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Together Reducing Unsafe Surplus Tools of War

A Project ofNATO and

The Fund for Peace

Anne C. Bader

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsThe creation and implementation of TRUST is duefirst to the vision and commitment of Susan Pond,Head, Partnership for Peace and CooperationPrograms, Political Affairs and Security PolicyDivision, NATO. Special thanks go to AssistantSecretary General for Political Affairs inCooperation Programmes Ambassador GüntherAltenberg for leading this effort with compellingwisdom and candor, and to NAMSA GeneralManager Mr. Karl-Heinz Münzer and his staff forarticulating the means and methods so eloquently.To the original TRUST team: Steve Brown ofNAMSA for his technical expertise and jokes, toeconomist Frédérique Jacquemin for her wisdomand light touch; weapons expert Richard Froh forhis negotiation skills and unflappability and LeonidPolyakov and his colleagues at Razumkov Centrefor their courage, hospitality and continuingfriendship. I wish to express my deep appreciationas well to Fund for Peace Board Chair RichardWinfield, Vice Chair Lt. General Nicholas B. Kehoeand Member John Greco for their eloquence, goodhumor and carrying the flag. To FfP colleagues,Krista Hendry for helping to create TRUST; to JeffShaumeyer for designing the TRUST logo, website

and creating the manual; to Jenise Plourde for hersubstantial and logistic support and to Isaac Boroczfor his design, editing skills and event support.Special thanks go to Laurie Muir of NATO PASP,for her support of the project in all its aspects; toChris Scheurweghs, Head NATO Integrated DataService and his staff for his encouragement, ideasand cooperation on the new TRUST website. Toour partners in South East Europe Trust Campaign:H.E. Ilir Meta, President and Edmond Haxinhasto,Executive Director of our Albanian partner NGOThe Institute for Peace, Development andIntegration, to Aleksandra Drecun, SecretaryGeneral to the President of Serbia, for herinvaluable support, and to Vladan Zivulovic,President of The Atlantic Council of Serbia andMontenegro with Youth Association leaders MarkoKovacevic and Igor Srbljanovic and their teams.We are especially grateful to NATO and thegovernments of the United States, Germany, Turkeyand Greece for contributing funds to complete thisproject.

—Anne C. BaderExecutive Vice President

The Fund for Peace

On the cover: Empty cartridge cases from 152 mm demilitarized artillery shells at the Kalinovka ammunition storage depot,Ukraine, March 2003. Photo by Steve Brown, NAMSA.

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1 Small arms are weapons designed for personal use, while light weapons are designed for use by severalpersons serving as a crew. Examples of small arms include revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles, sub-machine guns, assault rifles and light machine-guns. Light weapons include heavy machine-guns, some typesof grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, and portable launchers of anti-aircraft missilesystems. United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,New York, 9-20 July 2001.

FIRST STEPSFIRST STEPSFIRST STEPSFIRST STEPSFIRST STEPSMost people consider the major threat to peaceto be weapons of mass destruction. In fact,small arms1 pose an equal if not greater threat.They kill millions of civilians, contribute tocriminal networks and corrupt efforts ofgovernments and international organizationsto establish the rule of law, economic progressand freedom of information. Illicit traffickingin small arms and light weapons feeds conflict,drains human and financial resources of theinternational community and stymies political,economic and security reform.

In 2002, NATO invited The Fund for Peace(FfP) to participate in a Partnership for Peace(PfP) Trust Fund feasibility study project todestroy 1.5 million small arms and 133,000tons of munitions in Ukraine. This has beendescribed by NATO Maintenance and SupplyAgency (NAMSA) representatives as thelargest weapons destruction project everconceived. The Fund for Peace is the first non-governmental organization (NGO) invited towork directly with NATO.

The NATO Ad Hoc Expert Team, comprisingrepresentatives of NATO, NAMSA, The Fundfor Peace and The Razumkov Centre, visitednumerous weapons and munitions sites inUkraine, including Rozsishky, Balakliya anda salt mine storing 3 million small arms inArtemosk, the Donetsk region. The Team wasaccompanied by representatives of the Ukraine

Ministry of Defense, the National SecurityCouncil and Ukrainian disarmamentspecialists.

The task of The Fund for Peace as part of thisteam was to create a replicable twofoldcommunications strategy to:

• Promote the value of the Partnershipfor Peace and its Trust Fund to theinternational donor community, and

• Engage local NGO partners to buildlocal capacity; strengthen civil societyand expand public awareness of theimportance of demilitarization,defense conversion and defensereform in Partnership for Peacecountries and throughout the formerSoviet Union.

Former Albanian Prime Minister Meta meets SerbianPresident Tadic at TRUST launch in The National PressClub, Washington, DC, USA, July 2004.

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CreatingCreatingCreatingCreatingCreatingThe ModelThe ModelThe ModelThe ModelThe ModelThe feasibility phase of the TRUST projectidentified the following strategic objectives forthis NATO PfP marketing strategy:

• Reinforce the positive actions offormer Soviet Union countries that areaddressing the new securitychallenges through the destruction ofsurplus small arms and light weapons.

• Raise awareness and understanding ofthe role and benefits of NATO’s PfPTrust Fund throughout the alliance’ssphere of influence and amongpotential donor countries. This willencourage future support for PfP TrustFund projects.

• Create a model for other countries andsimilar projects throughout the regionto address the security, environmentaland economic challenges created bythe build-up of unsafe and surplusmilitary ordnances.

• Create economic incentives thatinclude building infrastructure,training and employment, andfinancial resources through defensereform and defense conversion.

• Promote transparency, strengthen civilsociety and ensure the safety ofcivilians and the environment in theformer Soviet Union region, whilebuilding constituencies within theacademic, political and economicsectors.

TRUST:Together Reducing Unsafe Surplus Tools ofWar is the public awareness campaign createdfor NATO by The Fund for Peace (FfP) andits nongovernmental partner, the RazumkovCentre in Ukraine, in 2003. In February 2005,during his visit to NATO headquarters,President Bush announced that the UnitedStates would be the lead donor to this NATOdisarmament project in Ukraine. The UnitedStates will act as Lead Nation, while theUnited Kingdom, Norway, Bulgaria,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovakiaand Ukraine itself have pledged furtherfunding and political support. As we go topress, this project is in final preparation tobegin operations.

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Its core components include:

• A brand and image that would translatewell in any language and support thesestrategic objectives. The result is“TRUST: Together Reducing UnsafeSurplus Tools of War.” The graphic is theword TRUST with the NATO compassand each participating country’s flagsuperimposed, identifying its participationin the PfP Trust Fund project.

• Teaming The Fund for Peace with apartner NGO, based in the country wherethe PfP Trust Fund project is carried out,with a recognized record ofaccomplishment, integrity andcommitment to the strategic objectives ofTRUST;

• A TRUST website based at the NATOwebsite where journalists, disarmamentorganizations and nongovernmentalorganizations can contribute and shareopinions, news and information;

• A new NATO submission style manual,as a guideline for internet submissions;

• Spokespersons to promote the associatedprograms;

• Conferences, workshops & opinion polls;• TRUST awards;• An annual global TRUST day to

concentrate on the issues of disarmament,strengthening civil society, and freedomof the press;

• TRUST products derived from therecycled elements of the destroyedweapons, such as the Ukrainian LandMine toy pelican.

ImplementingImplementingImplementingImplementingImplementingthe Modelthe Modelthe Modelthe Modelthe ModelIn June 2003, NATO asked The Fund for Peaceto adapt the Ukraine model to South EastEurope, specifically the Balkans. Theresulting TRUST program, “PfP Trust FundProject: Focus on South East Europe,”included two workshops for journalists, thecreation of a new Partnership for Peace TrustFund website and development of a manualwith NATO submission requirements toestablish a way for civil society to interactdirectly with NATO.

Together with partner nongovernmentalorganizations in Albania and Serbia, wedeveloped a TRUST public awarenesscampaign with two main objectives: to buildpublic support in the country where thedemilitarization project is located; and topromote support throughout the internationaldonor community. NATO now uses this brandto promote Partnership for Peace Trust Fundactivities. A TRUST video is posted on theNATO Partnership for Peace website, alongwith a direct link to The Fund for Peacewebsite.

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Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs andSecurity Policy at NATO. A number of journalistsand representatives of media institutes fromthroughout South East Europe were also present.

The workshop began with a visit to the weaponsdestruction facility at Mjekes, near the industrialcity of Elbasan. Participants observed womenworkers dismantling Chinese hand grenadesmanufactured in 1968 and visited a new facilityfor burning ammunition. The Mjekes plant wasthe site of the first Albania PfP Trust Fund projectthat destroyed 1.6 million stockpiled landmines.Albania was the first country in the region to entirelyeliminate its stockpiles of landmines.

Panel discussions evoked a strong response fromthe audience, and following these panels,Ambassador Altenburg moderated a spiritedexchange on the role of the press and the needs ofthe people in the region at the end of the day.Participants agreed that the psychological need forsecurity is both an obstacle to disarmament, andthe best argument for a program to eliminate surplusweapons.

ALBANIA:ALBANIA:ALBANIA:ALBANIA:ALBANIA:SSSSSEPTEMBEREPTEMBEREPTEMBEREPTEMBEREPTEMBER 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004The first workshop in Tirana on September 26-27,2004 was opened by Albanian President AlfredMoisiu, Defense Minister Pandeli Majko andNATO Assistant Secretary General AmbassadorGunther Altenburg. Our NGO partner, The Institutefor Peace, Development and Integration, wasfounded by former Prime Minister Ilir Meta, whois closely identified with regional and westernintegration as well as domestic reform. It broughttogether more than 70 leaders from NATO,disarmament organizations, internationalorganizations, and donor countries to meet withnongovernmental leaders and journalists fromacross the Balkan region.

On September 27, 2004, participants met at theSheraton Hotel in Tirana to explore the relationshipbetween transparency, freedom of the press, the ruleof law, and the destruction of weapons stockpilesin South East Europe. Speakers included AlbanianPresident Alfred Moisiu, former Albanian PrimeMinister Ilir Meta (President of IPDI), andAmbassador Günther Altenburg, who is the

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mother’s milk of corruption” and, he added, “Wherethe media is effective and free, the risk thatcorruption will be exposed is higher.” A rousingkeynote address linking corruption, poorgovernance, and corporate control of the newsmedia in Serbia and Montenegro was given byMarcus Tanner of the Institute for War and PeaceReporting. Another important address on the presswas given by Mr. Veran Matic, CEO of B92 radioand television. He detailed obstacles to a free pressranging from government restrictions to decreasingfunding for projects in South East Europe.

Participants in the Belgrade workshop commentedthat the forum had given them new perspectives ontheir work, and that policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and journalists hadbeen given an opportunity to listen and understandhow their work was interrelated.

SERBIA:SERBIA:SERBIA:SERBIA:SERBIA:April 2005April 2005April 2005April 2005April 2005The second TRUST workshop took place in Belgradeon April 10-11 2005. It went forward with thecooperation of our NGO partner, the Atlantic Councilof Serbia and Montenegro. The workshop drewrepresentatives from 22 countries and journalists fromthroughout the Balkans. Minister of Defense PrvoslavDavinic chose this forum to announce a new defensereform program. At our request, Leonid Polyakov(formerly of the Razumkov Centre, now Ukraine’s FirstDeputy Minister of Defense) sent a Razumkovrepresentative to the Serbian TRUST workshop. TheAtlantic Council arranged for participants to be given atour of Belgrade on April 10, followed by dinner at theAtlantic Club.

The formal segment of the workshop took place on April11 at the Hyatt Hotel in Belgrade. Speakers includedMinister of Defense of Serbia and Montenegro PrvoslavDavinic, Norwegian Ambassador Hans Ola Urstad, andU.S. Ambassador Michael Polt.

The Belgrade workshop put a particular emphasis oninvestigative journalism and the challenge ofmaintaining a free press. As Fund for Peace ChairRichard Winfield stated during the workshop,“stockpiles of surplus weapons and munitions are the

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RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsParticipants from every sector represented at the Albanian and Serbian workshops remarked thatthese gatherings helped them learn about important issues in governance and the free press. Asummary of their recommendations appears below. They include furthering regional cooperationand international coordination, the creation of economic incentives for disarmament and the promotionof an atmosphere within the Western Balkan region that enhances press standards. Participantsexpressed their appreciation for an opportunity to explore the complexities of disarmament and tobegin to understand the perspectives of differing sectors on the issue.

TRUST WEBSITE• Include links to definitions, international mechanisms, information on disarmament.• Link individual journalists, publications and media institutes;• Enable people to contribute both to NATO and to each other; for example, NGOs would

be able to contribute articles to media institutes.

DISARMAMENT ORGANIZATIONS• Facilitate coordination between stakeholders in the region• Support an integrated and holistic small arms and light weapons control strategy• Require transparency of the size of stockpiles for destruction assistance;• Design projects with clear, measurable, verifiable, and achievable performance indicators

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY• Tie economic incentives to disarmament, and promote the economic advantages of

disarmament;• Increase cooperation with regard to disarmament projects;• Promote discussion with the security sector on how disarmament contributes to overall

security should continue• Donors should commit to multi-year funding• International standards and best practices should be followed and should be referred to in

project documentation;• Educate youth to the workings of international institutions such as NATO through visits

and educational initiatives.

MEDIA• Identify problems clearly with policy makers so that genuine solutions may be found to

common problems;• Inform the general public to the meaning and progress of security sector reform;• Engage the public with the press as integral to anticorruption measures;• Reinforce the economic advantages of disarmament to the general public.

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The Ukrainian PelicanThe Ukrainian PelicanThe Ukrainian PelicanThe Ukrainian PelicanThe Ukrainian PelicanOver the years, many children like this little girl fromEastern Ukraine have been injured by landmines. Thischild belongs to an orphanage in the region, and herprospects are brighter today than ever before becauseof the Partnership for Peace.

The pelican in the girl’s hand was created as part of apilot program led by NATO’s Partnership for Peace TrustFund. The program employed local women, and useddismantled landmines and recycled materials from oldlandmines to make plastic toys like the pelican. Morethan 400,000 landmines were destroyed, and the waywas paved for a new project to begin in 2005.

Arsenals from former Soviet Republics are a source ofincome to local people and insecurity to the region andthe world as arms are sold on the black market. But theNATO Partnership for Peace Trust Fund has begun tochange the economic situation by making arms destruc-tion a more valuable part of the economy than armssales. In a country like Ukraine which is undergoing an

economic transition, the pelican toys are a sign ofhope. Little girls like the one shown here have beengiven not only toys, but also better job prospects forthe future and a safer country to live in.

Photo at left: Steve Brown, NAMSA, distributes pelicansat a Ukrainian orphanage.

-Jenise V. Plourde

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Speakers at the TRUST Fund WorkshopSpeakers at the TRUST Fund WorkshopSpeakers at the TRUST Fund WorkshopSpeakers at the TRUST Fund WorkshopSpeakers at the TRUST Fund WorkshopTirana, Albania: September 26-27, 2004Tirana, Albania: September 26-27, 2004Tirana, Albania: September 26-27, 2004Tirana, Albania: September 26-27, 2004Tirana, Albania: September 26-27, 2004AmbassadorGünther AltenburgAssistant Secretary General forPolitical Affairs and SecurityPolicyNATO

Anne C. BaderExecutive Vice PresidentThe Fund for Peace

Mark E. GaillardFirst Secretary and DeputyPolitical AdvisorCanadian Joint Delegation toNATO

Peter Courtney-GreenChief, Ammunition SectionNAMSA Special ProjectsProgramme

Edmond HaxhinastoExecutive DirectorInstitute for Peace,Development andIntegration

Col. Mark Kalber, USAFChief, International AffairsUS National Guard

Lt Gen. Nicholas B. Kehoe,USAF ret.Vice Chair, The Fund forPeace

H.E. Pandeli MajkoMinister of Defense, Albania

Susan ManuelChiefPeace and Security SectionUN Department of PublicInformation

Anton MartynyukOSCE

H. E. Ilir MetaPresident, Institute forPeace, Development andIntegration

H.E. Alfred Moisiu President of the Republic ofAlbania

Tony MonaghanUNDP/SEESAC

Karl-Heinz MünznerGeneral Manager, NAMSA

Carlo NataleHead, Political EconomicInformation SectionEC Delegation – Albania

Ms. Susan PondHeadPartnership for Peace andCooperation ProgrammesNATO

Emanuele SantiCommunications AssociateThe World Bank

Prof. Biljana VankouskaUniversity of Skopje

Richard N. Winfield, EsqClifford Chance LLCChair, The Fund for Peace

Jeta XharraKosovo Project ManagerInstitute for War and PeaceReporting

Steven ZateChargé d’affairesU.S. Embassy, Tirana

Susan Pond

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Speakers at the TRUST fund Workshop,Speakers at the TRUST fund Workshop,Speakers at the TRUST fund Workshop,Speakers at the TRUST fund Workshop,Speakers at the TRUST fund Workshop,Belgrade, Serbia: April 10-11, 2005Belgrade, Serbia: April 10-11, 2005Belgrade, Serbia: April 10-11, 2005Belgrade, Serbia: April 10-11, 2005Belgrade, Serbia: April 10-11, 2005Anne C. BaderExecutive Vice PresidentThe Fund for Peace

H.E. Prvoslav DavinicMinister of DefenseSerbia and Montenegro

Svetlana Djurdjevic-LukicInstitute of InternationalPolitics and Economics

Mark GaillardFirst Secretary and DeputyPolitical AdvisorCanadian Joint Delegation toNATO

Graham GoodrumPartnership for Peace TrustFunds GroupSpecial Projects ProgramNATO Maintenance andSupply Agency (NAMSA)

