Todd Miller – Scott Mansell – Raj Kapur June 1, 2017

Introduction Update previous ACWA Temperature Management

Plan Manual (2000) Working group 2015 – 2017 philosophy:

Reorganize to emphasize tools/info most needed now Update guidance related to the new standard, TMDLs,

BMPs, and water quality trading Focus the manual to be the “go to” desktop resource

for ACWA members Demonstrate “Example City” application of tools and

info Keep current through links and ease of updating

Overview: Table of Contents Section 1: Purpose And Use Of The Temperature Compliance Guidance Manual Section 2: Determining Applicable Temperature Criteria and Associated Permit Limits

Section 3: Data Collection, Data Handling, and Calculations

Section 4: Compliance Strategies – BMPs & Mitigations

Section 5: Developing a Compliance Plan

Section 6: References and Links

Section 7: Examples and Case Studies

Section 8: Manual Change Management Record

Appendix A: Temperature Formulas

Appendix B: BMP Fact Sheets

Appendix C: Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Table

Appendix D: Historic Timeline of the Oregon Temperature Standard

Appendix E: Triple Bottom Line Methods

How to Use the Manual Five Steps: 1. Determine applicable

criteria 2. Determine listing status

of the receiving stream 3. Conduct reasonable

potential analysis 4. Determine permit limits 5. Develop a compliance

plan

The Example City Arbitrary location in the middle of Oregon

(Upper John Day watershed) Example location carried through the manual to

demonstrate application of tools and analysis Can follow step-by-step (builds on information

developed) but stands alone for each demonstration

Walk Through: The 5 Steps Steps 1 & 2: determine your status

(Scott Mansell) Steps 3 & 4: determine your limits

(Raj Kapur) Step 5: identify a compliance strategy

(Todd Miller)

Step 1: Determine applicable

criteria Step 1 What is the temperature standard that my permit limits will be based on?

Understanding Oregon's temperature standard history

Using Fish Use Maps to Determine Designated Uses

Determine Numeric and Narrative Criteria Based on Designated Uses

2.1

2.2.1

2.2.2

Why is a temperature standard needed? Many aquatic species

very sensitive to water temperature e.g., Salmonids

Require temperatures < 9-20° C (48-68° F) depending on species & life stage

Many salmonid-bearing waters in Oregon do not meet the standard

CWA to protect aquatic life

http://www.hoodrivernews.com/news/2015/jul/15/hot-temperatures-stressing-pacific-northwest-fish/

http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/hot_water_killing_half_of_colu.html

History of Oregon’s temperature standard

EQC adopts statewide

temperature criteria by river basin

Mid 1970’s

1996-1999

EQC significantly revises temperature

criteria

2003-2004

After NWEA lawsuit, EQC revises criteria,

includes Natural Conditions Criterion

(NCC)

2013

In response to NWEA lawsuit, EPA disapproves the NCC, NWEA files suit

to invalidate all TMDLs using the NCC

NMFS issues BO that says 20 degree migration corridor standard is

appropriate if cold-water refugia protected. ODEQ,

EPA, and NMFS set forth a three-year plan to map cold-

water refugia

2015

2017

Limbo. TMDLs will be redone, but not clear

when. Not clear if WLAs apply or not

Timeline: Oregon Temperature Standard 19

96: O

rego

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s

tem

pera

ture

sta

ndar

d

July

199

9: E

PA d

isap

prov

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pera

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ndar

d

2001

: NW

EA la

wsu

it ag

ains

t EP

A

2003

: Jud

ge H

agge

rty is

sues

de

cisi

on in

NEA

I ca

se

2005-2013: Northwest Environmental Advocates v. EPA et al. case litigated

2003

: EPA

’s R

egio

nal

Tem

pera

ture

Gui

danc

e

Febr

uary

201

2: N

CC

app

rova

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bitra

ry a

nd c

apric

ious

; add

ition

al

cons

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with

Ser

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Nov

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tipul

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Apr

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udge

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MFS

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emp

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.

Designated Fish Uses All waterbodies assigned at least one beneficial fish

use Fish maps and tables to determine applicable fish use

and date ranges https://www.oregon.gov/deq/Regulations/Pages/Admi

nistrative-Rules.aspx

Combination of numeric and narrative criteria apply depending on beneficial fish use

Fish and aquatic life is a designated use

Type of receiving

water

Ocean, Bay, or Natural Lake

Borax Lake

Chub?

Borax Lake Chub is a

designated use

Yes

No

Locate waterbody on fish use maps or tables (See Section 2.2.1)

Waterbody located on

maps?

