tommie crawford - motion to dismiss

8/16/2019 Tommie Crawford - Motion to Dismiss

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS

TOMMIE PERRIS CRAWFORD,

Plaintiff,

vs. Case No. 15-9291-CM-GEB

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

TOMMIE PERRIS CRAWFORD,

US PENITENTIARY LEAVENWORTH,

AND UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT OF MINNESOTA,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF UNITED STATES’ MOTION TO DISMISS

Table of Contents

Overview ............................................................................................................................. 1

Relevant Procedural History ................................................................................................ 2

Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 3

Crawford v. Crawford.......................................................................................................... 7

Sanctions Against Crawford for Filing Yet Another Frivolous Suit ................................... 8

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 10

Overview

Tommie Perris Crawford is an inmate at USP-Leavenworth serving a sentence

imposed in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota upon his

Case 2:15-cv-09291-CM Document 6 Filed 09/29/15 Page 1 of 11


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conviction for possession of drugs and a firearm. For apparently the sixth time1 Crawford

commences a frivolous habeas corpus or civil action seeking immediate release from his

primary term of incarceration from his federal sentence. Because the law does not

recognize the posting of a bond or a “Satisfaction of Judgement” as a means of

challenging a federal sentence of conviction, this case, like his previous cases, should be

dismissed as a frivolous and meritless attack on his federal sentence.

Crawford once again suggests that his self-styled “Satisfaction of Judgment”

entitles him to be released from incarceration by the United States. Because Crawford

has not in fact satisfied the judgment entered against him in his federal criminal case

because he has not served his full sentence, this case should be dismissed for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, for failure to state a claim.

Relevant Procedural History

Crawford is currently incarcerated at USP-Leavenworth. Crawford’s projected

release date from the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons is November 7, 2018. See

1 See Crawford v. United States, Case No. 14-3184-RDR (dismissing Crawford’s

petition for habeas corpus seeking “immediate nonnegotiable release and delivery of

Crawford to an unnamed attorney-in-fact in Columbia Heights, Minnesota); Crawford v.

United States, Case No. 14-CV-2024-CM-TJJ (based upon the Report and

Recommendation of Magistrate Judge James, Judge Murguia dismisses Crawford’s

“Satisfaction of Judgment” claims as frivolous), Crawford v. United States, No. 09-cv-

3078-RDR, 2009 WL 1657546, at *1 (D. Kan. June 12, 2009) (Judge Rogers concludesthat Crawford was not entitled to relief from his conviction and sentence on his claims

arising from a “private bond” as a matter of law and summarily dismissing the action);

Crawford v. United States, Case No. 11-3021-RDR (Judge Rogers dismisses as frivolous

the “habeas corpus” petition claiming that the indemnity bond that he posted offsets his

criminal conviction in the District of Minnesota); Crawford v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons,

No. 10-3108-RDR, 2010 WL 2671986, at *1 (D. Kan. June 30, 2010) (same). Copies of

the unpublished opinions cited in this footnote are attached as Attachment A.


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Federal Bureau of Prisons, Find an Inmate, http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/; enter BOP

Register Number 06613-041. (Last visited on September 29, 2015).

Analysis

Crawford seems to suggest that his “Satisfaction of Judgment” entitles him to be

released from incarceration under his federal conviction and sentence. To the extent that

Crawford suggests that the criminal conviction and sentence reflected in the judgment in

United States v. Crawford, Case No. Criminal Case No. 05–294 (D. Minn.), aff'd , 487

F.3d 1101 (8th Cir. 2007), is now satisfied by his self-styled “Satisfaction of Judgment,”

he is completely wrong. See Glover v. United States, No 13-cv-2646-JTM-TJJ (D. Kan.

Apr. 7, 2014) (dismissing similar “Satisfaction of Judgment” civil action seeking to

circumvent federal criminal proceedings) (Attachment B); Amerson v. United States,

No.13-cv-3132-SAC (D. Kan. Sept. 17, 2013) (same) (Attachment C), aff’d, 550 F.

App’x 603 (10th Cir. 2013). No amount of money—whether real or imagined—will buy

Crawford’s release from his conviction and sentence. See Bostic v. Unknown Agents of

State of N.C. Judicial Sys., 896 F.2d 545 (4th Cir. 1990) (“Bostic’s suit [pursuant to 42

U.S.C. § 1983] shows that he takes literally the notion that a prisoner must pay his debt to

society. . . . Bostic has no right under the laws or Constitution of the United States to

have his criminal conviction reduced to a monetary judgment which he can satisfy by

payment in money or prison time.”).

Nor can Crawford unilaterally set aside the sentence imposed against him by the

federal district court in Minnesota. To the extent that Crawford is attempting to

unilaterally commute his sentence, this he cannot do; only the President of the United


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States has the power to do so. See Binion v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 695 F.2d 1189, 1190

(9th Cir. 1983) (“The Constitution confers on the President ‘power to grant reprieves and

pardons for offenses against the United States.’ U.S. Const. Art. II, § 2, cl. 1. A

presidential pardon is an act of grace.”). Instead, a motion pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 2255

would be Crawford’s only lawful means to challenge his conviction or sentence. See

United States v. Thody, 14-7000, 2014 WL 2808265 (10th Cir. June 23, 2014) (“It is

well-settled that ‘[t]he exclusive remedy for testing the validity of a [federal] judgment

and sentence, unless it is inadequate or ineffective, is that provided for in 28 U.S.C. §

2255.’”) (quoting Caravalho v. Pugh, 177 F.3d 1177, 1178 (10th Cir. 1999) (quotation

omitted)). “The remedy under § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective only in ‘extremely

limited circumstances.’” Lee v. Maye, No. 14-3054-RDR, 2014 WL 1643521, *2 (D.

Kan. Apr. 24, 2014) (quoting Caravalho v. Pugh, 177 F.3d 1177, 1178 (10th Cir. 1999)).

That Crawford styled his pleading as a “Satisfaction of Judgment” does not control

the manner in which it should be interpreted by this Court:

Any motion filed in the district court that imposed the sentence, and

substantively within the scope of § 2255 ¶ 1, is a motion under § 2255, no

matter what title the prisoner plasters on the cover. See, e.g., Ramunno v.

United States, 264 F.3d 723 (7th Cir. 2001). Call it a motion for a new

trial, arrest of judgment, mandamus, prohibition, coram nobis, coram vobis,

audita querela, certiorari, capias, habeas corpus, ejectment, quare impedit,

bill of review, writ of error, or an application for a Get-Out-of-Jail Card; the

name makes no difference. It is substance that controls. See Thurman v.

Gramley, 97 F.3d 185, 186-87 (7th Cir. 1996).

Melton v. United States, 359 F.3d 855, 857 (7th Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original); see

United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d 1145, 1149 (10th Cir. 2006) (“It is the relief sought, not

pleading’s title, that determines whether the pleading is § 2255 motion.”).


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Title 18, Section 3582, sets forth the three circumstances under which the Court

has jurisdiction to modify a sentence of imprisonment:

(1) upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons if the defendant, inter

alia, is at least 70 years of age and has served at least 30 years in prison (see §3582(c)(1)(A));

(2) to the extent otherwise expressly permitted by statute, such as 28 U.S.C. §

2255, or by Fed. R. Crim. P. 35 (see § 3582(c)(1)(B)); or

(3) if the defendant was sentenced under a guideline sentencing range which has

subsequently been lowered (see § 3582(c)(2)).

Because Crawford’s pleading does not demonstrate that any of those circumstances are

applicable, the Court is without jurisdiction to modify his sentence. See, e.g., United

States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d 1236, 1239 (10th Cir. 2008).

The Bureau of Prisons, by law, is required to incarcerate Crawford until he has

completed his term of imprisonment. A person who has been sentenced to a term of

imprisonment “shall be committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons until the

expiration of the term imposed . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3621(a); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3624(a)

(addressing the date of release). Because Crawford cannot demonstrate that his

“Satisfaction of Judgment” actually satisfies the judgment against him, or otherwise

suggest any legitimate basis for setting aside his conviction or sentence under § 2255, he

must serve the term of incarceration imposed by the Court until released from custody by

the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and after his release, all of the conditions of his supervised

release. Cf., Amerson, 550 F. App’x 603 (rejecting as frivolous within the meaning of

PLRA plaintiff’s arguments suggesting that the documents he filed in state court are

authorized under the terms of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and that those


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documents satisfy all financial interests against him, including those connected to his

federal criminal conviction; “[t]he UCC governs commercial transactions and cannot be

used to upset criminal convictions, even collaterally.”) (citations omitted).

