tobaco cigarettes
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TOBACO SMOKING
LECTURE: IMAM MUDOFIR, M.Pd
NIP: 197608182002121
BY: YAYANG ARIF APRIYANTO
NIM: 1131110044
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF MALANG
ELECTRO DEPARTMENT
D3 ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM
MAY 2012
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PREFACE
In the name of Allah SWT, the Author want to say thanks to God, because only God
help I can finished my article which have a title Tobaco Smoking on time and without
matter problem.
This report made for completed the order of lectureENGLISH LESSON in the
Electronical Engineering Department of POLINEMA.
This article discuses all things about Tobaco Smoking. From history to its impact to
our health. Readers can also find out how smoking can damage lung and our health.
Hopefully this article can be useful to who sever read this report. For sure the author
need developed critics and suggestions for the author reports in the future can be better.
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CONTENT
History
Smoking's history dates back to as early as 50003000 BC when the agricultural product
began to be cultivated in South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant
substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption. The
practice worked its way into shamanistic rituals. Many ancient civilizations such as the
Babylonians, the Indians, and the Chinese burnt incense during religious rituals. The practice
was later adopted by the Catholic and the Orthodox churches. Smoking in the Americas
probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies ofshamansbut was later adopted
for pleasure or as a social tool. The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was
used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world.
Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily
accepted trade item and would often smoke it in pipes, either in sacred ceremonies or to seal
bargains. Adults as well as children enjoyed the practice. It was believed that tobacco was a
gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of carrying one's
thoughts and prayers to heaven.
Apart from smoking, tobacco had a number of uses as medicine. As a pain killer it was used
for earache and toothache and occasionally as a poultice. Smoking was said by the desert
Indians to be a cure for colds, especially if the tobacco was mixed with the leaves of the small
Desert Sage, Salvia Dorrii, or the root of Indian Balsam or Cough Root,Leptotaenia
multifida, the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for asthma and
tuberculosis.
Popularization in the Word
In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first
settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco,
referred to as "brown gold", reviving the Virginia joint stock company from its failed gold
expeditions. In order to meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession,
quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent,
and likewise an expansion of tobacco production. Indentured servitudebecame the primarylabor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery. This trend
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abated following the American Revolution as slavery became regarded as unprofitable.
However, the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of the cotton gin.
Frenchman Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to
France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first report of a smoking
Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils". Like tea,
coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a
form of medicine. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today
is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time caravans from Morocco brought
tobacco to the areas around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the
plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by
the 1650s.
Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from
state and religious leaders. Murad IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the
first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public moral and health. The
Chinese emperorChongzhen issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and
the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. Later, the Manchu of the Qing dynasty, who were
originally a tribe of nomadic horse warriors, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime
than that even of neglecting archery". In Edo period Japan, some of the earliest tobaccoplantations were scorned by the shogunate as being a threat to the military economy by
letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used
to plant food crops.
Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral
or outright blasphemous. In 1634 the Patriarch forbade the sale of tobacco, and sentenced
men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs flayed. The
Western church leaderUrban VII likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull
of 1624. Despite some concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were largely ignored.
When James I of England, a staunch anti-smoker and the author of aA Counterblaste to
Tobacco, tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604 it
was unsuccessful, as suggested by the presence of around 7,000 tobacco outlets in London by
the early 17th century. From this point on for some centuries, several administrations
withdrew from efforts at discouragement and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into
sometimes lucrative government monopolies.
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By the mid-17th century most major civilizations had been introduced to tobacco smoking
and in many cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite some continued
attempts upon the parts of rulers to eliminate the practice with penalties or fines. Tobacco,
both product and plant, followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then
on into the hinterlands. The English language termsmokingappears to have entered currency
in the late 18th century, before which less abbreviated descriptions of the practice such
as drinking smoke were also in use.
Growth in the US remained stable until the American Civil War in 1860s, when the primary
agricultural workforce shifted from slavery to share cropping. This, along with a change in
demand, accompanied the industrialization of cigarette production as craftsman James
Bonsackcreated a machine in 1881 to partially automate their manufacture.
Consumption.
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the
genusNicotiana. The genus contains a number of species, however,Nicotiana tabacumis the
most commonly grown.Nicotiana rusticafollows as second containing higher concentrations
of nicotine. These leaves are harvested and cured to allow for the slow oxidation and
degradation ofcarotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco
leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before
packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other additives in order to: enhance the
addictive potency, shift the products pH, or improve the effects of smoke by making it more
palatable. In the United States these additives are regulated to 599 substances. The product is
then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets. Means of consumption has
greatly expanded in scope as new methods of delivering the active substances with fewer by-
products have encompassed or are beginning to encompass:
BeediBeedis are thin South Asian cigarettes filled with tobacco flake and wrapped in a tendu
leaf tied with a string at one end. They produce higher levels of carbon monoxide,
nicotine, and tar than cigarettes typical in the United States.
CigarCigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which are ignited so thatsmoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth. They are generally not inhaled because
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the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and
lungs. The prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period,
and population surveyed, and prevalence estimates vary somewhat depending on the
survey method. The United States is the top consuming country by far, followed by
Germany and the United Kingdom; the US and Western Europe account for about 75%
of cigar sales worldwide. As of 2005 it is estimated that 4.3% of men and 0.3% of
women smoke cigars in USA
CigarettesCigarettes, French for "small cigar", are a product consumed through smoking and
manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often
combined with other additives, which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped
cylinder. Cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into
the mouth and lungs.
Electronic cigaretteElectronic cigarettes are an alternative to tobacco smoking, although no tobacco is
consumed. It is a battery-powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by
delivering a vaporized propylene glycol/nicotine orvegetable glycerin/nicotine solution.
Many legislation and public health investigations are currently pending in many
countries due to its relatively recent emergence. Most electronic cigarettes are designed
to resemble actual tobacco smoking implements, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, but
many take the form of ballpoint pens or screwdrivers since those designs are more
practical to house the mechanisms involved. Most are also reusable, with replaceable and
refillable parts, but some models are disposable.
French inhaleThe French inhale is the action performed by smokers of expelling smoke from the
mouth and inhaling it into the nostrils.
HookahHookahare a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking.
Originally from India. The hookah was a symbol of pride and honor for the landlords,
kings and other such high class people. Now, the hookah has gained immense popularity,
especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It
can be used for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or cannabis.
Kretek
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Kretekare cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring
"sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal
eugenol of cloves to the lungs. The quality and variety of tobacco play an important role
in kretek production, from which kretek can contain more than 30 types of tobacco.
Minced dried clove buds weighing about 1/3 of the tobacco blend are added to add
flavoring. In 2004 the United States prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing
flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol, thereby removing kretek
from being classified as cigarettes.
Passive smokingPassive smoking is the usually involuntary consumption of smoked tobacco. Second-
hand smoke (SHS) is the consumption where the burning end is present, environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS) or third-hand smoke is the consumption of the smoke that remains
after the burning end has been extinguished. Because of its perceived negative
implications, this form of consumption has played a central role in the regulation of
tobacco products.
Pipe smokingPipe smoking typically consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the
tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit).
Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited. Tobaccos for
smoking in pipes are often carefully treated and blended to achieve flavor nuances not
available in other tobacco products.
Roll-Your-OwnRoll-Your-Own or hand-rolled cigarettes, often called 'rollies', are very popular
particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette
papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper than ready-made
cigarettes.
Physiology
The active substances in tobacco, especially cigarettes, are administered by burning the
leaves and inhaling the vaporized gas that results. This quickly and effectively delivers
substances into the bloodstream by absorption through the alveoli in the lungs. The lungs
contain some 300 million alveoli, which amounts to a surface area of over 70 m 2 (about the
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size of a tennis court). This method is not completely efficient as not all of the smoke will be
inhaled, and some amount of the active substances will be lost in the process of
combustion, pyrolysis. Pipe and Cigar smoke are not inhaled because of its high alkalinity,
which are irritating to the trachea and lungs. However, because of its higher alkalinity (pH
8.5) compared to cigarette smoke (pH 5.3), non-ionized nicotine is more readily absorbed
through the mucous membranes in the mouth. Nicotine absorption from cigar and pipe,
however, is much less than that from cigarette smokes.
The inhaled substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings. The cholinergic
receptors are often triggered by the naturally occurring neurotransmitteracetylcholine.
Acetylcholine and Nicotine express chemical similarities, which allow Nicotine to trigger the
receptor as well. These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors takes are located in the centralnervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles; whose activity increases
heart rate, alertness, and faster reaction times. Nicotine acetylcholine stimulation is not
directly addictive. However, since dopamine-releasing neurons are abundant on nicotine
receptors, dopamine is released. This release of dopamine, which is associated with pleasure,
is reinforcing and may also increase memory. Nicotine and cocaine activate similar patterns
of neurons, which supports the idea that common substrates among these drugs.
When tobacco is smoked, most of the nicotine is pyrolyzed. However, a dose sufficient tocause mild somatic dependency and mild to strong psychological dependency remains. There
is also a formation ofharmane (a MAO inhibitor) from the acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke.
This may play a role in nicotine addiction, by facilitating a dopamine release in the nucleus as
a response to nicotine stimuli. Using rat studies, withdrawal after repeated exposure to
nicotine results in less responsive nucleus accumbens cells, which produce dopamine
responsible forreinforcement.
Impact
EconomicIn countries where there is a publicly-funded healthcare system, society covers the cost of
medical care for smokers who become ill through smoking in the form of increased taxes.
Two broad debating positions exist on this front, the "pro-smoking" argument suggesting that
heavy smokers generally don't live long enough to develop the costly and chronic illnesses
which affect the elderly, reducing society's healthcare burden, and the "anti-smoking"
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argument suggests that the healthcare burden is increased because smokers get chronic
illnesses younger and at a higher rate than the general population. Data on both positions has
been contested. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventionpublished research in 2002
claiming that the cost of each packof cigarettes sold in the United States was more than $7 in
medical care and lost productivity. The cost may be higher, with another study putting it as
high as $41 per pack, most of which however is on the individual and his/her family. This is
how one author of that study puts it when he explains the very low cost for others: "The
reason the number is low is that for private pensions, Social Security, and Medicare the
biggest factors in calculating costs to society smoking actually saves money. Smokers die at a
younger age and don't draw on the funds they've paid into those systems."
By contrast, some non-scientific studies, including one conducted by Philip Morris in theCzech Republic and another by the Cato Institute, support the opposite position. Philip
Morris has explicitly apologized for the former study, saying: "The funding and public
release of this study which, among other things, detailed purported cost savings to the Czech
Republic due to premature deaths of smokers, exhibited terrible judgment as well as a
complete and unacceptable disregard of basic human values. For one of our tobacco
companies to commission this study was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at
Philip Morris, no matter where we work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from
the very real, serious and significant diseases caused by smoking.
Between 1970 and 1995, per-capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries
increased by 67 percent, while it dropped by 10 percent in the richer developed world. Eighty
percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the World Health
Organization (WHO) forecasts that 10 million people a year will die of smoking-related
illness, making it the single biggest cause of death worldwide, with the largest increase to be
among women. WHO forecasts the 21st century's death rate from smoking to be ten times the20th century's rate. ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007).
HealthTobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking
being a major risk factor for attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer(particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and
mouth, and pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of Crohn's disease aswell as the severity of the course of the disease. It is also the number one cause of bladder
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cancer. The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that
are exposed to the smoke.
Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the environment in order
to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.
The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004and
100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important
preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature
death worldwide."
Lung canceroccurs at non-smokers in 3.4 cases per 100 000 population. At people smoking
0.5 packs of cigarettes a day this figure rises to 51.4 per 100 000, 1-2 packs - up to 143.9 per
100 000 and if the intensity of smoking is over 2 packs a day - up to 217.3 per 100,000
population. Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the
environment in order to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer.
Rates of smoking have generally leveled-off or declined in the developed world. Smoking
rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8%
in adults. In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.
Second-hand smokepresents a very real health risk, to which six hundred thousand deaths
were attributed in 2004. Besides, Second-hand smoke is usually associated with lung cancer.
SocialFamous smokers of the past used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as Jean Paul
Sartre's Gauloises-brand cigarettes; Albert Einstein's, Douglas MacArthur's,Bertrand
Russell's, and Bing Crosby's pipes; or the news broadcasterEdward R. Murrow's cigarette.
Writers in particular seem to be known for smoking, for example, Cornell ProfessorRichardKlein's bookCigarettes are Sublime for the analysis, by this professor of French literature, of
the role smoking plays in 19th and 20th century letters. The popular authorKurt
Vonnegut addressed his addiction to cigarettes within his novels. British Prime
MinisterHarold Wilson was well known for smoking a pipe in public as was Winston
Churchill for his cigars. Sherlock Holmes, the fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle smoked a pipe, cigarettes, and cigars. The DC Vertigocomic book character, John
Constantine, created by Alan Moore, is synonymous with smoking, so much so that the firststoryline by Preachercreator, Garth Ennis, centered around John Constantine contracting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauloiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_(comics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Ennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher_(comics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonneguthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauloiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-hand_smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization -
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lung cancer. Professional wrestlerJames Fullington, while in character as "The Sandman", is
a chronic smoker in order to appear "tough".
The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures
especially Arab cultures where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not
to smoke at home or in the presence of her children. Studies has shown that pollution levels
in door places are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and
during fire storms. Furthermore, smoke can spread from one room to another, even if doors to
the smoking area are closed.
The ceremonial smoking of tobacco, and praying with a sacred pipe, is a prominent part of
the religious ceremonies of a number ofNative AmericanNations. Sema,
the Anishinaabeword for tobacco, is grown for ceremonial use and considered the ultimate
sacred plant since its smoke was believed to carry prayers to the heavens. In most major
religions, however, tobacco smoking is not specifically prohibited, although it may be
discouraged as an immoral habit. Before the health risks of smoking were identified through
controlled study, smoking was considered an immoral habit by certain Christian preachers
and social reformers. The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, Jr,
recorded that on February 27, 1833, he received a revelation which discouraged tobacco use.
This "Word of Wisdom" was later accepted as a commandment, and faithful Latter-day
Saints abstain completely from tobacco. Jehovah's Witnesses base their stand against
smoking on the Bible's command to "clean ourselves of every defilement of flesh" (2
Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (18381933) was one of the first
Jewish authorities to speak out on smoking. In the Bah' Faith, smoking tobacco is
discouraged though not forbidden.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fullingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kaganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kaganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fullingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling -
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Notice
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Tobaco
Smoking
History
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Physiology
Impact
Notice
OUT LINE
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REFERENCES
http://www.voa-islam.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking
http://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-
mematikan.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smokinghttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://konsultasipelajar.blogspot.com/2010/10/matikan-rokok-sebelum-rokok-mematikan.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking