tomato - university of california, davis · tomato – soil management ... drip irrigation...
TRANSCRIPT
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Advanced Horticulture – Pest Management,
Soil and Water Management
Tomato
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Tomato – Plant Considerations
Warm Season Vegetable Deep Rooted (Pepper and Eggplant –
Medium Deep) Moderate Water Needs Low Tolerance to Excess Soil Moisture Medium to Good Tolerance to Drought Medium Tolerance to Humidity Low to Medium N, P, K Needs
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Tomato – Soil Management Considerations
Soil Types – Adaptable to Many Sandy – Warm up faster, Better Drained
Best for early field planting
Clay Loam – Higher Yields, Higher Water Holding Capacity
- More Susceptible to Root Diseases
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Whole leaf and petiole nutrient sufficiency guidelines
Sufficiency range by growth stage Plant Part Nutrient First Flower Full Bloom Whole leaf %N 4.6 – 5.2 3.5 – 4.5 %P .32 - .49 .25 - .41 %K 2.2 – 3.5 1.6 – 3.1 Petiole dry ppm NO3 8 – 12,000 4 – 8,000 ppm PO4 2,500-3,500 2 – 3,000 %K 5 – 8 3 - 5
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Whole leaf and petiole nutrient sufficiency guidelines
Sufficiency range by growth stage Plant Part Nutrient First Flower Full Bloom Petiole Sap ppm NO3 600 – 900 300 – 600 %K 3 – 4,000 2,500-3,500
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Potassium Deficiency
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Tomato – Water Management Considerations
Deep Rooted Deep, Infrequent Irrigations
Frequency Factors:
o Soil Type o Crop Growth Stage o Variety o Irrigation Method
• Furrow/Flood – 7 to 14 days • Drip – 1 to 3 days
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Tomato – Water Management Considerations
Soil Salinity and Irrigation Water Salinity Lower Salinity Less Frequent Irrigation,
More Quantity each Irrigation Higher Salinity More Frequent Irrigation,
Less Quantity each Irrigation Tomato Moderate Tolerance to Salt
o EC < 2.5 mmhos/cm (Soil) o TDS < 2,000 ppm (Water)
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Tomato Furrow Irrigation
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Tomato – Water Management Considerations
Very High Relationship Between Soil/Water Status and Disease Susceptibility o Root Diseases – Phytophthora Root Rot o Foliage (stem, leave) Diseases – Late Blight,
Early Blight o Fruit Diseases – Bacterial Speck,
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Drip irrigation requirement between irrigations without inducing crop
water stress Soil texture Irrigation requirement (mm)
sand 5.0 – 7.5
sandy loam 7.5 – 12.5
silt loam 12.5 – 18.0
clay loam 12.5 – 18.0
clay 10.0 – 15.0
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Tomato – Disease Management Strategies
Avoidance and Prevention
o Resistant Varieties, including Root Stock
o Cover Crops, Green Manure, Compost
o Sanitation
o Crop Rotation
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Tomato – Disease Management Strategies
Avoidance and Prevention
o Proper Soil Tilth
o Precise Water Management
o Correct Nutrient Management
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Tomato – Disease Management Strategies
Management and Control
o Monitor for Diseases Frequently
o Adjust Environment as Possible
o Control / Manage Insects
o Use Pesticides
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Physiological / Non-pathogenic Diseases
Examples – Blossom end rot, Catface / Cracking
Major causes – Water
management, soil compaction, temperature fluctuations
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Blossom End Rot – Calcium Deficiency
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Phytophthora Root Rot - Tomato
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Phytopthora Root Rot
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Phytophthora Root Rot
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Tomato – Fusarium Wilt
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Tomato – Fusarium Wilt
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Tomato – Fusarium Wilt
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Late Blight - Tomato
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Tomato Late Blight
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Alternaria Rot
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Tomato – Bacterial speck
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Rhizopus Fruit Rot
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Anthracnose Rot
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Fusarium Rot
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Late Blight - Tomato
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Tomato Pests - Nematode Microscopic roundworms - feed on plants by
puncturing cells and sucking their contents.
o Root knot : Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
o Lesion : Pratylenchus spp.
o Stubby root : Trichodorus sp. and Paratrichodorus sp.
o Needle : Longidorus africanus
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Lesion Nematode
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Nematode Management Cultural Practices
o Crop rotation with non-susceptible crops
o Deep plowing,
o Fallow, and
o Destroy susceptible weed hosts
o Proper irrigation and crop nutrition
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Nematode Management Resistant cultivars
Monitoring
Solarization
Treatment with Pesticide
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Weed Management Components
Monitoring - Knowledge of what weeds are present
Weed Management Before Planting Weed Management At Planting Weed Management After Planting
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Weed Management - Monitoring
Monitoring - Knowledge of what weeds are present
Conduct weed surveys on each field at least twice a year
Note the location of weeds producing seed
Examine field edges and ditch banks
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Weed Management – Pre-Plant
Crop Rotation
Field preparation
Soil solarization
Herbicides
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Weed Management – At Planting
Planting dates
Cultivation
Transplanting
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Weed Management – Post-Plant Cultural practices
o keep canal banks free of weeds o subsurface drip irrigation o maintain deep furrows
Cultivation and hand-weeding o cultivate when weeds are small o Eliminate plants that have dodder attached
Flaming Herbicides
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Dodder on Tomato
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Black Nightshade
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Pigweed (Amaranthus)
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London Rocket
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Purple Nutsedge
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