Select ALL applicable designated uses from

maps and note applicable spawning periods

Use designated use of first

downstream waterbody

Flowing Freshwater and Reservoir

No

Yes

Select the temperature criteria and applicable time period from Table 2-1

Continue to Step 2:

Determine listing status (Section 2.3)

Known Discharge

Location from Treatment Plant

Fish Use Maps-A

Fish Use Maps-B-Spawning Periods

Designated Use Tables

Fish Use Tables

Example 1 Using Fish Use Maps

Plant Discharge Location

Example 1 Using Fish Use Maps

Plant Discharge Location

Example 1 Using Fish Use Maps So, receiving water body has the following fish uses:

Salmon and trout rearing and migration Salmon and steelhead spawning (January 1-May 15)

Example 2 Using Fish Use Maps

Plant Discharge Location

Example 2 Using Fish Use Maps

Plant Discharge Location

Example 2 Using Fish Use Maps So, receiving water body has the following fish uses:

Core Cold-Water Habitat Salmon and steelhead spawning (September 1-June 15)

Numeric and Narrative Criteria Each Designated use has

Numeric and Narrative Criteria Associated with it Numeric = temperature

not to be exceeded Narrative = criteria to be

calculated to determine allowable anthropogenic effects relative to temperature from numeric criteria

Use Table 2-1 Not all narrative criteria

necessarily apply

Common Narrative Criteria Human Use Allowance

Point source may not cause the waterbody to exceed numeric standard by more than 0.3 °C Before a TMDL – edge of mixing zone of 25% of 7Q10 flow After a TMDL – point sources cumulatively cannot exceed 0.3 °C

with 100% of 7Q10 flow (WLA applies) Cold-Water Protection Narrative, Summer

Waterbody may not be heated by more than 0.3 °C above the ambient temperature cumulatively by point sources during summer

Cold-Water Protection Narrative, Spawning Waterbody may not be heated by more than a certain

threshold (depends on ambient temp) during spawning period, cumulatively by point sources

Common Narrative Criteria, cont’d Thermal Plume Narrative

Plume from a point source (mixing zone) may not Impair active salmonid spawning area (9 °C bull trout, 13 °C salmon) Expose fish to >32 °C for more than 2 seconds Expose fish to >25 °C for more than 5% of the cross section at 7Q10 Expose fish to >21 °C for more than 25% of the cross section at 7Q10

Cold-Water Refugia Narrative If a waterbody has a Migration Corridor designated fish use,

must maintain cold-water refugia sufficiently distributed to allow salmon and steelhead to migrate without adverse effects from temperature

Cool-Water Narrative A waterbody cannot be warmed by more than 0.3 °C unless it is

shown that a greater increase would not harm sensitive aquatic life (when salmonids not present)

Examples 1 and 2

Example 1, Fish use 1

Example 2, Fish use 1

Example 1 & 2, Fish use 2

Examples 1 and 2 Criteria Example 1 Example 2 Numeric Criteria:

18 °C - year round 13 °C - spawning period

(Jan 1-May 15) Narrative Criteria:

Human Use Allowance Cold-Water Protection

Narrative, summer Cold-water Protection

Narrative, spawning Thermal Plume Narrative

Numeric Criteria: 16 °C - year round 13 °C - spawning period

(Sept 1-June 15) Narrative Criteria:

Human Use Allowance Cold-Water Protection

Narrative, summer Cold-water Protection

Narrative, spawning Thermal Plume Narrative

Step 2: Determine

Listing Status Step 2

Is the receiving waterbody listed for temperature or is there a TMDL?

Determine if the receiving waterbody has a valid TMDL

Determine if the waterbody is impaired for temperature and which narrative criteria apply

2.3.1

2.3

After Step 1: Determining

applicable temperature criteria

(Section 2.2)

Does a valid* TMDL exist for the Waterbody (Section 2.3.1)

Set the Permit Limits Equal to the WLA and Conduct Any Other

Needed Analyses (Section 2.5.6)

Continue to Step 5: Develop a Compliance

Strategy (Section 4 and 5)

Is the waterbody listed for temperature

in the latest approved** 303(d)

list? (Section 2.3.2)

Select all applicable narrative criteria

that apply to waterbodies that

meet numeric criteria

(Section 2.3.4)

Select all applicable narrative criteria

that apply to waterbodies that DO NOT meet numeric criteria (Section 2.3.4)

Continue to Step 3: Reasonable Potential

Analyses (Section 2.4)

Yes

Yes

No No

Narrative Criteria Based on Listing Status Narrative Criteria that apply ONLY for waterbodies

that DO NOT meeting numeric criteria: Human Use Allowance

Narrative Criteria that apply ONLY for waterbodies that DO meeting numeric criteria: Cold-Water Protection Narrative, summer Cold-Water Protection Narrative, spawning

Narrative Criteria that apply regardless of listing status Thermal Plume Narrative

