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ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS compiled & edited by Arch. Jenaro A. Villamor, uapDefinitions of ACOUSTICS:1. branch of physics concerned with sound2. deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of soundAlmost all acoustical situations are described in 3 parts (elements):1. Sound Source ( e.g. human speech, HVAC equipment)2. Transmission Path (e.g. air, earth, building materials)3. Receiver (e.g. humans, animals, sensitive medical equipment)ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS1. technology of designing spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs2. effect of building design on the control of sound in buildings3 Aspects of Acoustical Design in Buildings1. Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area2. Internal acoustics of rooms3. Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrationsEssential Elements of Architectural Acoustics:1. Room Acoustics – the qualities or characteristics of a room, auditorium, or concert hall that determine the audibility of speech or fidelity of musical sound in it• Cubic volume (and coupled spaces)• Shape and proportion (length-to-width, height-to-width)• Finishes (selection and placement)• Audience layout ( floor slope, speaker-to-listener distances)• Special treatment ( suspended reflectors, resonant absorbers, quadratic-residue diffusers)2. Sound Isolation – the use of building materials and construction assemblies designed to reduce the transmission of airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to another or from the exterior to the interior of a building (Sound Insulation)• Site noise characteristics (sound level, character, duration)• Outdoor barriers, nearby buildings, vegetation, and earth berms• Location of activities within buildings (zoning, buffer spaces)• Background noise criteria (HVAC system, electronic)3. Mechanical system noise and vibrations• Equipment noise characteristics• Location of mechanical equipment• Vibration isolation ( springs, pads)• Air duct and pipe treatment ( linings, mufflers, laggings)• Background noise from air outlets (coordination with sound isolation)4. Electronic sound systems• System compatibility with room acoustics• Loudspeaker selection, placement and orientation• System components and controls• Background masking (loudspeaker layout, sound spectra)
Definitions of SOUND 21. physical wave in an elastic medium, usually air2. the sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted as longitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium3. a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building materials, and the earth4. physically, sound is a rapid fluctuation of air pressureTypes of Sound1. Wanted Sound (speech, music) – heard properlyo considered desirableo heard properly2. Unwanted Sound (noise) – annoyanceo annoyanceo not desired or objectionable
Characteristics of Sound1. Audible2. InaudibleBasic Principles of Sound - understanding the characteristics of sound is essential in designing for good acoustics)1. Generation o sound is generated when an object vibrates, causing the adjacent air to move, resulting in a series of pressure waves radiating out from the moving objecto Wave – a disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium or space without advance by the points themselves, as in the transmission of sound or light o Sound Wave – a longitudinal pressure wave in air or an elastic medium esp. one producing an audible sensation2. Frequencyo the no. of times the cycle of compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given unit of time (e.g. 1000 cycles in the period of 1 second = 1000 cps = 1000 Hertz)o the no. of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillationo the no. of complete cycles per second (frequency of vibration)o the rate of oscillation of molecules by sound (frequency of vibration) measured in cycles per second (Hertz)o Pitch – frequency of sound vibration; the predominant frequency of a sound as perceived by the human earo Vibration – the back and forth motion of a complete cycle o Cycle – full circuit by a displaced particleo Period – the time required for one complete cycle o 20 – 20,000 Hz – approx. audio frequency range of human hearing; o 600 – 40,000 Hz – critical frequency for speech communicationo Tone – composed of a fundamental frequency with multiples of the fundamental, called Harmonicso Pure Tone – sound composed only of 1 frequencyo Musical sounds are combination of many pure toneso Frequency bands – used to express division of sounds into sections (Octave bands are the most common)o 9 Octave Bands – 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz33. Velocityo varies according to the medium of transmission; approx. 1100 fps in air at normal temperature and pressure4. Wavelengtho Distance between similar points on successive waves; the distance the sound travels in one cycleo Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity:Λ = c/fΛ = wavelength, ft.2c = velocity of sound, fpsf = frequency of sound, Hz (cps)o Low frequency sounds: characterized by long wavelengthso High frequency sounds: characterized by short wavelengthso Sounds with wavelengths ranging from ½” – 50’ can be heard by humans5. Magnitudeo Sound power (watts) – amount of energy produced by a sourceo Intensity – describes the energy level; unit is watts/cm2o Loudness (what is perceived) – related to the Intensity Level (IL) or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)o The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is equivalent to the Sound Intensity Level (IL)o Intensity Level is expressed in decibelso Decibel – dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values of a logarithmic
scaleComparison of decimal, exponential, and logarithmic statements of various acoustic intensitiesIntensity (watts/cm2) Intensity LevelDecimal Notation Exponential Notation Logarithmic Notation Examples0.001 10-3 130 dB Painful0.0001 10-4 120 dB 0.00001 10-5 110 dB 75-piece orchestra0.000001 10-6 100 dB 0.0000001 10-7 90 dB Shouting at 5 ft.0.000000001 10-9 70 dB Speech at 3ft.0.00000000001 10-11 50 dB Average office0.0000000000001 10-13 30 dB Quiet unoccupied office0.00000000000001 10-14 20 dB Rural ambient0.000000000000001 10-15 10 dB 0.0000000000000001 10-16 0 dB Threshold of hearing
o The fundamental relationship that determines the decibel level is ten times the logarithm to the base 10 of the numerical ratio of the two intensities. For example:IL = 10 log II0IL = intensity levelI = intensity, watts/cm2I0 = reference intensity, 10-16 watts/cm246. Time Characteristics of Soundo Some sounds remain constant with time (e.g. fan may produce a sound with constant frequency and intensity characteristics – a steady state sound)o Sounds (traffic, voices, musical instruments) vary as a function of timeo Vehicular traffic sounds: maximum levels/levels exceeded for 90% of the timeo Speech sounds: 1% peakso Orchestra’s sound: long-term average levelsBehavior of Sound in a Free Field• Sound intensity is reduced to one-quarter each time the distance doubles:
I1 and I2 are the intensities at distances d1 and d2 from the source• The intensity of a sound at a distance from the source is expressed as the power (P) of the source divided by the area over which it has spread (A)I = P/A• If the sound radiates freely in all directions from a source the area is a sphere. The intensity is represented as:I = P4π r2P = power in wattsr = distance from source in cmIn English units, the conversion factor is 930 cm2/ft4π r2Using this, the equation for spherical direction is:I = P/930 x 4π r2As the intensity is reduced to one-quarter with each doubling of distance, the sound pressure level (IL) is reduced by 6 dB. Quartering the intensity reduced the intensity level by 6 dB• Sound attenuation is due to distance, absorption, or barriers• Barriers, to be effective must be solid, quite large as compared to the wavelength of sound and near to the source or receiver• Shrubs, hedges, small groves: visual barriers only; no value acoustically• Sound Combining. Sounds from separate sources may combine. Two violins produce a louder sound than 1 instrument; 3 violins are louder still. Decibels are not added directly to make the perceived level twice as loud for 2 sources or 3 times as loud for 3. The level for combined
sources is determined by adding powers, intensities or pressures; and subsequently converting to decibels. Doubling of intensities results in a 3 dB increase (e.g. 50 dB plus 50 dB is 53 dB, not 100 dB)
5ROOM ACOUSTICSSound Indoors – Acoustics of Room• Sound in an enclosure radiates out from the source until it hits a surface that reflects or absorbs it• If the source is continuous, a state of equilibrium will be reached • Levels are constant throughout most spaces except at points very near the source (for a given source, the built-up or reverberant levels will be highest in a space with a few absorptive surfaces – lobby with marble walls/floors; in a space with large areas of sound absorbing materials, the levels will be lowest1. Sound Absorption• Materials varying sound absorption characteristics Some absorb low frequency energy Some absorb high frequency energy Others absorb energy equally over a broad spectrum • Mechanism of Absorption: 3 families of devices for sound absorption; all types absorb sound by changing sound energy to heat energy Fibrous materials (Porous materials): absorption provided by a specific material depends on thickness, density, porosity, resistance to air flow (e.g. materials must be thick to absorb low frequency sounds effectively; suspending an acoustical ceiling tile a foot below the structure results in better broad band absorption than cementing the tile directly to the structure; “acoustic” paints with sand or walnut shells are useless as sound absorbers Panel resonators: built with a membrane (thin plywood, linoleum in front of a sealed airspace); panel is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave; sound energy is converted into heat through internal viscous damping; used where efficient low frequency absorption is required/ mid and high frequency absorption is unwanted; used in recording studios Volume resonators• Coefficient of Absorption (α): Knowing the amount of absorption at different frequencies for each material in a room is essential in designing the room acoustics The absorption coefficient is the fraction of incident energy that is absorbed by a surface expressed asα = IaIiIi = incident energy, watts/cm2Ia= absorbed energy, watts/cm2 α = absorption coefficient (no units) Total absorption (A) provided by a surface (S) is expressed in sabinsA = SαA = Total absorption, sabinsS = Surface area, sq ftα = Coefficient of absorption
6Coefficients of General Building Materials and FurnishingsCoefficients for absorption in auditorium is shown for both empty and occupied seating conditions
• Many products are prefabricated for sound absorbing treatment (suspended ceilings/wall mounted treatments• 3 kinds of custom-designed treatments that are often used in auditoriums/churches (the deep air space insures adequate low frequency performance
2. Noise Reduction by Absorption• Noise levels in a room are highest for a given source if the room’s surfaces are primarily sound reflecting; lowest if there are large areas of sound absorbing materials (e.g. sound absorbing ceilings 3. Reflections4. Reverberation
uestions and Answers Excerpt1. The process of removing concrete forms from the cured
concrete?A.ClearingB.Deforming worksC.
Stripping
D.None of these
E.Cleaning
2. In lockset, this is the safest door lock recommended for main entry doors.
A.MORTISE LOCKSET
B.
UNIT LOCKSET
C.CYLINDER LOCKSETD.RIM LOCKSETE.LOCK
3. You decided to have architectural firm a sole proprietorship, to what commission you should registered?
A.Mayor's officeB.DTIC.SECD.
GPPB
E.DILG
4. Vernacular term for framework?A.
Asintada
B.
Rebokada
C.Balangkas
D.
Barakilan
E.Asolehos
5. TEMPERATURE RATING AT FLASH POINT
6. Vernacular term for cabinet hingeA.
Lastilyas
B.
Palitada
C.Suban
D.
Espolon
7. Large footing extending a wide area
A.MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
B.GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
C.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
D.COMBINED FOUNDATION
E.BENCH FOUNDATION
8. Sole proprietorship duly registered with the:
A.Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
B.Local Government Units (LGU)C.
Commission
D.
Board
9. What is TRIMMER?A.
A beam joist or rafter supporting one end of a header at the edge of the opening in the floor or roof frame.
B.A short transverse joist that supports the end of the cut-off joist at stairwell holes.
C.
A wood strip nailed to the lower side of a girder to provide a bearing surface for joist.
D.
A horizontal beam supporting a floor joist.
E.Any joist which carries a floor.
10. In concealed construction, a material or member which fills or seals the open.
A.
DRAFTSTOP
B.
FIRESTOP
C.TAILPIECE
D.
BACKPAN
E.INSULATION
11. Type of fitting for yoke vent?A.TeeB.CrowfootC.
Wye
D.ElbowE.1/4 vent
12. A sole proprietorship, a partnership, a corporation or an association registered with proper government agencies, specially the DTI, SEc and the PRC.
A.Professional FirmB.
Architectural Corporation
C.
Architectural Firm
D.
Allied Technical
13. The responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare and cultural expression of society's habitat in terms of space forms and historical context.
A.Consulting Architect
B.
Architect
C.Architect-of-recordD.
Architect-in-charge
14. A horizontal beam supporting a floor joist.A.
GIRDER
B.FLOOR JOIST
C.TAILPIECE
D.
LEDGER STRIP
E.HEDGER
15. Architecture Partnership duly registered with the SEC and then with the:
A.DTIB.
BOARD of Architecture
C.CommssionD.
Mayor's
16. STANDARD WIDTH OF A SEAT WITHOUT DIVIDING ARMS FOR PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
17. Beam that project beyond one or both its support?A.
Cantilever beam
B.
Continuous beam
C.Intermediate beamD.Overhanging beamE.Grade Beam
18. Refers to the practice of architecture by a duly-registered juridical person i.e. an architecture firm, company, partnership, corporation or association consisting of two (20 or more natural persons duly registerd and licensed individually (as natural persons) to practice the profession of architecture by his/ her country of origin/birth.
A.OrganizationB.Group architectural
practiceC.
Firm
D.
Consulting architects
19. Non-architect professionals registered and licensed by the Commission such as engineers, interior designers, environmental planners, landscape architects and the like who are engaged in the planning and design of the various components of buildings and their environs.
A.
Allied Technical
B.Architectural EntityC.
Technological Professionals
D.Association
20. An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into the large segments, the edges of which breakaway from the surface while the center remains attached. Usually due to repeated application of new coats over old coats.
A.BLISTERING
B.
ALLIGATORING
C.CHALKING
D.DEADENING
21. The ultimate strength of the material divided by allowable working load?
A.
Strength limit
B.Maximum strengthC.
Safety factor
D.DeflectionE.Proportional limit
22. Which may generally refer to companies, partnerships or corporations registered with the:
A.Board/PRCB.DTI
C.SECD.DILGE.None of
these
23. Diagonal bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent the joist from twisting.
A.
Fire brick
B.Stirrup
C.
Cross bridging
D.Cleat
24. Who is directly and professionally responsible and liable for the construction supervision of the project?
A.
Architect-of record
B.
Architect-in-charge
C.Consulting Architect
D.
Architect
E.Project Manager
25. Vernacular term for wrought iron strapA.
Platsuela
B.Guililan
C.Batidora
D.
Espolon
E.Baniera
26. In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a door opening or below a window sill is
A.Wood StudB.Stirrup
C.Scarf joint
D.Plastic hose
E.Cripple stud
27. A type of glass use in constructing vision door which must be shutter proof
to be accident freeA.
LAMINATED GLASS
B.WIRE GLASSC.
PATTERN GLASS
D.
GLASS BLOCK
E.TEMPERED GLASS
28. Concrete must be placed in position properly compacted within WHAT minutes after adding water, then cement setting will start?
A.
45 to 60 MINUTES
B.
30 to 60 MINUTES
C 15 to 30 MINUTES
.
D.
10 to 20 MINUTES
E.60 MINUTES to 2 HOURS
29. A wall that hold back on earth embankment?A.
Retaining Wall
B.Shoring WallC.
Buttress Wall
D.
Foundation Wall
E.None of the Above
30. A watertight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building.
A.WELL FOUNDATION
B.PILE FOUNDATION
C.
FOUNDATIONS
D.CAISSON'S FOUNDATION
E.BENCH FOUNDATION
31. The placing of concrete using pneumatic pressure of dry mix concrete or mortars
A.
SHOTCRETE
B.PNEUMATIC PLACEMENTC.
BUGGY
D.SPADING
32. Refers to the firm of an individual Architect practicing and delivering architectural services, duly registered with the DTI, Board and the Commission
A.
Technological Professionals
B.
Allied Technical
C.
Firm
D.
Sole proprietorship
E.None of these
Correct
Q.1) The first plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Bramante.
A. Latin Cross
B. Greek Cross (Your Answer)
C. English Cross
D. French Cross
Incorrect Q.2) With regards to relationship of structure to architecture, which of the
following describes formal or sculptured structure? A.Uses least amount of material B. Focuses on novelty of form (Your Answer)
C.Materials used below maximum load-bearing capacity D. Exaggerated elements (Correct Answer)
IncorrectQ.3) Architect of the Temples of Zeus, Olympia.
A. Libon (Correct Answer)
B.Mnesicles
C. Theron (Your Answer)
D.Cossutius
Explanationhe Temple of Zeus at Olympia was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order.[1] The temple, built between 472 and 456 BCE, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE[2] Greece's "Dark Age", when the cult of Zeus was joined to the already establish cult here of Hera.[3]It housed the renowned statue of Zeus, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Chryselephantine statue was approximately 13 m (43 ft) high and was made by the sculptor Phidias in his workshop on the site at Olympia. He took about twelve years to complete it. On his head was a sculpted wreath of olive sprays. In his right hand he held a figure of Nike, the goddess of victory, also made from ivory and gold, and in his left hand, a scepter made with many kinds of metal, with an eagle perched on the top. His sandals were made of gold and so was his robe. His garments were carved with animals and with lilies. The throne was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory. The statue was the most famous artistic work in Greece.
The temple was constructed by the architect Libon, with carved metopes and triglyph friezes, topped by pediments filled with sculptures in the Severe Style, now attributed to the "Olympia Master" and his studio.The main structure of the building was of a local limestone that was unattractive and of poor quality, and so it was coated with a thin layer of stucco to give it an appearance of marble. All the sculptural decoration on the temple was made of Parian marble, and the roof tiles were of the same Pentelic marble used to build the Parthenon at Athens.
