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ASEAN Cooperation in Food, Agriculture and Forestry

HARMONIZATION OF

HATCHERY RO!"CTION OFPenaeus monodon

IN ASEAN CO"NTRIES

Fi s h e r i e s u b l i c a t i o n Se r i e s No.3

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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CURRENT STATUS

3. SITE SELECTION3.1 Water Sul!

3.2 Near the A"uaculture Site an# the $ar%et &lace

3.3 Transortation3.' Electricit! an# Co((unication

3.) Natural Disasters

3.* Securit!

'. +ATC+ER, DESI-N

'.1 Sie o/ +atcher!

'.2 Water Sul!'.3 Aeration S!ste(

). S&AWNERS).1 Source an# Abun#ance

).2 $aturation Techni"ues

).3 0ee# an# 0ee#in).' +ealth $aintenance o/ Saners

*. +ATC+ER, TEC+NIUES

*.1 4aanese Techni"ue*.2 -al5eston Techni"ue

*.3 Taianese Techni"ue

*.' $o#i/ication o/ the Techni"ue b! EachASEAN Countr!

6. 0EED AND 0EEDIN-6.1 0ee#

6.2 0ee#in

7. WATER UALIT, $ANA-E$ENT

8. +EALT+ $ANA-E$ENT

19. +AR:ESTIN- AND +ANDIN-

19.1 +ar5estin

19.2 Sa(lin $etho#

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19.3 &ac%in

19.' +an#lin

11. ;I;IOLI-RA&+,

I##"STRATION AN! TA$#E

0iure 1< The Laborator! an# the Out#oor Culture o/ Skeletonemas.

Table 1< Oti(u( Ranes o/ Water ualit! /or Rearin &enaei# Shri( Lar5ae

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HARMONIZATION OF HATCHERY RO!"CTION

OFPenaeus monodonIN ASEAN CO"NTRIES

%& INTRO!"CTION

In 183' Dr. 0u=inaa> the orl#?s ac%nole#e# /ather o/ shri( culture> success/ull!sane# an# artiall! reare# the lar5ae o/ Penaeus japonicusin 4aan @+u#inaa> 18'2. In 18*3>

$r. Coo% o/ -al5eston Laborator! in TeBas> Unite# State o/ A(erica in collaboration ith Dr.0u=inaa> success/ull! sane# an# reare# the lar5ae o/ to A(erican secies, P. Setiferusan#P.

Aztecus@Coo% an# $urh!> 18**. The sanin techni"ue as later a#ote# an# use# b! (an!

hatcheries in Asia hich inclu#e Taian> the &hiliines> Thailan# an# $ala!sia. Secies o/ shri(that ha5e been ro#uce# in those countries are local secies such as P. monodon, P. merguiensis, P.indicusan#P. orientails. The techni"ue no is (o#i/ie# /or roer lar5al ro#uction ractice b!

co(binin the a#5antaes o/ both 4aanese techni"ue an# -al5aston techni"ue such as #one in

Taian> the &hiliines> Thailan# an# $ala!sia.

'& C"RRENT STAT"S

It as reorte# b! ASEAN Shri( Nes @Issue> No. 29> 188' that there ere

aroBi(atel! 3>699 shri( hatcheries in ASEAN countries in 188'. At least 8*>999 shri(saners are re"uire# each !ear to sul! the hatcheries to ro#uce o5er )' billion o/ shri(

lar5ae. It is ine5itable that the #e(an# o/ shri( /r! /or shri( culture in#ustr! oul# be increase#

sharl! in the near /uture articularl! in In#ia> :ietna( an# ;anla#esh here shri( /ar(in is

rai#l! eBan#in. To sul! a#e"uate a(ount o/ shri( /r! /or shri( /ar(in in#ustries in thereion> oo# shri( hatcher! ractice (anual shoul# be ublishe#.

The urose o/ this (anual is to co(ile the in/or(ation on the aroriate shri( hatcher!techni"ues /ro( #i//erent ASEAN $e(ber Countries to be use# as a ui#eline /or shri( hatcher!

ractice.

(& SITE SE#ECTION

The criteria /or site selection /or shri( hatcher! are as /ollo clear an# relati5e /ree /ro( silt an# ollution. The"ualit! an# "uantit! o/ seaater (ust be suitable /or hatcheries or%. The salinit! shoul# be

aroun# 2733 t @/or #ilution rocess> u to 129 t is usable.

0resh ater is necessar! to control the salinit! o/ lan%ton culture an# nurser! or

accli(atiation o/ /r! #urin transortation to /ar( on# area. 0resh ater is also use# /orcleanin e"ui(ent.

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The hatcher! shoul# be locate# aa! /ro( ater ollution sources i.e. in#ustrial

areas an# urban co((unities hich release in#ustrial an# #o(estic aste to the ater

source.

3.2 Near the A"uaculture Site an# the $ar%et &lace

The hatcher! shoul# re/erabl! be locate# near the /ar( on# area to (ini(ie

transort #uration an# stress to the see# an# to ease (ar%etin o/ ro#uct. The hatcher!shoul# be locate# near a lace here essential (aterials are a5ailable /or hatcher!> such as

/ee# /or broo#stoc% an# /r!> tools> e"ui(ent an# other /acilities. Source o/ saner /or

constant sul! is also ta%en into consi#eration in hatcher! site selection.

3.3 Transortation

The hatcher! shoul# be accessible @b! roa#> lane or boat /or con5enience in

transortation o/ saner> naulius an# ostlar5ae to an# /ro( the hatcher!. It shoul# alsobe con5enient /or #istribution o/ saners or naulius to the hatcher! an# /or #istribution o/ost lar5ae to the /ar(.

3.' Electricit! an# Co((unication

The hatcher! shoul# be ro5i#e# ith a reliable electric oer sul! /or all electric

e"ui(ents> i.e. ater u(> air bloer> laborator! e"ui(ent> hatcher! liht etc. Stan#b!asoline enine enerator (ust be a5ailable in case o/ electric oer /ailure.

Telehone co((unications are also essential /or the hatcher! in or#er to /acilitateconsultations ith eBerts in e(erenc! situations an# to (a%e urent or#ers o/ hatcher!

sulies> such as saner> naulius> /ee#> che(icals an# #ru.

3.) Natural Disasters

The location o/ the hatcher! shoul# be care/ull! selecte# to a5oi# natural #isasters

such as stor(> hih a5es an# stron in#s to re5ent #a(aes an# #estruction o/ the

/acilities an# e"ui(ents.

3.* Securit!

0or securit!> the hatcher! shoul# be lace# /ar /ro( sensiti5e areas here oachin

can be re5ente#. The electric circuits an# electric e"ui(ents shoul# be sulie# ith a

sa/et! cut.

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)& HATCHERY !ESI*N

The #esin o/ the hatcher! shoul# be si(le> econo(ic> neat> co(act an# eas! to beoerate# ith (aBi(u( e//icienc!. The (aterials use# shoul# be locall! a5ailable> chea an# lon

lastin. It can be (a#e /ro( a i#e rane o/ (aterials< rein/orce concrete> /erro concrete> /iberlass

an# oo# ith lastic linin /or eBa(le.

There is no seci/ic attern /or la!out o/ the hatcher!. The arrane(ent o/ tan%s an#

or%in saces shoul# be base# on or%in er/or(ance to sa5e ti(e an# labour #urin theoeration. The hatcher! shoul# be co5ere# to rotect aainst rain an# sunliht an# also to %ee

certain le5el o/ te(erature.

'.1 Sie o/ +atcher!

