM Plan

Harm

oniza

tion,

Inte

grat

ion,

Mai

nstre

amin

g, a

nd

Inst

itutio

naliz

atio

n th

roug

h jo

int m

emor

andu

m C

ircul

ar n

o.

serie

s of 2

007,

RA

9729

and

RA

1012

1

Sust

aina

ble

Deve

lopm

ent,

Com

plia

nt a

nd C

CA a

nd D

RR-E

nhan

ced

Annu

al D

evel

opm

ent a

nd E

xpen

ditu

re P

rogr

am (A

ip, L

ccap

, Drrm

p,

HRD

Plan

, Exe

cutiv

e an

d Le

gisla

tive

Agen

da, P

rodu

ctiv

ity P

lan,

Ann

ual

Proc

urem

ent P

lan

National Climate Change Action Plan

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

Millennium Development Goals

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Kyoto Protocol, Bali Pan of Action,etc.

HYOGO Framework for Action

RA 9729 Climate Change Law of 2009

People’s Survival Fund

National Framework Strategy on CC

RA 10121 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Law of 2010

Philippine Millennium Development Targets and Indicators

“We stress the importance of stronger inter-linkages among disaster risk reduction, recovery and long-term development planning, and call for more coordinated and comprehensive strategies that integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation considerations into public and private investment, decision making and planning of humanitarian and development actions in order to reduce risk, increase resilience and provide a smoother transition between relief, recovery and development.”

Line 188, The Future we Want,Rio +20

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Table 2. Mainstreaming and Integration of CCA and DRR in the Planning and Budgeting Process (informed by the Rationalized Planning System, JMC 2007-1, of the Republic of the Philippines)

Vision10 year period

Reality CheckStrategic Direction(Roadmap to the Vision)

10 year period

Investment Programming(Programs, projects, activities))

Identifyingfunding sources

Major Final Output

pro!ling,

Desinventar Database

secondary data

and national meteorological and scienti!c institutions

Climate Risk Analysis for Adaptation and Mitigation

- Use hazard maps, local climatology data, climate projections

- Scienti!c vulnerability assesments

- Crunch model to determin HxExV/C (hazards, exposure, vulnerability and adaptive capacity)

- GhG emission inventory

risk in physical, social/cultural, economic, environmental, political/institutional planning sectors of coastal health, and agricultural, forestry, water (C,H,A,W,F) ecosystem through multistakeholder PCVA (participatory capacities and vulnerability assessments)

Adaptation Anticipatory Matrix

monitor climate-informed HxExV/C per sector, per element, per ecosystem

with and make available to stakeholders

disaster and climate-related risks, what does the LGU aspire for the local population, local economy, natural environment, local leadership/governance and the built environment?

stakeholder, evidence-based visioning process by re"ecting in climate and other hazard-informed risk assessment conducted

LGU need to reduce its GhG emissions?

vision give consideration to the need of LGU to build adaptive capacities against climate and other hazards?

practical vision factor in the following: safety, human security, disaster and climate resillience, adaptation, signi!cant reduction of vulnerabilities, preparedness, or use of indigenous and endogenous knowledge systems?

amended RA 9729, RA 7160

strategies for current and future extreme events and other climate-related hazards (ie increase in temperature, precipitation, frequency of typhoons, sea level rise, storm surges, wave heights) and geo-hazards

ff.: Remove exposure of communities and assets to hazards

vulnerabilities per hazards

adaptive capacities per hazards

adaptive mitigation or forms of adaptation that contribute to inter-generational well-being

mitigation per ecosystem

based education

strategies for resilience in governance, risk assessment, early warning, knowledge mgt., vulnerability reduction, preparedness per sector

project/activity, annual estimated cost, timeline

supplies/materials, administrative overhead

programs, projects, activities that will help develop resilience by reducing risks to current and future climate and disaster-related hazards and help promote low carbon or GhG programs, projects, activities per sector

participation in the PPA design process

risk-reducing or risk-enhancing

in reducing greenhouse gas emissions? Speci!cally, do they help reduce carbon emissions?

help in reducing any speci!c vulnerabilities to disaster or any climate-related risks in the present and in the future?

consider the PROVISIONING, SUSTAINING, CULTURAL AND REGULATING VALUE of the elements within an ecosystem in the planned program project activity?

people, structures, livelihoods, etc. in the community to adapt to projected climate-relatedand other risks?

the people in the community guaranteed in the process?

and culturally-sensitive?

encourange multi-stakeholder participation?

General Fund or other sources

procurement

Where can the funding come from?

Reduction and Management Fund

Fund

development aid support for CC and DRR initiatives

adaptation funding

contribution

from other stakeholders (ie NGOs, international humanitarian organizations, academic and scienti!c institutions)

project and activity

what adaptive and coping capacities were developed?

resiliency and itner-generational well-being?

outputs that re"ect vulnerability reduction, adaptation to, reduction of exposure to hazards, extreme events (climate extremes) and slow onset impacts of a changing climate per sector?

adaptive mitigation or migiting forms of adaptations?

emission reduction and adaptation in C, H, A,W, F?

