tommy underhill. ethanol made by fermenting sugars into alcohol flammable used in thermometers, and...
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The Fuel of the Future: Starch Ethanol vs. Cellulosic Ethanol
Tommy Underhill
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EthanolMade by fermenting sugars into alcoholFlammableUsed in thermometers, and alcoholic
beveragesCommonly referred to as grain alcohol
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HistoryEthanol residues have been found on 9,000 year old clay pots in
ChinaFirst recorded production of alcohol from wine was in the 12th
century.1796: Johann Tobias Lowitz obtained pure ethanol by filtering
distilled ethanol through charcoal1826: Samuel Morey developed the first engine that ran on ethanol1908: Henry Ford’s Model T was designed to run on ethanol or
gasoline.1940’s: First Ethanol Plant was built in Nebraska 1974: The Solar Energy Research, Development, and
Demonstration Act was the first legislation action to promote ethanol as fuel.
1992: The Energy Policy Act2007: Energy Independence and Security Act
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Ethanol ProductionStarch Ethanol
Wet MillingDry Milling
Fermentation Separation Purification
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Ethanol ProductionCellulosic Ethanol
Have to be Pretreated Physical - grinding Chemical – acids
Require the use of enzymes to break down cellulose Cellbiohydrolases Endo – β-1,4-glucanases β-glucosidases
FermentationSeparation and Purification
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FundingUS government has given out numerous grants,
loans, and tax incentives for the production and use of ethanol
Government spends $5 billion per year to subsidize ethanol production
2007 : US department of Energy spent $385 million on six large scale ethanol plants and another $200 million on bio-refinery plants.
Big Oil Contributions:Chevron - $40 MillionBP – $500 Million Exxon - $600 million
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EnvironmentalConventional ethanol
reduces greenhouse-gas emissions 10 to 20 percent
Cellulosic range from 80 percent to completely CO2 neutral
Cellulosic ethanol requires less care than starch ethanol
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Politicalhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=j9QQcP_Y1II
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Other Concerns with Starch EthanolRising prices of corn
and starch
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Concerns with Cellulosic EthanolPrice of Enzymes
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FutureCompetition with other ethanol sources such
as Algae.Competition with electric cars and hydrogen
fuel cellsSustainability
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Resources Biello, D. (2008). Grass Makes Better Ethanol than Corn Does. Scientific American.
Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=grass-makes-better-ethanol- than-corn
Biofuels. (2011). The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/info/biofuels/ Brahic, C. (2006). Humble grasses may be the best source of biofuel. New Scientist.
Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10759-humble-grasses-may-be-the-best- source-of-biofuel-.html
Bothast, R., Schlicher, M. (2005). Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Appl Microbial Biotechnical, 67, 19-25. Retrieved from http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/tpd8/BICH407/fulltext.pdf
CBS News. (2007). UN: Biofuels Could Devastate Environment. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/08/tech/main2774983_page2.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody
Dale, Bruce. “Cellulosic Biomass to Ethanol.” Diagram. PowerPoint presentation. 7/16/2007 Doggett, Tom. (2007). Ethanol to take 30Percent of U.S. corn crop in 2012. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/11/us-usa-ethanol-corn- idUSN1149215820070611 “Dry Mill Process.” Diagram. Icminc.com 2009. <http://www.icminc.com/ethanol/production_process/>
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Ethanol Timeline. (2008) Green Plains Renewable Energy, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.gpreinc.com/Ethanol-Timeline “Fuel Ethanol Production in the United States.” Graph. Data360.org 5/20/2008.
<http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=1344> Fuel Testers. (2009). Ethanol Fuel Timeline. Retrieved from http://www.fuel-
testers.com/ethanol_fuel_history.html Gecan, R., Johansson, R., FitzGerald, K. (2009). The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food
Prices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/100xx/doc10057/toc.shtml
Greer, D. (2005). Creating Cellulosic Ethanol: Spinning Straw into Fuel. Biocycle. Retrieved from http://www.harvestcleanenergy.org/enews/enews_0505/ enews_0505_Cellulosic_Ethanol.htm
Gupta, R., Demirbas, A. (2010). Gasoline, Diesel, and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants.
New York, NY. Cambridge University Press. Jacquot, Jeremy. “Biofuel Comparison Chart.” Diagram. Treehugger.com 05/10/08.
<http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/biofuel-comparison-chart.php> Kleiner, K. (2007). The backlash against biofuels. Nature Reports Climate Change.
Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0801/full/climate.2007.71.html
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Kubiszewski, I. (2007). Energy Timeline. Earth Portal. Retrieved from http://www.earthportal.org/?p=80#1940AD
“Maize Price Chart.” Chart. Mongabay.com 2009. <http://www.mongabay.com/images/commodities/charts/maize.html>
Murray, Shailagh. (2007). Ethanol Undergoes Evolution as Political Issue. The Washington Post.
Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/12 /AR2007031201722.html
Myth: Corn ethanol is great. You Tube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9QQcP_Y1II State Energy Conservation Office. Cellulosic Ethanol. Retrieved from
http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_cellulosic.htm “Sugar, world price chart.” Chart. Mongabay.com 2009.
<http://www.mongabay.com/images/commodities/charts/sugar.html> The Economist. (2010). The post-alcohol world. Retrieved from
http://www.economist.com/node/17358802?story_id=17358802&CFID=161806477&CFTOKEN=18203629
U.S. Department of Energy. (2011). Federal Incentives and Laws for Tax Incentives. Retrieved from http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/laws/US/incentive/3234
Wang et al. (2007). Diagram. Environmental Research Letters, Vol 2. Diagram Wikipedia. (2011). Ethanol. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol