Today’s Program

• Course presentation • Presentation of lecturers• Examination and your preparation• Lecture 1 part 1: Environmental pressures• Lecture 1 part 2: Corporate response • Exercises in the main canteen across the street

(Fibigerstræde 15)

The Course www.i4.auc.dk/henrik/er

• It’s about your responsibilities as designers• It’s not about:

– Employee contracts – Patents and Trademarks – Social responsibility (human rights, child labour)– (ethics)

The Leturers

• Henrik Riisgaard, Dept.of Planning and Development– Environment: pressure for changes and corporate response

• Gorm Simonsen – Quality standards and improvement – Working Environment

• Christian Verholt, Dansk Standard– Technical standards, de facto standards and standardization

• John Peter Andersen, Lawyer & Dan Reedtz, Maxon Telecom– Product liability

Examination8 June 2004 13:00-15:00

• Individual written test - 2 hours• Use of all course material (slides, texts, notes)• Pass/fail • Rooms to be announced later

• Re-examination in september

What constitutes an Environmental Problem?

• a change in the physical environment• that is man-made• and considered unacceptable according to our

norms

“An environmental problem is any change of the state in the physical environment which is brought about by human interference with the physical environment, and has effects which society deems unacceptable in the light of its shared norms” (Blowers and Glasbergen, 1995 Persepctives on Env. Problems)

•Why eco-design and life cycle management?

• What’s the problem?

Impact = Population X Affluence X Technology

(Ehrlich, 1968)

Solution: de-coupling growth and impact by eco-efficiency improvement

Radicality of innovations

Eco-effiency improvement

organisationel complexity Type 4: System

innovation

Type 3: Function innovation

Type 2: Product redesign

Type 1: Product improvement

20

5 10 20Time (years)

Sustainablelevel

(here from Rubik, 2002 based on Brezet)

Traditional regulatory bodies in Europe

• International agreements and protocols• The EU (directives and regulations e.g. efficiency

standards)• The nation state (bans of hazardous substances,

taxes) • Counties (planning, siting, environmental impact

assessment of larger plants and works)

• Municipalities (technology, noise, emissions)

New Environmental Stakeholders

• Neighbours (asking for green accounts)• Customers (having environmental

management)• End consumers/users (wanting eco-labels)• Distributors• Insurance (remember Erin Brockowitz)• Shareholders (looking at Dow Jones Sust.

Index)

Recent developments in Environmental Regulation

• from processes to products (to services)

• from “known” technologies to unknown behaviour

• from few actors to many actors

• from command-and-control to facilitating dialogue

• from authoritative institutional regulators to market

• from add-on technologies (cleaning filters) to integration and

prevention

Why focus the policy on products?

• So far: major point sources of pollution and with success – industry-related and waste-management related emissions have decreased in Europe e.g. heavy metals, sulphur dioxide. But “diffuse sources, such as products, consumers and mobile sources have been targeted far less effectively”

(European Environment Agency, 1995, p. 2)• "The main channel through which industry pollutes

the environment is not the smokestack, the sewage pipe or the waste container, but the delivery outlet. Here the largest amounts of potentially harmful substances leave the factory and start their travel through society"

(Oosterhuis et al. 1994).

Entended Producer Resposibility

(EPR)

• End of life vehicles (EoLV directive, 2000)

• Electrical and Electronic equipment (WEEE

directive + RoHS directive, 2003)

• Energy Using Products including electronics

(EUP directive proposal, September 2003)

Principles in Environmental Regulation• Sustainability

– fulfilling the needs of present generations without damaging the possibilities of making future generations fulfil their needs (factor 4 and factor 10)

• The life cycle concept a wide perspective on products including raw-materials, production, use and disposal

as well as the distributions processes between these.• The precautionary principle

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation

• Polluter pays principle• Producer responsibility• Cleaner technology

– preventing inside industry in stead of cleaning the output by the use of filters• Waste hierarchy 1) prevent 2) reuse 3) recycle 4) incinerate 5) land fill

The Life Cycle Perspective

The Green Dot- Duales System Deutschland

Banned SubstancesExample: Sony PlayStation

(slide by Ib Glerup Nielsen)

PlayStation 1 Sales Halted In Holland 5-12-01 15:49

1.3 million consoles and 800,000 peripherals withheld by customs

Sales of Sony's PSone console and peripherals have been temporarily halted in Holland due to traces of cadmium having been found in a shipment of them. Around 1.3 million consoles and 800,000 accessories that were due to hit shelves in Holland were retained by the Environmental Inspectorate.

Contrary to reports elsewhere that the shipment was retained due to potential health risks, the cadmium in question, which is used as a stabiliser in the plastic covering the console's cabling, poses a problem only because of local Dutch regulation relating to the environmental effects of the disposal of plastics after use.

Sony are currently trying to ascertain how the cadmium made it into this particular batch of PSone cabling ……….

Household Appliances Energy-labels are effective

A- and B labeled fridges have

gained a market share of

96 per cent (2002) in only eight years

The diagram shows showes the A

and B labeled share of the total sales.

Sources: Danish Energy Agency and Dansk Hvidevare nyt 1:2003 (FEHA)

A labeledB labeledOther labels

ISO-standards (ISO 14020-series) • Type I - main target audience: consumers (public and private) - and product

designers and manufacturers• LCA-based• positive• external control

• Type II "claims"• single attribute (ex: recycled paper content)• positive• self controlled

• Type III "declarations” - main audience: business communication • LCA-based• neutral• verification?

Type I eco-labels in Denmark • Germany’s Blue Angel

– started 1978– app. 85 products groups – app. 3500 products

• Nordic Swan – started 1989 (without Denmark)– app. 50 product groups – app. 1000 products

• EU flower: www.eco-label.com– started 1992– 21 product groups – app. 150 comp. & 300 products

Core elements of the EU flower

It has a European dimension

It is selective

It is transparent

It works with a multicriteria approach

It is voluntary

The Energy Star

• April 1993: the Clinton Announcement• Context: The US Federal Government was

World’s largest purchasing power in computers

• Result: Philips: ”No serious manufacturer can afford neclecting energy star demands”

The ’political consumers’ and Shell

• The Brent Spar platform (1995)• Environmental award winner (2000)• Triple bottom line: people, planet, profit symbolised by a stool

WEEE - directive (EU)• Member states establish collection system (min.

4kg inhabitant)

• Distributor offer free take back

• Producers set up waste treatment systems

• Producers set up recovery systems:– by December 2006 recovery rate: 60-85%

– Possibly new targets after 2008

– Producers pay collection, treatment, recovery and env. sound disposal

• Information to consumers

The Recycling Industry:

The last 'Factory'

Somebody will have to pay for the recycling, either the consumer or the producer.

The more efficient it can be done, using as little labour as possible, and the more valuable raw materials that can be regained, the cheaper it will be.

!

Picture is removed to

enable faster downloads

(slide by Ib Glerup Nielsen)

Danfoss Drives: "Info for Recyclers"

(slide by Ib Glerup Nielsen)

Next on Engineering Responsibilty: The company responseincluding ”eco-design” -more than just edible packaging

Coming up in this theatre ! After a 15 min. break