Example 1 Criteria Waterbody IS 303(d) listed, no valid TMDL, so Human Use Allowance applies Cold Water Protection Narratives do NOT apply Thermal Plume Narrative applies

Results in the following standards:

Human Use Allowance applied to Salmonid and Steelhead Spawning Criterion: The point source must not cause more than a 0.3 ºC increase above 13.0 ºC at edge of

mixing zone or 25% of the 7Q10, whichever is more restrictive Applies January 1 through May 15

Human Use Allowance applied to Salmon and Trout Rearing and Migration Criterion: The point source must not cause more than a 0.3 ºC increase above 18.0 ºC at edge of

mixing zone or 25% of the 7Q10, whichever is more restrictive Applies year round

Thermal Plume Narrative The plume may not cause any active salmonid spawning area to exceed 13 ºC The plume may not cause any fish to experience temperatures > 32 ºC for more than 2

seconds The plume may not cause a temperature > 25 ºC in more than 5% of the cross sectional

area The plume may not cause a temperature > 21 ºC in more than 25% of the cross sectional

area

Example 2 Criteria Waterbody is NOT 303(d) listed, waterbody is currently meeting the standards, so Human Use Allowance does NOT apply Cold Water Protection Narratives (both spawning and summer) apply Thermal Plume Narrative applies

Results in the following standards:

Cold Water Protection Narrative (spawning) applied to Salmonid and Steelhead Spawning Criterion: (Assume 60-DAM is 11 ºC) Point sources cumulatively cannot increase temperature above 11.5 ºC

Applies September 1 through June 15 Cold Water Protection Narrative (summer) applied to Core Cold Water Habitat Criterion

The point sources cumulatively cannot increase temperature above ambient temperature by more than 0.3 ºC

Applies during summer (June 1 through September 30) If there was any gap between spawning period and summer applicable periods, then the

Numeric Criterion for Core Cold Water Habitat would apply during the gap Thermal Plume Narrative

The plume may not cause any active salmonid spawning area to exceed 13 ºC The plume may not cause any fish to experience temperatures > 32 ºC for more than 2 seconds The plume may not cause a temperature > 25 ºC in more than 5% of the cross sectional area The plume may not cause a temperature > 21 ºC in more than 25% of the cross sectional area

Step 3

Step 3: Conduct

Reasonable Potential Analysis

Determine which RPAs to conduct and conduct all applicable RPAs

If the data are not available to conduct the RPAs, collect the necessary data

3

2.4

Step 3: Reasonable Potential Analysis Scenario: Pre-TMDL Inputs

MZ dilution 7Q10 stream flow Temperature criteria (rearing/migration, spawning,

etc.) Effluent characteristics (flow & temperature) HUA

Determine reasonable potential (RP) If RP, thermal load limits

Step 3: Example Scenario: Pre-TMDL DEQ Temperature Spreadsheet Inputs

MZ dilution: 5 7Q10 stream flow: 100 cfs Temperature criteria (18 deg c; 13 deg C) Effluent characteristics (5 mgd; 23 deg C; 20 deg C) HUA: 0.3 deg C

Reasonable potential (RP)? If RP, thermal load limits

Step 3: Reasonable Potential Analysis Scenario: Thermal Plume Criteria Mixing zone provisions Thermal Plume Criteria

Active salmonid spawning area Acute impairment (32 deg C/2 secs) Thermal shock (25 deg C/5% of stream) Thermal blockage (21 deg C/25% of stream)

Inputs Stream flow (7Q10) Temperature criteria/ambient temperature Effluent characteristics (flow & temperature) Statistics

Step 3: Example Scenario: Thermal Plume Criteria DEQ Temperature Spreadsheet Inputs

7Q10 stream flow: 100 cfs Ambient temperature (20 deg C) Effluent characteristics (5 mgd; 24 deg C – max; 23

7DADM)) Reasonable potential? If RP, temperature limits

Step 4

Step 4: Determine

Permit Limits

2.5

3

If the data are not available to determine permit limits, collect the necessary data

Determine Permit Limits based on applicable RPAs

Step 4: Permit Limits Permitting approach

Use of appropriate data (effluent, stream & mixing) If RP, effluent limits will be established

Permit limits (source) TMDL WLAs: thermal load Pre- TMDL HUA: thermal load Thermal plume criteria: temperature limits

Permit limits (type) Excess thermal load (ETL) Temperature limits

Step 4: Permit Limits TMDLs still in effect; WLAs still apply More stringent of TMDL WLAs or pre-

TMDL HUA Formula (Pre-TMDL scenario)

𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 ∗ 𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∗ 2,446,665

Units (kcal/day)

Step 4: Data Needs Temp data: continuous recording device/hourly data Statistics (daily max, 7DADM) Initial information:

Effluent flow & temperature Receiving stream flow (7Q10) & temperature Mixing zone dilutions (scenarios)

Compliance strategies Influent temperature Unit processes Collection system/Industrial user data

Step 5 Step 5:

Develop a Compliance

Plan

4

5.2

5.1

Evaluate the various management practices and compliance alternatives

Select those management practices and compliance strategies that are best for your facility

Develop a compliance plan

BMP Reference Table Strategy Category

(in order of typical priority) Strategy Description BMP / Application

1. Typical NPDES Permit Strategies (Section 4.2)

Ensure the permit considers all applicable factors to avoid unnecessarily restrictive temperature requirements, and explore permitting options to help attain compliance.

• Mixing zone analysis • Bubble permits / alliances

2. Pre-Treatment Reductions (Section 4.3)

Reduce the overall heat load entering the treatment plant by either reducing the temperature or reducing the flow.

• Pretreatment of identified heat loads • Public awareness/education • Limiting discharge to the collection system

3. Water Quality Trading (Section 4.4)

Trading provides an often cost-effective and environmentally beneficial solution to temperature compliance by reducing thermal loading elsewhere in the watershed.

• Riparian shading • Flow augmentation • Channel restoration • Point-to-point trades • Credit banking

4. Treatment Process Modifications (Section 4.5)

May be necessary if it is found from in-plant monitoring that certain treatment processes increase the waste stream temperature significantly.

• Covering basins • Disinfection alternatives evaluation • Recycling and/or eliminating cooling water

discharge • Energy conservation

5. Discharge Alternatives (Section 4.6)

These management practices would not make changes to the actual temperature of the wastewater, but would eliminate or modify the discharge to reduce the impact on the receiving water.

• Outfall/discharge relocation • Diffuser Alterations • Reservoir detention/seasonal storage • Indirect discharge/infiltration

6. Natural Treatment (Section 4.7)

As opposed to indirect discharge or watershed restoration, natural treatment provides physical cooling of the effluent prior to discharge.

• Tree farms • Wetlands • Treatment ponds • Hyporheic injection/blending

7. Recycled Water Use (Section 4.8)

Diverting effluent to recycled water uses reduces the total flow – and therefore the total thermal load – on the receiving waterbody.

• WPCF reuse • Community reuse

8. Lower-Energy Temperature Reduction Technologies (Section 4.9)

Reduce the temperature of the wastewater effluent prior to discharge. These may be very expensive and may be cost prohibitive.

• Cooling ponds • Spray ponds • Waste heat recovery

9. Alternative NPDES Permit Strategies (Section 4.10)

If any of the above compliance strategies will not work, it may be possible to meet compliance using alternative permitting strategies, but these are often difficult to obtain.

• Site-specific criteria • Use attainability analysis • Variances

10. Higher-Energy Temperature Reduction Technologies (Section 4.11)

Tend to be highly energy-intensive and expensive. Should only be used as a last resort. If these are the only option available options, it may be possible to obtain an alternative compliance mechanism rather than build one of these.

• Cooling towers • Chillers

Compliance Strategies

44

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Influent Wastewater

Process enhancement/ New Technology

Reuse

Use Attainability Analysis Site Specific Criteria

Variances

Education/outreach

Outfall mod./re-evaluate mixing zone

WQ Trading

Pretreatment

Recommended Approach DO evaluate what you can do to reduce

temperature in influent or effluent DO consider multiple benefit solutions Recycled water use Wetland treatment

Consider the big picture: what is the environmental problem we are trying to solve?

Assess the “triple bottom line”

Example: basin cover and discharge wetland

The Environmental Problem

86%

The Triple Bottom Line & SWOT

Economic Benefits and Capital Costs

Water Resource Benefits and

Environmental Impacts

Community Benefits and

Human Impacts

TBL Example: MWMC

Result: Portfolio Approach Co-generation engine jacket cooling water: recycle to

boiler? Dissipate? [“start at home”] Optimize recycled water use to irrigate tree farm

[permittee multiple benefits] Partner with watershed protection interests to

restore riparian shade [community multiple benefits] Demonstrate/pilot small scale recycled water uses –

may be important asset in the future [innovate]

Other Sections References and links Case studies/examples Change record – resource to track updates and ensure

most up-to-date manual information is on hand Appendices

Temperature Formulas BMP Fact Sheets Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Table Historic Timeline of the Oregon Temperature Standard Triple Bottom Line Methods

Next Steps Continue to revise and improve final draft Get feedback from ACWA members

Please do look at the current working draft (Version 3) and give us general thoughts (not typos and formatting!)

DEQ review of next version Did we get it right? New ideas?

Fall 2017 permit workshop: final version

Discussion Thanks for attending!