There is no li(itation in sie o/ hatcher!> as lon as there is sace /or broo#stoc% or(aturation tan%s> sanin tan%s> lar5ae rearin tan%s> nurser! tan%s an# alae or /oo#

oranis(s rearin tan%s. Nor(all!> there are three sies an# eachtan% has a caacit! o/ 19 1) cubic (eters> 11.7 (eters in #eth an# in an! shae

@circular> rectanular or s"uare. The construction (aterials are concrete> /eroce(ent>

/iberlass or others. In (ost o/ the hatcheries> its ater te(erature is controlle# b!

co5erin the tan%s ith blac% can5as or tile. The sie o/ s(allscale hatcheries is(eant to suit the /ar(ers an# are usuall! locate# in the coastal areas. So(e

hatcheries are (o#i/ie# /ro(Macrobrachiumhatcheries. $ost o/ the( are locate#

/ar /ro( the coastal area. The! enerall! use h!er saline ater /ro( salt /ar(s> an#subse"uentl! #ilute to the #esire# salinit!.

)&%&' Mediu+scale Hatc-ery

A (e#iu(scale hatcher! has the total tan% caacit! o/ 291 )99 cubic (eters. It

as #e5eloe# b! co(binin the best /eatures o/ s(allscale an# larescalehatcheries. The rearin tan%s usuall! ha5e a caacit! o/ 19 2) cubic (eters> 1.)

2.9 (eters #eth an# in an! shae. The rearin tan%s are usuall! lace# out#oor an#

co5ere# ith blac% can5as an# e"uie# ith heater /or te(erature control. Water

te(erature can also be controlle# b! co5erin the tan%s ith blac% can5as insi#e a

lastic co5ere# house to sa5e electricit!.

'.2 Water Sul!

The sea ater sul! s!ste( consist o/ a ater inta%e ieline> ater u( an#reser5oir. A sinle ieline is re"uire# /or the seaater inta%e s!ste(. 0or s(all scale

hatcher! ith 19 to 1) tan%s> a 2 h. electric u( an# a 19 to 1) ton reser5oir shoul# be

a#e"uate to sul! sea ater /or the hatcher!. 0or the (e#iu(scale hatcher! an# the lare

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scale> stainless steel u( ith a caacit! o/ )9 (3hr o/ seaater is re"uire#. To

sub(ersible u(s ith a caacit! o/ 2 h are also nee#e#.

+oe5er> i/ clean sea ater is not a5ailable> sea ater shoul# be u(e# an#

sulie# throuh a san# /ilter or throuh the ba /ilter> an# chlorinate# ith )9 (

h!#rochlori#e o5erniht> an# neutralie# ith so#iu( thiosul/ate be/ore usin.

'.3 Aeration S!ste(

An air u( shoul# be a5ailable all the ti(e in the hatcher!. The aeration s!ste( can

be either lo ressure ith hih 5olu(e i5en b! a roots air bloer> or a hih ressure ithlo 5olu(e t!e i5en b! a co(ressor. The /ar(er enerall! re/erre# less co(licate#

e"ui(ent hich oil/ree air because it is sa5e to use. 0or the s(allscale hatcher!> the

or#inar! c!lin#rical air bloer is su//icient> since the oil intro#uce into the s!ste( has no

sini/icant i(act on shri( lar5ae. 0or the culture tan%s here the (aBi(u( #eth is lessthan to (eters> an air ressure o/ about 9.2 9.3 %c( 2 is enouh. The caacit! o/ the

aeration s!ste( #een#s on the sie o/ hatcher!. 0or a 1( #ee tan%> a 3.* liter(in(2o/air is enouh to ensure oBi#ation o/ the hih oranic loa# in the rearin tan%.

There are (an! techni"ues to aerate the tan%. One techni"ue is to connect an Eslon

rubber air tube ith an air stone. One air stone is a#e"uate /or 9.) ( 2o/ ater area. Anothertechni"ue also uses an Eslon tube. The tube is #rille# to (a%e se5eral holes /or air #i//usion

hich is lace# on the botto( o/ the tan%. Air is in=ecte# into the ater throuh these holes.

Aeration shoul# be oerate# at all ti(e #urin nurser! erio#. There/ore> a batter!oere# or asoline enerator (ust be installe# to be an alternati5e oer sul! in case o/

oer /ailure.

.& SA/NERS

).1 Source an# Abun#ance

In Thailan#> shri( broo#stoc%> ra5i# /e(ales /or arti/icial see# ro#uction inhatcheries co(e /ro( the il#. The! are cature# b! traler at the #eth o/ (ore than '9 (>

199 1)9 %(. o//shore in the An#a(an sea. The ea% season to cature ra5i# /e(ale is

nor(all! /ro( Dece(ber to $arch an# 4une to Sete(ber. It is relati5el! oor to catch

ra5i# /e(ale #urin the (onsoon erio#. As shri( /ecun#it! an# e "ualit! increase ith

bo#! sie> the oo# "ualit! broo#er there/ore (ust be larer than 23 c(. ith 5arious staeso/ (aturit! es. The broo#ers are %et in the hol#in tan%s on boar# ith aeration s!ste(.

Transortation o/ shri( broo#ers to the hatcher! is (a#e shortl! a/ter the traler arri5e# atthe ort. Nor(all!> ' 19 broo#ers are ac%e# in lastic ba ith oB!en at a te(erature

o/ abo5e 29 229C. Shri(s can sur5i5e in a oo# con#ition /or * 7 hrs a/ter catchin.

).2 $aturation Techni"ues

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Fun5an%i= @1872> Tiensonrus(ee @1872> &ri(a5era @1872 reorte# that three

basic techni"ues> inclu#in e!estal% ablation> nutrition an# (aniulation o/ en5iron(ent> areuse# searatel! or in co(bination to in#uce shri( (aturation. -ra5i# /e(ales ith eiht

o5er 199 are (ostl! use# /or e!estal% ablation. A/ter e!estal% ablatin the broo#ers are

then release# in the (aturation tan%s ith unablate# (ale. -enerall!> the seB ratio is

(aintaine# at 1 2 (ales to 1 /e(ale> an# stoc%in rate is ) 7 shri(( 2. Shri(s are %etin these tan%s until the ona# is con#itione#> usuall! about 3 6 #a!s a/ter the e!estal%

ablation. The /re"uenc! o/ broo#stoc% eBa(ination in the tan%s 5aries /ro( #ail! to e5er!other #a!. A/ter the ona# has #e5eloe# to stae II an# stae I:> the shri( ill be

trans/erre# to the sanin tan% hich is e"uie# ith an aerator. A/ter sanin> the

shri( ill be returne# to the (aturation tan% aain to re(ature the ona# /or subse"uentsanin.

The (aturation tan% can be o/ an! shae @circular> rectanular or s"uare an# an!

sie 5ar!in /ro( ) )9 tons in caacit!> 1 2 (eter in #eth. Construction (aterialsinclu#in concrete> /erroce(ent> /iber a#=uste# in suitable con#itions an# (aintenance o/

ater "ualit! b! reular sihonin out o/ #ebris> etc. Water (a! be /lon throuh>recirculate# or ith reular @#ail!> tice a ee%> etc. reneal. Nor(all!> the (aturationtan%s are co5ere# ith blac% can5as or %et insi#e the house to re#uce stress an# to easil!

chec% ona# staes b! usin /lashliht.

).3 0ee# an# 0ee#in

$olluscs (eat> inclu#in (ussel> cla(> coc%le> crab an# s"ui# (eat> are the (ostco((on /oo# /or the broo#stoc%. Other /oo# ite(s are those o/ /resh or /roen ith hih

rotein contents @'9 *9G (arine or(s> (!si#> shri( an# #rie# ellets. These /oo#s

(a! be i5en in#i5i#uall! or in co(bination ith #ail! /ee#in rate o/ aroBi(atel! 19 39G or 3 )G o/ shri(s eiht /or et /ee# an# #rie# /ee# @ellet> resecti5el!. 0ee#

shoul# be i5en u to /our ti(es a #a! an# the #ail! ration is #i5i#e# accor#inl!.

).' +ealth $aintenance o/ Saners

&re5ention o/ #iseases throuh roer nutrition an# (aintenance o/ oo# ater

"ualit! is (ore i(ortant than control. +oe5er> bacterial #iseases such as ootha(niu(

an# /unal #iseases can be controlle# throuh alication o/ antibiotic or che(icals such as about 19 29 c( o/ /resh clean ater is a##e# #ail! #een#in uon the

#ensit! o/ lan%ton. I/ the #ensit! o/ lan%ton is lo> so!bean ca%e> so!bean cur#> e !ol%>

or /ertilie# es o/ o!ster are i5en as sule(entar! /oo#. Shri( lar5ae bein to /ee# onthe lan%ton hen the! reach the rotooa stae. Durin the (!sis stae> the! are /e# ith

roti/er @Brachionus plicatilis or brine shri( @Artimia salina naulii. Once the ost lar5ae

reach &L*> the! are /e# ith (ince# (ussel> cla( (eat or /or(ulate# lar5ae /ee# ith

correson#in #ecrease in ration "uantit! o/ brine shri( naulii until the! reach &8.

;e!on# this stae> the lar5ae are /ee# solel! ith (ince# (ussel> cla( (eat or arti/icial#iets 3' ti(es a #a!. To ensure su//icient a(ount o/ alae in the rearin tan%> ure cultures

o/ #iato( are use# be/ore the alication o/ /ertilier. The a#5antaes an# #isa#5antaes o/these s!ste(s are 999 2>999 litre an# the saner tan%s /ro( 199 to 2)9 litre. The stoc%in #ensit! isso hih @299 399 nauliil that the lar5ae can onl! be reare# u to &L1 &L). Earthenon#s or concrete tan%s are necessar! /or /urther rearin o/ =u5enile be/ore stoc%in in

roout on#. In the lar5ae rearin tan%s> ala cell are a##e# #ail! #urin the rotooea

stae an# nel! hatche# arte(ia are i5en #urin the (!sis an# earl! ost lar5al stae. Thea#5antaes an# #isa#5antaes o/ these s!ste(s are as /ollos 999

3>999 l an# the nurser! tan%s ith caacit! o/ 39 199 (3are caable /or rearinthe lar5ae u to &L39. The saners are lace# in the sanin tan%s an# re(o5e#

/ro( the tan% in the earl! (ornin a/ter sanin. The es are collecte# an#

ashe#> or 23 o/ ater in the tan% is #raine# /ro( the sanin tan% throuh /ilter

nets an# then relenishe# ith /resh ater an# lea5e the es to hatch in the sa(etan%. The nu(ber o/ hatche# naulii is esti(ate#. I/ the a5erae naulii a/ter

hatchin is (ore than 9.) (illion @or 29 39 nauliil then the naulii aretrans/erre# into a larer tan% @29 199 ( 3. In this ne tan%> the lar5ae are reare#until &L 2). I/ the bier tan% is not a5ailable /or the lare nu(ber o/ lar5ae @ 199

299 lar5ael the lar5ae are reare# u to &L2 &L* an# then trans/erre# to the lare

tan%.

b. The techni"ue is also (o#i/ie# to increase the e//icienc! o/ Taianese techni"ue.

-enerall!> the techni"ue is as #escribe# in @a but the nurser! tan% is co5ere# ith

can5as an# ater te(erature controller. The ater te(erature is usuall! controlle#at 32 3' 9C. The naulii are trans/erre# to nurser! tan% an# /e# ith Skeletonema

s. an# (icrocasulate# /ee#. Nel! hatche# arte(ia an# (icrocasulate# /ee#s are

use# in ost lar5ae stae.

2& FEE! AN! FEE!IN*

6.1 0ee#

The t!e o/ /ee# /or shri( lar5ae #een#s on the a5ailabilit! at each location.

Nor(all!> the cheaest /oo# ith the best outut hich is a5ailable all !ear roun# ill be

selecte#. There are (an! t!es o/ /ee# hich are use# in hatcheries such as there are to

stes.

a&% #a4oratory Culture5

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The -uillar#?s (e#ia> Con5e!?s (e#ia< &ro5asali (e#ia> an# Sato an#

Seri%a5a (e#ia are (ost o/ten use#. In this (anual> the culture (e#ia

a#ate# /ro( Sato an# Seri%a5a (e#ia are reco((en#e#.JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

Stoc% solution a(ount1L seaater

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

NaNO3 199 L 1.9 (l

Na +CO3 1*7L 9.) (lNa2SiO3 1)L 1.9 (l

Na2+&O'12 +2O 199 L 9.1 (l

:ita(in ;12 1>999 (199(l 1.9 (l&L Solution 1.9 (l

&L Solution consist o/ 999 (lNa2EDTA 3.99 (

0e Cl3* +2O 9.2' (Hn Cl2 9.93 ($n Cl2'+2O 9.26 (

Co Cl2*+2O 9.97 (

Cu SO')+2O 9.9' (+3;O3 3.'' (

a&'& Outdoor Culture5

There are to /or(ulas o/ culture (e#ia hich are use# in hatcher!.

FNO3 199.99 (

Na3+&O' 19.99 (

0e Cl3 2.)9 (Na2SiO3 ).99 (

Seaater 1.99 (3

Urea @'*99 *9 ((3

N.&.F. @1)1)1) 39 ((3

Na2SiO3 1) ((3

The che(icals o/ the selecte# /or(ula are #issol5e# in ater in the #iato( culture

tan%. Stoc% #iato( is then a##e# into the tan%. Aeration o/ the ater is re"uire#. Within 12#a!s the #iato( ill ha5e (ultilie#.

The #iara( /or the laborator! culture o/ #iato( both in#oors an# out#oor is shon

in the 0iure 1.

0iure 1 < The laborator! an# out#oor culture o/ Skeletonemas.

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3'#a!s

(temp. 25

b. Zooplan6ton@Arte(ia an# roti/er

Hoolan%ton is use# /or the (!sis an# ost lar5al stae.

Arte(ia

Arte(ia is nutritious an# suitable /or lar5ae> but it is 5er! eBensi5e an# (ust be

i(orte# in the /or( o/ c!sts in 5acuu( cans. The c!sts (ust be hatche# in seaaterith hih aeration s!ste(. The a(ount o/ arte(ia c!sts use# is at 2 (l o/ sea

ater. The es ill hatch out ithin 2' '7 hours an# e shells (ust be re(o5e#

therea/ter. ;! stoin the aeration an# the shells ill /loat to the sur/ace. TheArte(ia lar5ae are then sihone# out o/ the hatchin =ar. These Arte(ia shoul# be

treate# ith 199 (l /or(alin /or 1 hour be/ore /ee#in to the lar5ae.

In so(e hatcheries> the Arte(ia c!sts are #ecasulate# ith bleachin o#er

@Ca@OCl2an# CaO or Na2CO3be/ore hatchin. Decasulation o/ Arte(ia c!sts as

/irst #escribe# b! Soreloos et. Al. @1866 ith the /olloin roce#ures.

&rearation o/ #ecasulation solutionbleachin o#er Ca@OCl2 as acti5e

inre#ient is #issol5e# in ater> an# aerate# /or 19 (in. Then technical CaO or

13

Test tube

Skeletonema1-2drops

+Seawater and

fertilizers 10(l.

Flask 250 mlSkeletonema10 ml

+Seawater and

fertilizers150 ml

Flask 1000 mlSkeletonema150

+Seawater and

fertilizers850 ml

ottle !000 mlSkeletonema500

ml+

Seawater andfertilizers"000 ml

Skeletonema2.5 # 10$%el&ml.

For feedin' te lar)aeor %ulturin' diatom

in ration 1* 10 or 1 * 20

on%rete tank 10 m"

Skeletonema500 l+

Seawater and fertilizers

19 (3

Fiber'lass tank 1 m"

Skeletonema12 l+

Seawater and fertilizers,00 m"

)6#a!s 3'

#a s

2 da

1-2 das 2-" das

ut door Skeletonema%ulture

/aborator Skeletonemaulture (temp. 25

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There are to (a=or (etho#s /or the (ass culture o/ Roti/er> accor#in to the sie o/

the tan% an# the rocess o/ har5estin. One is the Chanin Tan% $etho# an# the other one

is the &artial +ar5est $etho#.

Tan%s o/ 9.) 3 (3 caacit! are use# in the Chanin Tan% $etho#. At the onset>

one tan% @tan% A is inoculate# ith Chlorella. A/ter Chlorella #ensit! reach 1 B 19 6cells er

(l.> Roti/ers are a##e# at a #ensit! o/ 19 29 in#i5i#uals er (l. When reen ater is use#an# beco(es clear> brea# !east is i5en tice #ail! at a ratio o/ 1 ( !east to 19*Roti/ers larer 5olu(e is har5este# an# use# to /ee# the shri( lar5ae. The s(aller

5olu(e is retaine# to ser5e as inocula /or another Chlorella tan% @tan% ;. Thus> the rocess

is that o/ trans/errin /ro( tan% A to tan% ;> ; to C. C to D an# so /orth.

In the &artial +ar5est $etho#> a nu(ber o/ searate lare tan%s /or the (ass culture

o/ Chlorellaan# Roti/ers are nee#e# e.. to )9 ( 3Chlorellas. culture tan%s alon ith

se5eral 19 (3Roti/er culture tan%s. Initiall!> the Roti/ers culture tan% is inoculate# ithChlorellas. an# brouht the #ensit! u to 1 2 B 19 6cells(l. The Roti/ers are then

inoculate# at a #ensit! o/ 19 29 in#.(l. As soon as the Roti/ers #ensit! eBcee#s 199in#.(l> 1) to 13 o/ the 5olu(e is har5este# #een#in on the #ensit! o/ the Roti/ers. Ane"ual "uantit! o/ Chlorella s. Culture @ 1 2 B 196cell(l. is then a##e#. The Roti/er can

be har5este# #ail! ith the no. 299 (esh sie @6) ( lan%ton net. One lar5ae at the (!sis

stae consu(es about 199 399 Roti/ers er #a!.

2&%&' Supple+entary Feed

a. $il%> boile# e !ol% an# e custar# /or the oea an# (!sis stae.

b. E custar#> shri( (eal> (ussel> cla( (eal> screene# /resh /ish> s"ui# an#coc%le are use# /or the ost lar5al stae.

c. $icroencasulate# /ee# is use# /or the oea to ost lar5al stae.

#. &ellets @39 '9 ercent rotein o/ 199 sie is use# /or the ost lar5al

stae.

6.2 0ee#in

Nauplius stageDurin this stae> the naulii utilie /oo# store# in their !ol% sac. 0or the t!ical

s!ste(> #iato(s are also sulie# to the hatcheries tan%s in or#er to (a%e their oulation

ro to the oea stae.

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c Co5er the tan% ith blac% can5as to control ater te(erature an# to %ee lan%ton

bloo(in.

9& HEA#TH MANA*EMENT

The lar5ae are nor(all! sensiti5e to the chanes o/ the en5iron(ental con#ition. The (ost

i(ortant /actors are ater te(erature> salinit!> +> the a(ount o/ nitroen co(oun#s @N+ 3N>NO2N an# #iseases.

To (aintain oo# con#ition /or rearin lar5ae> the /olloin or%s shoul# be #one.

a Water te(erature> salinit!> +> nitritenitroen an# a((onia nitroen in ater shoul#

be chec%e# #ail! an# a#=uste#.

b Star5ation o/ shri(s shoul# be a5oi#e# an# eBcess /oo# shoul# be a5oi#e# not to

ollute the ater

c 0or #isease re5ention> all rearin tan%s an# utensils shoul# be roerl! cleane# or

totall! sterilie# b! chlorination

# 0or lar5ae health insection> shri( in rearin tan%s shoul# be chec%e# e5er! #a!. I/ an!

s!(to( is notice# the! shoul# be brouht to the atholo! la /or /urther #iaosis.

e 0or the control o/ argenidiuman# other /unal #isease> the alication o/ 9.91 (l(alachite or tre/lan is reco((en#e#. 0or bacterial #isease the alication o/ 3 ) (l

o/ antibiotic @OB!tetrac!cline> 0uraoli#on or Er!thro(!cin is use#> an# /or

!oothamniums. ;! 2) )9 (l /or(alin is i#el! use#. +oe5er> the shri( stoc%(a! be trans/erre# to another tan% to cut o// the c!cle o/ athoenic arasites.

Table 1Oti(u( Ranes o/ Water ualit! /or Rearin the &enaei# Shri( Lar5ae

&ara(eter Oti(u( &re/erable

Te(eratures 279C 329C 399C

Salinit! 27 32 t 39 t

Turbi#it!

Susen#e# soli#s 9 199 (l 9 19 (l

Total soli#s 9 1999 (l 9 199 (l

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Cont.

&ara(eter Oti(u( &re/erable

+ *.) 7.) 6 7

Dissol5e# oB!en ' 19 (l 7 19 (l

Reacti5e hoshate content 19 199 l 19 l

Unionie# a((onia @N+3 9 9.1 (l 9 (l

Ionie# a((onia @N+K' 9 1.) (l 9 (l

;OD 9 ' (l 9 (l

COD 9 3 (l 9 (l

Nitrate @NO2 9 * (l NO2Nl 99.) ( NO2Nl

Nitrite @NO3 9 299 (l NO3 Nl 9)9 ( NO3Nl

ToBic substances(etals s(all bas o/ ice an# Arti(ia are usuall! a##e# in the boB.

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$I$#IO*RAHY

Coo%> +il. An# $urh!> $A 18**. Rearin &enaei# Shri( /ro( Es to &ost Lar5ae. &roc.

Con/. Southeast Assoc. -a(e Co((. 18 < 273 277

+u#inaa> $. 18'2. Rero#uction> De5elo(ent an# Rearin o/ Penaeus japonicus;ate. 4a. 4.Hool.> 19 +. 188' +o Thailan# ;eco(e the Larest &ro#ucer o/ Culture# Shri( in the Wor#.

ASEAN EEC A"uaculture De5elo(ent an# Coor#ination &rora((e> ;an%o%>

Thailan# 22 .

Fun5an%i=> &. 1872 The Desin an# Oeration o/ Shri( +atcheries in Thailan#. Wor%in &art!

on S(allscale Shri(ran +atcheries in Southeast Asia> Se(aran> Central 4a5a>

In#onesia> Technical Reort . 116 129

&ri(a5era> 4.+. 1872 De5elo(ent o/ ;roo#stoc% /or S(allscale +atcher! @ith articularre/erence toPenaeus monodon. Wor%in &art! on S(allscale Shri(ran +atcheries inSoutheast Asia> Se(aran> Central 4a5a> In#onesia. Technical Reort. &. 61 6*.

Roenhanich> N. 187* ;ree#in an# Nursin o/ &enaei# Shri(. Southeast Asian 0isheriesDe5elo(ent Central. S0IS EBtensi5e $anual Series no. 38 31 .

Soreloos> &.> ;ossu!t> E.> Lar5ae> E.> ;aea$easa> $.> an# &ersoone> -. 1886. Decasulation or

Artimia c"sts< a Shri( Techni"ue /or the I(ro5e(ent o/ Use o/ ;rine Shri( inA"uaculture> A"uaculture> 12> 311 .

Tail> ,.> &ri(a5era> 4.+. an# Llobrera> 4.A. 187) &rocee#ins o/ the 0irst InternationalCon/erence on the Culture o/ &enaei# &ransshri(. A"uaculture De5elo(ent Southeast

Asian 0isheries De5elo(ent Center> Iloilo> &hiliines. 186 .>

Tiensonrus(ee. ;. 1872 Desin o/ S(allscale &ranshri( +atcher! Suitable /or

De5eloin countries in Southeast Asia 1. ;ase# on a $o#el Desin /or a 0reshater

&ran +atcher! use# b! $a=ui%an in $ala!sia. Wor%in &art! on S(allscaleShri(ran +atcheries in Southeast Asia> Se(aran> Central 4a5a> In#onesia. Technical

Reort. &. '))2

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