Even if this case is not an improvident collateral attack on Crawford’s conviction

and sentence,2 Crawford cannot sue the United States or its agencies in state or federal

court absent a waiver of sovereign immunity:

“[T]he United States cannot be sued without its consent.” Iowa Tribe of

Kan. & Neb. v. Salazar , 607 F.3d 1225, 1232 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Jacks, 960 F.2d 911, 913

(10th Cir. 1992)) (internal quotation mark omitted). District courts “lacksubject matter jurisdiction over a claim against the United States for which

sovereign immunity has not been waived.” Id. (citing Normandy Apts., Ltd.

v. HUD, 554 F.3d 1290, 1295 (10th Cir. 2009)). When the United States

does consent to be sued, “it can impose conditions on that consent,” San

Juan County v. United States, 503 F.3d 1163, 1175 (10th Cir. 2007), and

“the terms of its waiver of sovereign immunity define the extent of the

court's jurisdiction,” Sw. Four Wheel Drive Ass'n. v. BLM , 363 F.3d 1069,

1071 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Mottaz, 476 U.S. 834, 841,

106 S. Ct. 2224, 90 L. Ed. 2d 841 (1986)) (internal quotation mark

omitted). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the United States'waiver of sovereign immunity. Iowa Tribe of Kan. & Neb., 607 F.3d at

1232.

Beals v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 460 F. App’x 773, 775 (10th Cir. 2012). Crawford cannot

demonstrate the existence of a waiver of sovereign immunity that authorizes this suit

2 State courts lack the authority to reverse or set aside federal convictions and

sentences. See 18 U.S.C. § 3231 (“The district courts of the United States shall have

original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States, of all offenses against the lawsof the United States.”); Bradshaw v. Story, 86 F.3d 164, 165 (10th Cir. 1996) (a 28

U.S.C. § 2255 petition attacks the legality of detention and must be filed in the district

that imposed the sentence); Fouche v. Mukasey, 296 F. App’x. 74 (D.C. Cir. 2008)

(defendant’s “complaint constituted a collateral attack on his conviction and sentence,

which must be pursued by motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 in the sentencing court;

or, if the § 2255 remedy is inadequate or ineffective, by a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2241 in the judicial district where appellant’s custodian is located”).


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7/11

7

against the United States, the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, or the Federal

District Court of Minnesota in either state or federal court. The United States has not

consented to suit in any state court with the exception of actions to quiet title, foreclose a

mortgage or other lien, condemnation or interpleader, see 28 U.S.C. § 2410, and therefore

this case must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Crawford’s

claims against it are barred by sovereign immunity.

Crawford v. Crawford

Although this analysis demonstrates that Crawford’s case against the United

States, USP-Leavenworth, and the Federal District court of Minnesota, must be dismissed

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or failure to state a claim, their dismissal leaves one

remaining defendant: Crawford—because Crawford’s pleadings seemingly name himself

as a defendant. First, Crawford’s suit against himself presents a non-justiciable claim

that must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction:

There is much argument with citation of many cases to establish the long-

recognized general principle that no person may sue himself. Properly

understood the general principle is sound, for courts only adjudicate

justiciable controversies. They do not engage in the academic pastime of

rendering judgments in favor of persons against themselves. Thus a suit

filed by John Smith against John Smith might present no case or

controversy which courts could determine.

United States v. I.C.C., 337 U.S. 426, 430 (1949). “Under Article III of the Constitution,

federal courts may adjudicate only actual, ongoing cases or controversies.” Lewis v.

Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990). “[T]he case-or-controversy limitation is

crucial to maintaining the tripartite allocation of power set forth in the Constitution.”

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 341 (2006). Consequently, “[n]o


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principle is more fundamental to the judiciary’s proper role in our system of

government.” Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 37 (1976). Because this

Court lacks jurisdiction over Crawford’s claims against the United States and himself, it

should be dismissed entirely under Rule 12(b)(1).

Second, Crawford lacks the power to grant the relief he seeks—a release order

from incarceration, and therefore his pleading fails to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted.