John GrecoBoard, The Fund for Peace

Ambassador Gerhard JandlAmbassador of Austria toSerbia

Marko KovacevicThe Atlantic Council of Serbiaand Montenegro

Lt. Col. John MacBride,Military Advisor to theAmbassador for Mine ActionCanada

Marko MaljkovicProgram ManagerMedia and the Law programMedia Center Belgrade

Susan ManuelChiefPeace and Security SectionUnited Nations Department ofPublic Information

Veran MaticEditor-in-chief, B92

Dragana Nikolic-SolomonCountry Director, SerbiaInstitute for War and PeaceReporting

Prof. Dr. Dijana PlestinaCounselor for Mine Action tothe Minister of Foreign AffairsCroatia

Ambassador Michael PoltUnited States Ambassador toSerbia

Susan PondHead, Partnership for Peace andCooperation ProgramsPolitical Affairs & SecurityPolicy DivisionNATO

Marcus TannerInstitute for War and PeaceReporting

Ambassador Hans OlaUrstadAmbassador of Norway toSerbia

Adrian WilkinsonTeam Leader, SEESAC

Richard N. Winfield, Esq.Clifford Chance LLCChair, The Fund for Peace

Vladan ZivulovicPresidentAtlantic Council of Serbiaand Montenegro

Minister of Defense Davinic

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TRUST Partnership for Peace / NATO HeadquartersBoulevard Leopold IIIB-1110 Brussels BELGIUMPhone: +32.2.707.40.98Fax: +32.2.707.52.28www.nato.int/pfp/trust-fund.htm

The Fund for Peace1701 K Street, NW – 11th floor

Washington, DC 20006 USAPhone: 1-202-223-7940

Fax: 1-202-223-7947www.fundforpeace.org

PPPPPARTNERARTNERARTNERARTNERARTNER O O O O ORGANIZATIONSRGANIZATIONSRGANIZATIONSRGANIZATIONSRGANIZATIONSThe NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) Trust Fund Policy was established in September of 2000 as amechanism to assist NATO Partner Nations in the safe destruction of stockpiled anti-personnel landminesunder the Ottawa Convention. To date, more than 2 million landmines have been successfully destroyed inAlbania, Moldova, Ukraine and Tajikistan, with further projects currently in the preparation in Belarus, Serbiaand Montenegro and Ukraine. Currently, the scope of the policy includes projects for the destruction of smallarms and light weapons, conventional munitions, rocket fuel and large anti-aircraft missiles. Over the past fiveyears, NATO and partner countries have earmarked more than 12 million euros for these projects.

Established in 1958, the NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (NAMSA) is NATO’s principal logisticssupport management agency. NAMSA is located in Luxembourg. In 2004, NAMSA operated on a 625 millioneuro budget with approximately 925 employees. NAMSA has also taken the lead in several demilitarizationprojects for the destruction of anti-personnel landmines, conventional munitions and light weapons under thePartnership for Peace (PfP) initiative.

The Fund for Peace is one of the world’s leading institutions developing creative strategies to prevent andresolve conflict. An independent research and educational organization, we have spent the past ten yearspioneering new tools for decision makers. Our focus is on developing early warning and performance mea-sures; promoting transparency and accountability among governments, the private sector, and non-state actors;limiting the proliferation of weapons of war; and protecting civilians caught in the crossfire of conflict. Ourmethodologies use information technology and social science to promote sustainable security for a safer world.

The Razumkov Centre is the leading Ukrainian nongovernmental organization with expertise in economic,political and security areas. It was founded in 1994 by Olexander Razumkov, former Deputy Secretary of theNational Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. The President of the Razumkov Centre, Anatoliy Grytsenkois now Minister of Defense. Our working partner, Leonid Polyakov, is now First Deputy Minister of Defense.

Founded by Former Prime Minister Ilir Meta and Edmond Haxhinasto, the mission of the Institute for Peace,Development and Integration is to promote peace, sustainable development and integration of the Euro-Atlantic institutions of Albania and Southeastern Europe by helping strengthen national institutions and regionalcooperation, building trust among states and their diverse citizens and helping strengthening economic andbusiness ties.

The Atlantic Council of Serbia and Montenegro is a non-governmental and non-profit organization, foundedon June 13th, 2001, committed to the integration of Serbia & Montenegro into the Euro-Atlantic community.Among the Council founders are renowned figures, active in diplomacy, business, political analysis, law,journalism, marketing, military and police issue analysis, university faculty members, and other prominentfigures from various spheres of public life.