MDG-compliant? Do they contribute to Agenda 21, to sustainable develoment?

NFSCC or the NCCAP, SNAP, or DRRM Plan?

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Level DevelopmentPlans

BudgetPhysical Plan Investment Program

National

Regional

Provincial

City /Municipality

National Physical

FrameworkPlan

Philippine Development

Plan

Development Investment

Program

GeneralAppropriations

Act

Annual Budget (Budget

Ordinance)

Annual Budget (Budget

Ordinance)

RegionalDevelopment Investment

Program

ProvincialDevelopment Investment

Program

LocalDevelopment Investment

Program

RegionalDevelopment

Plan

Comprehensive Development

Plan

RegionalPhysical

FrameworkPlan

Provincial Developmentand Physical

Framework Plan

City /Municipal

Land Use Plan

Table 3. Hierarchy of Plans

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Cope with (in the case of DRR) with current and immediate hazards and adapt to or deal with future hazards (in the case of CCA).

How do we do it?

Knowing our RISKS (at the local, regional, national, global scale). Where understanding of risks require knowing your hazards (multiple hazards, multi-temporal, and muti-scale) and vulnerabilities (biophysical and socio-economic).

DRR will require knowing current and immediate natural and human-induced hazards. CCA will require understanding of hydrological, meteorological hazards, future climate and current extreme events. Dealing with CCA and DRR will require appreciation of the interaction between current and future climate and weather-related hazards and their interaction to other forms of hazards.

Knowing and reducing vulnerabilities -- by reducing exposure, sensitivities and improving capacities

Knowing and enhancing our human, social, natural, physical, !nancial capital and capacities

Working towards transformation using precautionary and evidence-based approaches that are informed by science.

Who will do it?

Individuals, institutions and communities

Most ideal if done in a transdisciplinary manner (involving exchanges and interaction between governments, academics and scientists, civil society organizations and other stakeholders)

Why?In order to:

speci!c adaptation

or hazard mitigation

adjustment, transformation

Enhanced but inspired by Preston, B.L. and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009). Framing vulnerability and adaptive capacity assessment: Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Paper No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

What adaptation and risk reduction will require from all of us

Getting Started in CCA and DRR Planning:

Where CCA and DRR are mainstreamed in the analysis done by the Sectoral and Functional Committees, CCA and DRR insights and interventions will automatically become part of the development planning and budgeting. Please see the role/s that these Sectoral and Functional Committees as outlined by RA 7160 through DILG:

the formulation of plans, programs & activities

identify programs, projects & activities;

& activities

This way, the sole responsibility of CCA and DRRM planning does not rest on the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee nor with a Climate Change Committee of the LGU alone.

The planning process in the LGU is normally coordinated by the Planning and Development Of!ce.

societal sectors.

sectoral committees, where possible.

LOCAL DEVELOPMENTCOUNCIL

EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE

SECTORALCOMMITTEE

CORETECHNICALWORKING GROUP

EXPANDEDTECHNICALWORKING GROUP

FULL-BLOWNWORKING GROUP

FUNCTIONALCOMMITTEE

15

SECTION 212 Steps to Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Development Planning: A Practitioner’s Perspective

climate trends

institutions for local climate data

analysis from government agencies and from Universities and Colleges

1

(for CCA) and disaster risk-related vulnerabilities you want to reduce and what coping (for DRR) and adaptive (for CCA) capacities you want to enhance vis a vis the

7

2

(PPA) that will help reduce vulnerabilities and develop adaptive capacities (for CCA) and coping capacities (for DRR)

8

each sector and element at

current and immediate and

tools

3

such actions are also contributing to your other development

and constraints

9

DRR) and adaptive (CCA) capacity of your constituency

institutional capacities and assets)

4

Budget Needed

10

vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities (for CCA)

area

5

11

and work with the scienti!c community in the translation of

probable impacts.

6

produced into the AIP and other planning and budgeting templates

12

16

This attempt at a 12-step process was done upon the request of LGU partners. It is also an attempt to provide an option for LGUs who, while drawing or seeking resources for a quantitative disaster and/or climate change risk assessment, can start a process of risk reduction and adaptation using qualitative yet science-informed tools for analysis in their assessments. Where resource is not an issues for the LGU, it is suggested that the LGU works with scienti!c research institutions for their climate change and disaster risk assessments.

purposes. But for this document, it is meant to help LGUs mainstream CCA and DRR in development planning and budgeting processes prescribed by the Rationalized Planning Processes ---- particularly at the level of municipalities, cities, and barangays.

the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) must inform the Local Development Investment Plan. Hence, it is but logical that the CLUP and the CDP must !rst be able to mainstream CCA and DRR. However, this toolkit has been prepared when most LGUs have already prepared or are preparing their Local Development Plan.

process pass without CCA and DRR interventions being considered, the toolkit seeks to help sharpen analysis related to development interventions by contributing CCA and DRR tools of analysis.

CCA and DRR in development planning be done through the Rationalized Planning Process by the LGUs . That way, CCA and DRR interventions can truly be mainstreamed rather than just inserted in development plans and budgets.

not push for the design of NEW interventions that are not linked to the CLUP and CDP or the Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA), if they are not necessary for the survival and resilience of the LGUs. Rather, where prior Programs, Projects and Activities (PPAs) have been pre-designed in the Local Development Investment Plan (LDIP), these PPAs be seriously reviewed with a CCA and DRR lens. This is suggested with the hope that the resulting PPAs will enhance community and the LGU’s resilience in the face of disaster and climate change risks.

in the context of a participatory planning process as prescribed by the RA 7160 and af!rmed by the Rationalized Planning Process.

17

climate trends

institutions for local climate data

analysis from government agencies and from Universities and Colleges

1 traditional wisdom of your locality, on how different climate variables interact with each other to in"uence our experiences. For instance, how do our activities in"uence how the air warms, how clouds are formed, how the wind carries the clouds that bring rain, among others.

forms of hazards.

disaster risk reduction is vital to climate change adaptation. Building capacities to deal with current hazards will enable us to enhance our capacities for dealing with future climate hazards.

derived estimates of future climate (IPCC, 2011)).

availability of the book “Climate Change Project in the Philippines” in the DILG website under the section on LGU Guides (see http://dilg.gov.ph/ ReportsResourcesArchive.php) or check the PAGASA website.

climatic parameters at the minimum of 30 years). To determine climate trends, request for local climate data from PAGASA or from local scienti!c institutions that monitor weather and climate data.

(see section on tools at the end of this book) which asks the question “which of these have you experienced for the past 30 years: increasing temperature, increasing precipitation, decreasing precipitation, sea-level rise, increasing intensity of typhoons, increasing severity of typhoons, higher waves, stronger storm surges, drought?”

see the Project Noah website http://noah.dost.gov.ph/.

meteorological, biological, technological or anthropogenic, environmental hazards. Request assistance from scienti!c institutions (i.e. State and Private Universities and Colleges), from PhiVOLCS, PAGASA, MGB, among others.

Major Components of the Climate System

Source: www.solcomhouse.com/ climatechange.html

18

Increasing temperature o mas mainit

Stronger winds compared to the past years o mas malakas na hangin kumpara sa dati

Stronger typhoons o mas malakas na bagyo

More rains compared to the past o mas maraming pag-ulan kumpara sa dati

More "oods o mas maraming pagbaha

Rising sea levels o tumataas ang tubig sa dagat

Strong storm surges o mas lumalakas ang hampas ng alon sa dalampasigan

Increasing wave heights o tumataas ang alon sa dagat

More frequent "ooding due to rainfall o mas madalas na pagbaha dahil sa pag-ulan

Rainfall-induced landslides o mas madalas na pagguho ng lupa dahil sa pag-ulan

Others o iba pa

EXAMPLES OF CLIMATE HAZARDSCompared to 30 years ago o Kumpara sa 30 taon mula sa kasalukuyan

to bear in mind that there are potentially other geophysical, ecological, human-induced hazards in each area you are examining. These hazards may interact with climate and weather-related hazards to create a multiple-hazard effect (i.e. disaster in Albay in 2006: lahar, heavy rainfall, typhoon)

history) in our analysis,#we can refer to our assessments as climate risk assessments. While climate risk assessments are important to disaster risk assessments they cannot yet be called climate change assessment because are using climate trends and not projections for future climate change;

climate change plan when# - we use climate projections in our analysis - we use assessments to identify vulnerabilities and capacities

against projected climate-related hazards - we are able to discuss and plan on how vulnerabilities can be

reduced and ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES can be developed

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

19

2

important for us to understand this because your adaptation and risk reduction actions will vary depending on the hazard you are exposed to.

a. Areas and sectors exposed to each hazard b. Population of each area and each sector exposed to a particular

hazard. Where analysis of human exposure is undertaken, ensure gender disaggregation of data and include vulnerable populations in the analysis (i.e. persons with disabilities, elderly, children)

c. In each area, what ecosystems are most exposed to hazards . Ecosystem refers to “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit” (Convention on the Biological Diversity, 1992).

d. Sectors in each area exposed to each hazard. Example of sectoral classi!cation used in development planning : physical, social, economic, others. It may be useful to add environmental and

be exposed to hazards. For instance, in the physical sector you can examine buildings, roads, bridges or different kinds of infrastructure services.


scienti!c institutions who can help you prepare a climate risk assessment (i.e. for examples, see the work of Manila Observatory in Silago, Leyte and Tiwi and Malinao in Albay) or go to the website of the Climate Change Commission to examine available tools in the section on Documents. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability Assessment Tools on Climate Change. If unavailable online, contact the Climate Change Commission.

vulnerability assessments mentioned above, you can proceed with the following:a. Using the climate projections or climate trend analysis can you map

out what areas and what sectors will be most likely affected and are affected by speci!c hazards? Do the same for areas that are affected by other forms of hazards. Please note that the assessment should be hazard speci!c.

b. Using a matrix or participatory tools (see section on Tools of this Toolkit), determine level of exposure by looking at the demographic data (i.e. population, extent of agricultural, forestry, !sheries, business assets) of the areas and sectors most affected by speci!c hazards.

c. Refer to CBMS data or social monitoring data for human exposure data

d. Refer to the ENRO, Agriculture Of!ce, FARMC data for biophysical exposure data.

e. Refer to the data in your ecological pro!le.

20

CLIMATEHAZARDS

Increasing temperature o mas mainit

Stronger winds compared to the past years o mas malakas na hangin kumpara sa dati

Stronger typhoons o mas malakas na bagyo

More rains compared to the past o mas maraming pag-ulan kumpara sa dati

mas maraming pagbaha

Rising sea levels o tumataas ang tubig sa dagat

Strong storm surges o mas lumalakas ang hampas ng alon sa dalampasigan

Increasing wave heights o tumataas ang alon sa dagat

More frequent

rainfall o mas madalas na pagbaha dahil sa pag-ulan

Rainfall-induced landslides o mas madalas na pagguho ng lupa dahil sa pag-ulan

Others o iba pa

TOTAL

MAL

E

MAL

E

MAL

E

MAL

E

FEM

ALE

FEM

ALE

FEM

ALE

FEM

ALE

PERS

ONS W

ITH

DISA

BILIT

Y

PERS

ONS W

ITH

DISA

BILIT

Y

PERS

ONS W

ITH

DISA

BILIT

Y

PERS

ONS W

ITH

DISA

BILIT

Y

ELDE

RLY

ELDE

RLY

ELDE

RLY

ELDE

RLY

CHILD

REN

CHILD

REN

CHILD

REN

CHILD

REN

Barangay 1 Barangay 2 Barangay 3 TOTAL

Sample Exposure Matrix21

of each sector and element at risk to climate-related

tools

DRR) and adaptive (CCA) capacity of your constituency

institutional capacities and assets)

3

4

V = f( E, S, AC)

for vulnerability assessments. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability Assessment Tools on Climate Change. The database will provide you with a list of Vulnerability Assessment Tools available and institutions that may help you in conducting the assessments. If unavailable online, contact the Climate Change Commission

are exposed to what hazard, it is time to examine the vulnerability of each element in each sector of the ecosystem you are examining.

a. Determine how a particular element is or is likely to be affected by the changing climate/ by a climate-related hazard and other hazards. For CCA and DRR, special concern on climate extremes and how these phenomena interact with various hazards should be given attention. Remember, sensitivity may be due to innate, physiological or biological factors. Sensitivity may be further aggravated by physical, ecological, human-related stressors. Farmers who know less climate information that relates to farm planning are perceived to be more sensitive to climate change.

b. Then, check the pre-existing condition of the element ( whether innate or due to external conditions) that enables it to cope and be resilient to climate change. For instance, farmers who still have knowledge about plant breeding will be able to experiment and breed seeds that she/he can plant given changing climate conditions.

c. When the exposure and sensitivity to climate change are high and the adaptive capacity is low, the element becomes more vulnerable to the climate hazard being used in a particular analysis. In DRR, vulnerabilities are also high where exposure to multiple hazards are high, where sensitivities abound.

non-extreme weather or climate events affect vulnerability to future extreme events by modifying resilience, coping capacity and adaptive capacity.”


Exposure

Vulnerability

AdaptiveCapacity

Sensitivity

Vulnerability, based on the IPCC (2007) ,is a product of the interaction between a element’s sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity vis a vis speci!c hazards.

signi!cant climatic variations

bene!cially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct (e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal "ooding due to sea level rise).

(including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.

NOTE: We suggest that the above formula be used to assess exposure to all forms of hazards, sensitivities, coping and adaptive capacities.

22

Socio-economic(Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity)

health

and information

vulnerability

Biophysical(Exposure to hazard and Sensitivity)

topography

infrastructure

magnitude

Variables of Vulnerability we can examine

Biophysical determinants

Climate variabilityLand UseInfrastructure ageBuilding material

+

+

=

=

Temperature changeRainfall changeEvaporation changeWind changeHumidity changeSea-level rise

WealthTechnologyEducationEntitlementsSocial Capita

Population growthEconomic growthChanging valuesChanging governanceNew policy decisions

Curre

nt st

ate

Futu

re C

hang

e

Social determinants

Vuln

erab

ility

Pres

ent

vul

nera

bilit

yFu

ture

vuln

erab

ility

Whe

re D

RR m

easu

res

can

be a

pplie

dW

here

CCA

mea

sure

s ca

n be

app

lied

Stra

tegy

Figure 1. Current and Future Determinants of vulnerabilityAdapted from Preston, B.L. and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009). Framing vulnerability and adaptive capacity assessment: Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Paper No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITYIndicate Sample Ecosystem:Terrestrial / upland

Climate Variable Variable

Roads

Access to healthcare

Economicco-dependence

River management

capacities

Transboundary river systems

DPW

H

DPW

H

Heal

th O

f!ce

Heal

th O

f!ce

Loca

l Agr

icultu

re

Of!c

e, PE

SO,

P/M

/CD0

Loca

l Agr

icultu

re

Of!c

e, PE

SO,

P/M

/CD0

LGU

ordi

nanc

ean

d of

!ces

LGU

ordi

nanc

ean

d of

!ces

ENRO

ENRO

or N

IA

ENRO

or N

IA

Loca

l Agr

icultu

re

Of!c

e, PE

SO,

P/M

/CD0

P/M

/CPD

OHe

alth

Of!

ceDP

WH

Variable Variable

Incr

easin

g or

dec

reas

ing

amou

nt o

f rai

nfal

l(s

pecif

y cli

mat

e pr

ojec

tion

or c

limat

e tre

nd)

Num

ber o

f day

s with

rain

fall

$ 30

0mm

and

seas

onal

am

ount

of r

ainf

all i

n m

m

Indi

cate

refe

renc

e fo

r clim

ate

proj

ectio

n or

clim

ate

trend

ana

lysis

!nd

ing/

s

SECTORS

Phys

ical

Socia

lEc

onom

icIn

stitu

tiona

lEn

viro

nmen

tal

Source Source Source SourceIndicator Indicator

Quality and length of roads

by type

No. and location of health workers

Livelihoods dependent on

the river, markets along the river

system

Policy and institutional

mechanisms onriver management

Length, depth , location of river

system

Drainage canals in the road networks

Access to primary health

care

Degree to which local economy would change

because of shifts in water

availability

Competency in handling issues related to river management

Over"ow potential

Alternative road network

Sources of alternative medicine

Livelihood and market

diversi!cation

River management

council

Floodplains without

settlements

Location, type,length and exit

points of drainage canals

No. and location of health providers

with health care kits

Number and type of livelihoods

dependent on the river, markets along

river system

Knowledge on, skills, equipment for

rainfall variability affecting rivers

Depth, with, shape, "ow capacity,

sediment discharge of river, soil creep, vegetation cover

Location andnumber of alternative

road networks

Herbal medicinesand indigenou

health practices in the area

Number and typeof livelihoods and

market notdependent on

the river

Policy agreements on river management

Size and width of "oodplain without

settlements (easement), catchment

history of the river

Indicator Indicator

HAZARD

Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

VULNERABILITY

23

vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities (for CCA)

sectors (for DRR)

area

and work with the scienti!c community in the translation of

probable impacts.

5

6

relationship between climate change-related hazards and affected elements (in the case of CCA) or between current multiple hazards and affected elements (in the case of DRR). It helps us examine what changes can possibly happen so we can analyze where and how we want to intervene, in the context of climate change adaptation or in the context of disaster risk reduction or in both.

pattern, con"uence of hazards) may create multiple changes in different elements of the ecosystem.

in climate pattern per climate variable (i.e, projected temperature increase) or

condition (i.e nowcast or forecast of likelihood of rain in the Project Noah website)

potential Impacts

POTENTIAL ADAPTATION and/or DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INTERVENTION POINTS

potential change in elements of the ecosystem, humans included, infrastructure, social, economic and institutional systems

change in one element affect the other elements of the ecosystem?

24

For better examples of in"uence diagrams in the Philippine context, please check on the following publications from Manila Observatory:

1. Albay Sustainable Development Guidebook released in 2012

2. Narisma GT, Vicente MC, Capili-Tarroja EB, Cruz FA, Perez RT, Dayawon RS, Dado JM, Del Castillo MF, Villafuerte II MQ, Loo LC, Olaguer DM, Loyzaga MA, Banaticla-Altamirano MR,

Challenge the collection capacity of the river system

Faster movement of water Flooding in settlement am cultivation areas

downstream

Possible target for adaptation interventions

Saturation of the soil with

water

Low vegetative cover

dispersing system of the river

Impediments in the rivers tributaries

Impediments in the distributaries at the mouth of the river

Damming effect

Increase in rainfall

Loosening of the soil

Ramos LT, Habito CM and Lasco RD. 2011. Patterns of Vulnerability in the Forestry, Agriculture, Water, and Coastal Sectors of Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines. In: Maquiling JT,eds. . Manila, Philippines. The Manila Observatory, The World Agroforestry Centre, and The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. 132 p. (see http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.net/sea/th/publication?do=view_pub_detail&pub_no=RP0286-12)

25

Once you have determined what vulnerabilities and exposure you want to reduce and coping and adaptive capacities you want enhanced.

enhancing, what are culturally-appropriate, what are gender-sensitive, what promotes and protects human rights, what ensures environmental-sustainability and what what enhances the capacity of ecosystems to continue delivering ecosystem services.

the question if our interventions will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, using the in"uence diagram in the prior page,

will it enhance the supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services offered by the ecosystem? Does this action contribute to climate change mitigation? Or if you are designing a mitigation action, does it contribute to adaptation?

arising from RA 10121, please also identify options, programs, plans, activities that help reduce risks in the conduct of Response, Rehabilitation and Recovery, Preparedness, Mitigation and Prevention interventions. Will also be best to check whether the selected DRRM option also reduce climate change sensitivities, exposure, enhances adaptive capacities and contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

(for CCA) and disaster risk-related vulnerabilities you want to reduce and what coping (for DRR) and adaptive (for CCA) capacities you want to enhance vis a vis the

7

Supporting:Soil formulation; photosynthesis;

biodiversity; habitat;

Provisioning: !sh, wood; food; clean

water;

Regulating: clean air; store carbon;

purify water; control "ooding; cool temperature;

pollination

Cultural: stewardship;

aesthetic; recreation; education

Ecosystem Services

(Examples)

(PPA) that will help reduce vulnerabilities and develop adaptive capacities (for CCA) and coping capacities (for DRR)

8

26

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OPTIONSIndicate Sample Ecosystem:Terrestrial / upland

CURRENT HAZARDSbased on geophysical, ecological hazards and on climate trend analysis, nowcasting current long-term forecasting (30-days to 2 years)

Variable Variable Variable

SECTORS

Physical

Social

Economic

Institutional

Environmental

Source Source Source

IMPACTS

Program, plansor action to

REDUCE


REDUCESENSITIVITY

Program, plansor action toINCREASECOPING

CAPACITY

Indicator Indicator Indicator


VULNERABILITY

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION OPTIONSIndicate Sample Ecosystem:Terrestrial / upland

CURRENT HAZARDS(based on climate projections; at least 30-year climate analysis)


SECTORS

Physical

Social

Economic

Institutional

Environmental


IMPACTS


REDUCE


REDUCESENSITIVITY

Program, plansor action toINCREASEADAPTIVECAPACITY



VULNERABILITY

27

Prioritization of the PPAs based on the Rationalized Planning System, 2008

Category

Urgent

Essential

Necessary

Desirable

Acceptable

Deferrable

General Criteria

Cannot be reasonably postponed; will remedy conditions dangerous to public health, safety and welfare; needed because they maintain critically needed programs; needed to meet emergency situations.

Required to complete or make usable a major public improvement and to maintain minimum standards as part of an ongoing program. Projects that are self-liquidating and those that have external funding available.

Should be carried out to meet clearly identi!ed and anticipated needs; to replace obsolete or unsatisfactory facilities; repair or maintain projects meant to prolong life of existing facilities.

Needed for the expansion of current programs; designed to initiate new programs considered appropriate for a progressive community.

Can be postponed without detriment to present operations if budget cuts are necessary.

Recommended for postponement or elimination immediate consideration in the current LDIP; questionable in terms of over=all needs, adequate planning, or proper timing

such actions are also contributing to your other development

and constraints

9

SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONSIndicate Sample Ecosystem:Terrestrial / upland

CURRENT AND FUTURE HAZARDS

SECTORS

Physical

Social

Economic

Institutional

Environmental

Projectedimpacts


REDUCE


REDUCEVULNERABILITY

Program, plansor action toINCREASEADAPTIVECAPACITY

PRIORITYRANK

ADDRESSES OTHER

DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND/ OR CONTRIBUTES

TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF ECOSYSTEM

SERVICES?


Vulnerability

28

Budget Needed

10Identi!ed climate

and other vulnerabilities

to be addressed per development

sector

Adaptionand Disaster

Risk Reduction Programs, Plans And Activities

Legislative or Administrative

Policiesneeded

Supplies, Materials and

Resources Needed

Schedule of Implementation

Implementing Of!ce BudgetPerformance

IndicatorsCapability

Building Needs

(General Services)

(LDIP, AIP) (HRD PLAN) POLICIES NEEDED

(ELA)

(ANNUAL PROCUREMENT

PLAN)

(PERFORMANCE PLAN)

(SocialServices)

(Economic Services)

(OtherServices)

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Development Planning and Budgeting

Identi!ed climate

and other vulnerabilities

to be addressed per development

sector

Identi!edCURRENT

Programs, Plans and Activities

Expectedoutput

Expected Outcome

(MUST ADDRESS VULNERABILITY AND ENHANCE COPING AND

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY)

BUDGETS SOURCE

BUDGET

ADAPTATION AND RISK

REDUCTION-ENHANCED

Programs, Plans and Activities

(How will you address development needs

given the climate risks?)

Performance Indicators

(General Services)

(LDIP, AIP) (PERFORMACE PLAN)

(AIP)

(SocialServices)

(Economic Services)

(OtherServices)

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Existing Development Plans and Budgets (Minimum Entries)

29

of!ce MOOE and non-of!ce capital outlay of the different of!ces/ departments.

as a benchmark, not the ceiling in determining the LGU’s development fund.

developed using CCA and DRR tools of analysis. The output will be CCA and DRR-enhanced development interventions.

11 Maximizing Local Funds of Resiliency and Adaptation

MOOE

PS

CO

Of!ce MOOE

Non-of!ce MOOE

Non-of!ce Capital Outlay

Of!ce Capital Outlay

30

OTHER SOURCES OF BUDGETS

1. DOF-LOGOFIND DRRM Fund

4. International Funding Institutions

7. Public-Private Partnership Funds

2. NGA DRRM per RA 10121

5. Of!cial Development Assistance

8. Joint Venture Funds per RA 7160

3. National DRRM Fund

6. NGO-CSO Funds

9. People’s Survival Fund

10. Seal of Disaster Preparedness, Sasakawa Award, etc.

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

DRR/CCA Initiatives

Climate change fund for LGUs and communities (CSOs)

DRR Monetary Incentives

LGU BUDGETS

1. GENERAL FUND

4. (?) LOCAL CCA FUND

6. NEW FEES AND CHARGES

7. COST-SHARING OF LGUs

1.1 Personnel Services Fund

1.2 MOOE Fund

1.3 Capital Outlay Fund

Salaries & wages fro DRR/CCA staff

Development, resilience & adaptation

Disaster risk reduction fund

Climate adaptation fund

Youth development programs, projects

For DRR-CCA initiatives

DRR-CCA initiatives

Supplies & materials for DRR-CCA of!ce

Infrastructure, building, equipment

31

produced into the AIP and other planning and budgeting templates

12

Risk Reduction, Adaptation

andMitigation Programs, Plans and Activities

Legislative or Administrative Policies needed

Supplies, Materials and

Resources Needed

Schedule of Implementation

Implementing Of!ce

Performance Indicators

Capability BuildingNeeds

(General Services)

(LDIP, AIP) (HRD PLAN) POLICIES NEEDED (ELA)

(ANNUAL PROCUREMENT

PLAN)

(PERFORMANCE PLAN)

(SocialServices)

(Economic Services)

(OtherServices)

Identi!ed climate

vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive

capacity) tobe addressed per development

sector

Budget

32

You have just completed an attempt to mainstream CCA and DRR in the planning and budgeting process. If you have any insights on how the process have helped you or how we can improve on the process, please inform the authors and the publishers. This tool certainly has room for improvements and its use and scope may be limited by certain conditions. Your insights will help improve this shared material. Together, we can come up with a coherent and ef!cient way of helping Philippine communities deal with the challenges of disasters and other climate-change-related risks.

Please note as well that our attention was called to the fact the the output of this process can also inform your DRRM or CC plans that RA 10121 and RA 9729 requires. We hope that this edition of the toolkit can help you in any of your development planning initiatives.

ANNEXOther Sample ToolsFor scienti!c climate analysis and risk assessments we refer you to :

Development Guidebook, Philippines: Manila Observatory, Chevron, Province of Albay

34

ANNEX Other tools for

community-based

assessments

(increasing temperature, increasing rainfall, increasing intensity of typhoon, increasing frequency of typhoon, sea-level rise: #USE A HISTORICAL TIMELINE ANALYSIS

de!nition ( vulnerability as a function of exposure, susceptibility and adaptive capacity) #-- USE SOCIAL CENSUS MAPPING

exposed to the hazards?#how many households are affected by each hazard?

element of a sector to each hazard?

need to be strengthened or developed #so that vulnerabilities can be reduced and chances of survival are increased.

INFLUENCE DIAGRAM to determine where impact can result from the SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND LACK OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES

ON ADAPTATION OPTIONS

the community have in terms of assets/ resources (human, social-cultural, economic, physical, environmental) that can be used to address susceptibilities and lack of adaptive capacities

Climate Adaptation Anticipatory Matrix) --- for each hazard and sectoral element affected, identify probable tool

groups can you work with to help build adaptive capacities

Municipality, Provincial, Regional (Sub-National)

Municipality

of analysis: MUNICIPALITY

analysis

Provincial

of analysis: MUNICIPALITY

analysis

Regional

analysis: PROVINCIAL

analysis

35

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools

36

Sample Vulnerability Assesment Matrix

CATEGORIES ELEMENTS/ASSETS AT RISK

VULNERABLECONDITIONS

UNDERLYINGCONDITIONS

PRESSURE(System andStructures)

WHAT are the likely impacts of

the hazards?

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL

WHY does the hazards affect the element at risk?

WHO is creating the vulnerable

conditions?How is this done?

WHY are thevulnerable conditions created or ignored by

the pressures?

Sample Adaptive Capacity Assesment Matrix

CATEGORIES PROTECTEDELEMENTS

SAFECONDITIONS

POSTIVEUNDERLYING

CAUSES

PRESSURERELEASES

WHICH elements are not badly

affected by the hazard?

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL

WHAT capacities exist that help

protect the elements from the impact of hazard?

WHO is helping the create safe

conditions? HOW is this done?

WHAT political ideas, economic principles and cultural practices support

and motivate those helping to create safe conditions?

37

Summary Table

SECTOR

Infrastructure

Agriculture

HAZARD


Earthquake

Flood due to extreme rain

Drought

Length ofroads

Rice !elds and other

agricultural !elds

Rice !elds and other

agricultural !elds

Quality of roads by

type

Rice and other crop

vulnerabilities

Rice and other crop

vulnerabilities

Road improvement program

Crop insurance, post harvest facilities, cropping calendar

Crop insurance, post harvest facilities, cropping calendar


Magnitudeand

Intensity

Millimeter per hour (mm/hr)

of rain

Millimeter per hour (mm/hr)

of rain

Kilometer

Hectares

Hectares

Kilometer

Age

Age


PHILVOLCS

PAGASA

PAGASA

DPWH

Local DA

Local DA

DPWH

Local DA

Local DA

VULNERABILITY CAPACITY

Climate Anitcipatory Adaptation Matrix (MDGF 1656 FORMAT)

AREA/SECTOR(CHAWF++)

CCVULNERABILITY

SOCIO-ECONOMICIMPACT

ADAPTATIONOPTION/PPAS

Most vulnerable sectorsaccording to IPCC Report

COASTALHEALTH

AGRICULTUREWATER

FORESTRY+++

Based on Climate Scenarios& Vulnerability Assessment Tool

Social, Economic &Environmental Implications of

Vulnerabilities if not addressed

Prioritized AdaptationMeasure/s determined by

the Stakeholders

38

Marinduque Council for Environmental Concerns (MACEC), Ateneo School of Government, Manila Observatory, Coastal Core Sorsogon, Aksyon Klima Pilipinas, Regional Climate Change Adaptation Platform for Asia, Province of Albay, Province of Iloilo (2012), Alternative Pathways to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Mainstreaming and Integration in Development Planning and Budgeting of Local Government Units, Philippines: Aksyon Klima and the Building Disaster-Resilient Communities Learning Circle.

This material, which is dedicated to the Filipino people, is a product of SHARED KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM and should be OWNED BY HUMANITY. The authors and the publishers did not put a copyright on this material and, believing in social justice, no one should claim this material as their own alone. Thus, we encourage that this material be used and shared where appropriate. Our only request is that if (1) any part of this material is used, please cite as recommended above; (2) any part of this or the entire material is reprinted please RESPECT THE INTEGRITY of the entire material, please attribute the material to the organizations that developed it, and please coordinate with or inform the publishers through “Coordinator Aksyon Klima” <[email protected]>, “aksyon klima” <[email protected]>.

This toolkit is licensed under “Creative Commons, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike”. CC BY-NC-SA.03 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/. (This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as they credit authors and the publishers and license their new creations under the identical terms.)

Lead Writers and Developers of the Toolkit:

Miguel Magalang, MACEC Rosa Perez, Gemma Narisma, Kendra Gotangco, Manila ObservatoryJessica Dator-Bercilla, Ateneo School of Government Shirley Torrecampo-Bolanos, Coastal Core Sorsogon

Learning Associates who assisted in the processes that contributed to the !nalization of the toolkit:Arvin Jo, Marien Nilo-Fulo Elirozz Carlie Labaria, Margarita Roxas, Maila Quiring, Raymund Daen

Design, layout & illustrations:Emmanuel Marbella, Fusedesign Ltd. Co.

Main Contributors:

National and Local Government Institutions, Civil Society Organizations, Academic and Research Institutions who took part in the Adaptation Knowledge Platform activities in the PhilIppinesLourdes TibigBryan Hugill, Raitong Organics FarmHon. Jose Clemente Salceda, Governor, Province of AlbayMario Nillos (PPDO), Province of IloiloCedric Daep (APSEMO), Province of AlbayAksyon Klima Adaptation Cluster Members (PRRM, IIRR, World Vision, CERD, Sarilaya, PRDCI, CEC, SEARICE, TWN ) Union of Local Authorities in the the Philippines through Sonia Lorenzo

These efforts would not have been possible without the support of:

Christian AidUnited Nations Environment Program and the Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia

toolkit integrating cca into development plans

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