Sanctions Against Crawford for Filing Yet Another Frivolous Suit

In this, his sixth frivolous habeas or civil case filed in Kansas, Crawford tries once

again to unilaterally commute his federal sentence. As repeatedly explained—as

common sense would dictate—Crawford cannot shorten his federal sentence by collateral

meritless schemes in state court. Because he keeps trying the same trick that has failed

three or more times, Crawford should no longer be permitted to needlessly consume the

time and resources of the state court, this Court, and the United States.

First, the United States asks this Court to again find this case to be frivolous.

Second, assuming that the prior rulings of dismissal were insufficient to put Crawford on

notice of the possibility of sanctions for filing frivolous civil cases,3 the United States

3

The district court in Minnesota has imposed filing restrictions in his continued post-conviction attacks on his criminal convictions:

This matter is before the Court pursuant to Defendant's most recent

post-conviction submissions in this matter. (Docket Nos. 223, 224, 225,

226, 227 and 229.) None of Defendant's pending submissions presents any

viable grounds for granting him any relief in this matter. Indeed, the Court

finds all of Defendant's pending submissions to be frivolous, because they


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asks this Court to warn Crawford that any future actions in state court challenging his

sentence may result in sanctions against him under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 or the inherent

power of the Court.

lack any “arguable basis either in law or in fact.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490

U.S. 319, 325 (1989). Therefore, all of Defendant's pending requests for

relief will be summarily rejected and denied.

Defendant has now filed well over 100 pro se submissions in this

case, including more than two dozen since his conviction and sentence were

affirmed by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals on direct appeal.

Furthermore, Defendant's submissions have become increasingly

incomprehensible, redundant and abusive.

Prisoners do, of course, have a right of access to the courts. That

right, however, does not guaranty prisoners, (or anyone else), an

unrestricted opportunity to file frivolous, malicious or abusive documents.

See In re Tyler , 839 F.2d 1290, 1292 (8th Cir. 1988) (“there is ‘no

constitutional right of access to the courts to prosecute an action that is

frivolous or malicious' ”), (quoting Phillips v. Carey, 638 F.2d 207, 208

(10th Cir.), cert. denied , 450 U.S. 985 (1981)). “Frivolous, bad faith claims

consume a significant amount of judicial resources, diverting the time and

energy of the judiciary away from processing good faith claims.” Tyler ,839 F.2d at 1292. Such “excessive litigation” imposes “unnecessary

burdens on, and the useless consumption of, court resources.” Id. A

federal court “has authority to control and manage matters pending before

it,” and “may, in its discretion, place reasonable restrictions on any litigant

who files non-meritorious actions for obviously malicious purposes and

who generally abuses judicial process.” Id. at 1292, 1293.

In light of Defendant's extensive record of frivolous filings in this

matter, the Court finds that it is now necessary and appropriate to protect

the District Court and its staff from any further abusive submissions byDefendant. Therefore, any written materials hereafter received from

Defendant shall be presented to the Court without being filed. The Clerk of

Court shall not file, or respond to, any future submissions from Defendant,

except as directed by the Court.

United States v. Crawford , No. CRIM. 05-294 JRT/AJB, 2009 WL 1096050, at *1 (D.

Minn. Apr. 22, 2009)


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Conclusion

Crawford’s case should be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, or in

the alternative, for failure to state a claim.

Respectfully submitted,

BARRY R. GRISSOM

United States Attorney

s/ Christopher Allman

CHRISTOPHER ALLMAN

Assistant United States Attorney

KS S. Ct. No 14225

500 State Avenue, Suite 360Kansas City, Kansas 66101

PH: 913.551.6730

FX: 913.551.6541

EM: [email protected]

ELECTRONICALLY FILED

Attorneys for the United States


mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


11/11

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that on September 29, 2015, the foregoing was electronically filed with

the Clerk of the Court using the CM/ECF system. I further certify that on this date the

foregoing document including copies of the unpublished cases cited herein, and the

notice of electronic filing were mailed by first-class mail to the following non-CM/ECF

participant:

Tommie Perris Crawford

#06613-041

USP – Leavenworth

P.O. Box 1000Leavenworth, KS 66048

Pro Se Plaintiff

s/Christopher Allman

CHRISTOPHER ALLMAN


tommie crawford - motion to dismiss

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