tokugawa japan & korea chapter 16-3. political changes in japan by the end of the fifteenth...
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Tokugawa Japan & Korea
Chapter 16-3
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Political Changes in Japan
• By the end of the fifteenth century Japan was in chaos as the Shognate had collapsed & the Daimyo, heads of noble families, had taken over
• The Daimyo controlled their own land & warred with their neighbors
• Unification of Japan would not occur until the late sixteenth century under the leadership of three powerful political leaders
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Three Great Unifiers
• The first great leader was Oda Nobunaga who would seize the imperial city of Kyoto & take control
• Oda was followed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi who would locate the capital at Osaka as well as persuade most of the Daimyo to accept his authority
• Toyotomi was followed by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was the powerful daimyo of Edo (modern day Tokyo), & took the title of shogun as well as completed the restoration of the central authority begun by his predecessors
• Tokugawa shoguns remained in power until 1868 which became known as the “Period of Great Peace”
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Europeans in Japan• As Japan was being reformed by its great
commanders the first Europeans would arrive, the Portuguese in 1543
• It was only a few years before the Portuguese were regular traders with the Japanese, Chinese, & Southeast Asia
• At first the Portuguese were welcome traders as the Japanese were fascinated by tobacco, clocks, & other European goods
• Nobunaga & Hideyoshi especially found the European firearms helpful in unifying the islands under their rule
• A local daimyo acquired firearms from the Portuguese almost immediately after their landing in 1543
• Within a few years they were being mass produced in Japan
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Europeans in Japan • The first Jesuit missionary arrived in 1549 &
would convert a number of the local daimyo• By the end of the 16th century, thousands of
Japanese had become Christians • However, after the Jesuits destroyed local
shrines, Hideyoshi issued an edict prohibiting Christian activities within the islands
• The edict was at first not strictly enforced, and the Jesuits were allowed to continue their activities
• Under Ieyasu, however, all missionaries were expelled, the Japanese Christians were persecuted
• European merchants where the next to go as only a small Dutch community was allowed to remain in Japan
• Dutch ships were permitted to dock at Nagasaki Harbor only once a year and could remain for only two to three months
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Tokugawa Rule • The Tokugawa rulers established control of the feudal system that had
governed Japan for over 300 years
• As before, the state was divided into about 250 separate territories called hans, or domains with these ruled by a daimyo
• In theory, the daimyo were independent because they were able to support themselves from taxes on their lands
• In actuality, shogun’s controlled the daimyo by a hostage system
• Under the hostage system the daimyo were required to maintain two residences-one in their own lands in one in Edo, where the shoguns court was located
• When the daimyo was absent from his residence in Edo his family was forced to stay home as insurance for is loyalty to the shogun
• This long period of peace was known as the “Great Peace”
• The samurai who had served the daimyo gradually ceased to be a warrior class as many became managers on the daimyo’s lands
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The Tokugwa Era-Economic Changes
• A major economic change took place under the Tokugwa
• Prior to the Tokugwa Era trade and industry had been considered beneath the Japanese however it would now flourish like never before
• By 1750, Edo had a population over a million and was one of the largest cities in the world
• It was here that the Japanese merchant class would emerge and begin to play a significant role in the life of the Japanese nation
• However, not all benefited from the economic change as most peasants experienced declining profits and rising costs as well as rising taxes
• Many were forced to become tenants or were forced to work as hired help
• Many peasants became so desperate that they revolted against the Tokugwa
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The Tokugwa Era-Social Changes
• Social changes also marked the Tokugwa Era particularly when it came to the class system and the role of women
• It was during this era, the Japan's class system would become rigid with strict legal distinctions among the four main classes: warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants
• The emperor and imperial court families were at the very top of that political and social structure
• Next came the warrior class-the shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin • The shogun was supreme ruler below the emperor and distributor of the national rice crop • The local daimyo received land and rice from the shogun in exchange for military service • The samurai received rice from the daimyo in exchange for their services has advisers, castle
guards, and government officials • The ronin were warriors who had no masters and who traveled the countryside seeking jobs• Below the warriors were the farmers, artisans, and merchants • Farmers held a privileged position in society but were often poor • Merchants distributed food and essential goods and were considered to be at the bottom of the
social hierarchy as they profited from the labor of others • Below these classes were Japan's outcasts, the eta • The Tokugwa enacted severe laws to regulate the places of residence, the dress, and even the
hairstyles of the eta
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Society and the Role of Women
• In Tokugwan society the rights of females were restricted as the male head of household had broad authority over property, marriage, and divorce
• Even among the common people women were restricted as marriages were arranged, the wife had to move in with their husband’s family, and a wife who do not meet the expectations of her husband or his family was likely to be divorced
• Still, women were generally valued for their roles as child bearers and homemakers
• Women also worked the fields as well
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Literature and Arts • In the Tokugwa Era literature written by and for the
people became very popular
• Much of the popular literature of the Tokugwa Era was lighthearted and intended to please its audiences
• Poetry remained a more serious form of literary expression
• In the world of entertainment in the cities gave rise in the theater to Kabuki, which emphasized action, music, and dramatic gestures to entertain its viewers
• Early Kabuki dramas dealt with the world of teahouses and dance halls in the city
• Government officials feared that exposure to the subjects on stage might corrupt the moral standards of its people & thus forbade women to appear on stage
• Japanese art was enriched by ideas from other cultures as pottery makers borough techniques and designs from Korea to create handsome ceramic pieces
• The Japanese also studied Western medicine, astronomy, languages, and even painting styles
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Korea: The Hermit Kingdom • The Yi dynasty in Korea would begin in
1392 and last some five centuries becoming one of the world’s longest lasting monarchies
• The dynasty would be founded by Yi Songgye
• From the capital, modern day Soul, Yi rulers consolidated their rule of Korea
• They patterned their society after the Chinese but maintained their distinctive identity
• Perhaps the single most distinctive characteristic of the Korean culture was the development of a unique alphabet, Hangul
• Hangul is a phonetically based writing system
• That is, it uses one letter for each sound, similar to the English alphabet
• Hangul is still largely the standard writing system in present day Korea
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Cultural Isolation • The Yi Dynasty would be severely
weakened by the disruptive divisions within the elite classes as well as by invasions of the Japanese and Chinese
• In the invasion Korean farmlands were devastated and villages and towns were burned
• In addition skilled workers were either killed or kidnapped severely weakening the Korean economy
• As a result of the invasions Korean rulers tried to keep the country isolated from the outside world
• Due to its isolationists policies, Korea earned the name “the Hermit Kingdom”
• The Yi Dynasty would come to an end with the invasion of the Manchus in the early 17th century