INTRODUCTION TO MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS

SECOND EDITION

Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski

WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

CONTENTS

Preface

1 Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion

1.1 What Is Power Electronics? 1 1.2 Generic Power Converter 3 1.3 Waveform Components and Figures of Merit 8 1.4 Phase Control 17 1.5 Pulse Width Modulation 22 1.6 Calculation of Current Waveforms 30

1.6.1 Analytical Solution 31 1.6.2 Numerical Solution 36 1.6.3 Practical Examples: Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers

1.7 Summary 44 Example 44 Problems 52 Computer Assignments 54 Literature 57

2 Semiconductor Power Switches

2.1 General Properties of Semiconductor Power Switches 59 2.2 Power Diodes 61 2.3 Semicontrolled Switches 65

2.3.1 SCRs 66 2.3.2 Triacs 69

2.4 Fully Controlled Switches 71 2.4.1 GTOs 71 2.4.2 IGCTs 72 2.4.3 Power BJTs 72 2.4.4 Power MOSFETs 76 2.4.5 IGBTs 78

2.5 Comparison of Semiconductor Power Switches 80

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2.6 Power Modules 82 2.7 Summary 85 Literature 86

3 Supplementary Components and Systems

3.1 What Are Supplementary Components and Systems? 3.2 Drivers 88

3.2.1 Drivers for SCRs, Triacs, and BCTs 88 3.2.2 Drivers for GTOs and IGCTs 90 3.2.3 Drivers for BJTs 91 3.2.4 Drivers for Power MOSFETs and IGBTs 93

3.3 Overcurrent Protection Schemes 95 3.4 Snubbers 97

3.4.1 Snubbers for Power Diodes, SCRs, and Triacs 3.4.2 Snubbers for GTOs and IGCTs 102 3.4.3 Snubbers for Transistors 103 3.4.4 Energy Recovery from Snubbers 104

3.5 Filters 107 3.6 Cooling 109 3.7 Control 110 3.8 Summary 113 Literature 113

4 AC-to-DC Converters

4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115 4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115 4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117

4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130 4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 131 4.2.2 Dual Converters 144

4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149 4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 150 4.3.2 Principles of Pulse Width Modulation 151 4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158 4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 164

4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 175 4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 176 4.6 Summary 180 Examples 181 Problems 187 Computer Assignments 189 Literature 191

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5 AC-to-AC Converters 192 5.1 AC Voltage Controllers 192

5.1.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 192 5.1.2 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 199 5.1.3 PWM AC Voltage Controllers 209

5.2 Cycloconverters 212 5.3 Matrix Converters 218 5.4 Device Selection for AC-to-AC Converters 227 5.5 Common Applications of AC-to-AC Converters 228 5.6 Summary 229 Examples 230 Problems 234 Computer Assignments 236 Literature 237

6 DC-to-DC Converters 238

6.1 Static DC Switches 238 6.2 Step-Down Choppers 241

6.2.1 First-Quadrant Chopper 243 6.2.2 Second-Quadrant Chopper 247 6.2.3 First-and-Second-Quadrant Chopper 249 6.2.4 First-and-Fourth-Quadrant Chopper 251 6.2.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper 253

6.3 Step-Up Chopper 256 6.4 Current Control in Choppers 258 6.5 Device Selection for Choppers 258 6.6 Common Applications of Choppers 261 6.7 Summary 262 Example 263 Problems 265 Computer Assignments 267 Literature 268

7 DC-to-AC Converters 269

7.1 Voltage-Source Inverters 269 7.1.1 Single-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter 270 7.1.2 Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter 281 7.1.3 Voltage Control Techniques for Voltage-Source Inverters 288 7.1.4 Current Control Techniques for Voltage-Source Inverters 300

7.2 Current-Source Inverters 308 7.2.1 Three-Phase Square-Wave Current-Source Inverter 308 7.2.2 Three-Phase PWM Current-Source Inverter 311

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7.3 Multilevel Inverters 315 7.4 Soft-Switching Inverters 322 7.5 Device Selection for Inverters 330 7.6 Common Applications of Inverters 333 7.7 Summary 341 Examples 341 Problems 348 Computer Assignments 349 Literature 351

8 Switching Power Supplies 353

8.1 Basic Types of Switching Power Supplies 353 8.2 Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 354

8.2.1 Buck Converter 355 8.2.2 Boost Converter 358 8.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 361 8.2.4 Cuk Converter 363 8.2.5 SEPIC and Zeta Converters 367 8.2.6 Comparison of Nonisolated Switched-Mode

DC-to-DC Converters 368 8.3 Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 371

8.3.1 Single-Switch Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 371 8.3.2 Multiple-Switch Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 375 8.3.3 Comparison of Isolated Switched-Mode

DC-to-DC Converters 378 8.4 Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 379

8.4.1 Quasi-Resonant Converters 379 8.4.2 Load-Resonant Converters 384 8.4.3 Comparison of Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 390

8.5 Summary 391 Examples 392 Problems 395 Computer Assignments 397 Literature 398

9 Power Electronics and Clean Energy 399

9.1 Why Is Power Electronics Indispensable in Clean Energy Systems? 399

9.2 Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems 401 9.2.1 Solar Energy Systems 401 9.2.2 Wind Energy Systems 404

9.3 Fuel Cell Energy Systems 409

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9.4 Electric and Hybrid Cars 411 9.5 Power Electronics and Energy Conservation 416 9.6 Summary 417 Literature 417

Appendix A PSpice Simulations 418 Appendix Fourier Series 422

Appendix Three-Phase Systems 426

Index 431