Correct Q.4) The best example of a German Romanesque church with apses at
both east and west A.Worms Cathedral (Your Answer)
B. Tournai Cathedral C. Trier Cathedral D.Bamberg CathedralIncorrect
Q.5) The Greek council house which is covered meeting place for the democratically-elected council is called:
A.Bouleuterion (Correct Answer)
B. Thersihon
C. Prytaneion (Your Answer)
D.Diathyros
Incorrect Q.6) It is the eclectic style of domestic architecture of the 1870’s and the
1880’s in England and the USA and actually based on country house and cottage Elizabeth architecture which was characterized by a blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance and colonial elements in the USA:
A.Mannerist Phase B. Queen Anne style (Correct Answer)
C. Jacobean Architecture D. Stuart Architecture (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.7) A type of Roman wall facing with a net-like effect.
A.Opus Incertum (Your Answer)
B. Opus Mixtum
C.Opus Recticulatum (Correct Answer)
D.Opus Quadratum
Incorrect Q.8) The finest of Greek Tombs, also known as the 'tomb of
Agamemnon'.
A. Phylaki B. Treasury of Atreus (Correct Answer)
C.Nea Roumata D. Tholos Tomb (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.9) The memorial column built in the form of tall Doric order and made entirely of marble is;
A.Column of Antoninus Pius
B. Trajan’s Column (Correct Answer)
C.Column of Marcus Aurelius (Your Answer)
D.Column of Dioelectian
Correct Q.10) What historic style of architecture contributed the Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian “Orders of Architecture? A. Early Christian B. Byzantine C.Greek (Your Answer)
D. EgyptianIncorrect
Q.11) “The man of learning… can fearlessly look down upon the troublesome accidents of fortune. But he who thinks himself entrenched in defense not of learning but of luck, moves one slippery path, struggling though life unsteadily and insecurely.”
A.A New Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright
B. Ten books of Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius (Correct Answer)
C. Space, Time and Architecture by Sigfried Gideon (Your Answer)
D. The Poetry of Architecture by John Ruskin
IncorrectQ.12) Architect of the Erechtheion.
A. Libon B.Mnesicles (Correct Answer)
C. Theron (Your Answer)
D.Cossutius
ExplanationThe temple as seen today was built between 421 and 406 BC. Its architect may have been Mnesicles, and it derived its name from a shrine dedicated to the legendary Greek hero Erichthonius. The sculptor and mason of the structure was Phidias, who was employed by Pericles to build both the Erechtheum and the Parthenon. Some have suggested that it may have been built in honor of the legendary king Erechtheus, who is said to have been buried nearby. Erechtheus was mentioned in Homer's Iliad as a great king and ruler of Athens during the Archaic Period, and Erechtheus and the hero Erichthonius were often syncretized. It is believed to have been a replacement for the Peisistratid temple of Athena Polias destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC.The need to preserve multiple adjacent sacred precincts likely explains the complex design. The main structure consists of up to four compartments, the largest being the east cella, with an Ionic portico on its east end. Other current thinking[1] would have the entire interior at the lower level and the East porch used for access to the great altar of Athena Polias via a balcony and stair and also as a public viewing platform.The entire temple is on a slope, so the west and north sides are about 3 m (9 ft) lower than the south and east sides. It was built entirely of marble from Mount Pentelikon, with friezes of black limestone from Eleusis which bore sculptures executed in relief in white marble. It had elaborately carved doorways and windows, and its columns were ornately decorated (far more so than is visible today); they were painted, gilded and highlighted with gilt bronze and multi-colored inset glass beads. The building is known for early examples of egg-and-dart, and guilloche ornamental moldings.[2]The Porch of the CaryatidsOn the south side, there is another large porch with columns, and on the south, the famous "Porch of the Maidens", with six draped female figures (caryatids) as supporting columns, each sculpted in a manner different from the rest and engineered in such a way that their slenderest part, the neck, is capable of supporting the weight of the porch roof while remaining graceful and feminine. The porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to support the southwest corner over the metropolis, after the building was drastically reduced in size and budget following the onset of the Peloponnesian war.
Incorrect
Q.13) Marble mosaic pattern used on ceilings of vaults and domes.
A.Opus Tesselatum (Correct Answer)
B. Opus Mixtum
C.Opus Recticulatum
D.Opus Quadratum (Your Answer)
Correct Q.14) What is the principal type of building in Muslim Architecture? A.Mosque (Your Answer)
B.Mausoleum C. Temple D.ChurchIncorrect
Q.15) The architect of the Quiapo Church before its restoration.
A. Tomas Mapua
B. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)
C. Jose Herrera
D.Cesar Concio (Your Answer)
Correct Q.16) Greek architecture was essentially. A.Domical roof construction B. Helm Roof C.Columnar trabeated (Your Answer)
D.Arch and vaultCorrect
Q.17) "A house is a machine to live in".
A. Frank Loyd Wright
B. Le Corbusier (Your Answer)
C.Mies van de Rohe
D.Walter Gropius
Correct Q.18) "Architecture is Organic".
A.Mies van de Rohe B.Walter Gropius C. Le Corbusier D. Frank Lloyd Wright (Your Answer)
CorrectQ.19)
The Grandest Temple of all Egyptian temples, it was not built by upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to the work of many Kings. Built from the 12th Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period.
A.Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak (Your Answer)
B.The Great temple of Abu-Simbel C.Temple of Queen HATSHEPSUT D.Temple of Ramsesseum, Thebes Explanation
The Karnak Temple Complex—usually called Karnak—comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings, notably the Great Temple of Amun and a massive structure begun by Pharaoh Ramses II (ca. 1391–1351 BC). Sacred Lake is part of the site as well. It is located near Luxor, some 500 km south of Cairo, in Egypt. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes. The Karnak complex takes its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5 km north of Luxor.The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the Giza Pyramids near Cairo. It consists of four main parts (precincts), of which only the largest, the Precinct of Amun-Re, currently is open to the general public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors normally see. The three other parts, the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Montu, and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV, are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries located outside the enclosing walls of the four main parts, as well as several avenues of goddess and ram-headed sphinxes connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the Luxor Temple.The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatsheput, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings.The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued through to Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs
contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV, the pharaoh who later would celebrate a near monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, using buildings of the Ancient Egyptians by later cultures for their own religious purposes.One famous aspect of Karnak, is the Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re, a hall area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m2) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. 122 of these columns are 10 meters tall, and the other 12 are 21 meters tall with a diameter of over three meters.The architraves on top of these columns are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers. This would be an extremely time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such great heights. A common alternative theory about how they were moved is that there were large ramps made of sand mud brick or stone and the stones were towed up the ramps. If they used stone for the ramps they would have been able to build the ramps with much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths.There is an unfinished pillar in an out of the way location that indicated how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.[1][2] Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of them are listed here.In 2009 UCLA launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.[3]The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region and with the establishment of the current capital of the unified culture that changed several times. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building here would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided temple from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identified with the Ram and the Goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amen is, "hidden" or, the "hidden god".[4]Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt.Thutmose I erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing in situ. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the eighteenth dynasty, although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II.Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty has added something to the temple site. Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court, the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple.Hatshepsut had monuments constructed and also restored the original Precinct of Mut, the ancient great goddess of Egypt, that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. She had twin obelisks, at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth; the other has broken in two and toppled. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was intended as a barque shrine and originally, may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where it still remains. Known as The Unfinished Obelisk, it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried.[5]The last major change to Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole Precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I.In 323 AD, Constantine the Great recognised the Christian religion, and in 356 ordered the closing of pagan temples throughout the empire. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded amongst the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III's central hall, where painted decorations of saints and Coptic inscriptions can still be seen.[edit]European knowledge of KarnakThebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both Herodotus and Strabo give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the Nile one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century Claudius Ptolemaeus' mammoth work Geographia, have been circling in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the fifteenth and 16th century who visited only Lower Egypt and published their travel accounts, such as Joos van Ghistele or André Thévet, put Thebes in or close to Memphis.
The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589, although his account relates no name for the complex. This account, housed in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, is the first known European mention, since ancient Greek and Roman writers, about a whole range of monuments in Upper Egypt and Nubia, including Karnak, Luxor temple, Colossi of Memnon, Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Philae, and others.Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two capuchin missionary brothers Protais and Charles François d'Orléans travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot (Relations de divers voyages curieux, 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt, 1678).The first drawing of Karnak is found in Paul Lucas' travel account of 1704, (Voyage du Sieur paul Lucas au Levant). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator, and the massive 113 m long, 43 m high and 15 m thick, first Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.Karnak was visited and described in succession by Claude Sicard and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), Granger (1731), Frederick Louis Norden (1737–38), Richard Pococke (1738), James Bruce (1769), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1777), William George Browne (1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including Vivant Denon, during 1798–1799. Claude-Étienne Savary describes the complex rather detailed in his work of 1785; especially in light that it is a fictional account of a pretended journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit Lower Egypt in 1777–78, and published a work about that too.
IncorrectQ.20) Forming the imposing entrance to the acropolis and erected by the
architect Mnesicles is the...
A. Parthenon (Your Answer)
B. Propylaea (Correct Answer)
C. Pteroma D. Stoa Explanation
The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him. Construction began in 437 BCE and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unfinished.
The Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian marble or limestone, which was used only for accents. Structural iron was also used, though William Bell Dinsmoor[1] analyzed the structure and concluded that the iron weakened the building. The structure consists of a central building with two adjoining wings on the west (outer) side, one to the north and one to the south. The core is the central building, which presents a standard six-columned Doric façade both on the West to those entering the Acropolis and on the east to those departing. The columns echo the proportions (not the size) of the columns of the Parthenon. There is no surviving evidence for sculpture in the pediments.The central building contains the gate wall, about two-thirds of the way through it. There are five gates in the wall, one for the central passageway, which was not paved and lay along the natural level of the ground, and two on either side at the level of the building's eastern porch, five steps up from the level of the western porch. The central passageway was the culmination of the Sacred Way, which led to the Acropolis from Eleusis.Entrance into the Acropolis was controlled by the Propylaea. Though it was not built as a fortified structure, it was important that people not ritually clean be denied access to the sanctuary. In addition, runaway slaves and other miscreants could not be permitted into the sanctuary where they could claim the protection of the gods. The state treasury was also kept on the Acropolis, making its security important.
Incorrect
Q.21) Architect of the Lung Center of the Philippines.
A.George Ramos (Correct Answer)
B.William Cosculluela (Your Answer)
C. Froilan Hong
D.Gabriel Formoso
Incorrect Q.22) From what style of architecture were the Chinese pagodas derived? A.Muslim B. Indian (Correct Answer)
C. Japanese (Your Answer)
D. EuropeanIncorrect
Q.23) Designer of the Bonifacio Monument.
A.Cesar Concio
B. Felipe Mendoza (Your Answer)
C. Tomas Mapua
D. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)
Correct Q.24) Triangular piece of wall above the entablature.
A. Pediment (Your Answer)
B. Pendentive C.Architrave D. FriezeCorrect
Q.25) First elected U.A.P. president.
A. Jose Herrera (Your Answer)
B. Juan Nakpil
C.Cesar Concio
D. Felipe Mendoza
Incorrect Q.26) The private house of the Romans. A.Villa B. Domus (Correct Answer)
C.Atrium House D. Thalamus (Your Answer)
Correct
Q.27) The architecture of the curved line is known as ___.
A.Romanesque
B. Renaissance
C.Baroque (Your Answer)
D.Medieval
Incorrect Q.28) Corresponds to the Greek naos. A.Ambo B. Bema C.Cella (Correct Answer)
D.Cancelli (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.29) First school which offered architecture in the Philippines.
A.Mapua (Your Answer)
B. UST
C. Liceo de Manila (Correct Answer)
D.National University
Incorrect Q.30) A term given to the mixture of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim
12th-16th century architecture. A.Byzantine B. Romanesque C. Saracenic (Your Answer)
D.Mudejar (Correct Answer)
CorrectQ.31) Architect of the Great Serapeum at Alexandria.
A. Ptolemy III (Your Answer)
B. Thothmes I
C. Senusret I
D.Amenemhat I
ExplanationThe Serapeum of Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt was a temple built by Ptolemy III (reigned 246–222 BCE) and dedicated to Serapis, the syncretic Hellenistic-Egyptian god who was made the protector of Alexandria. By all detailed accounts, the Serapeum was the largest and most magnificent of all temples in the Greek quarter of Alexandria. Besides the image of the god, the temple precinct housed an offshoot collection of the great Library of Alexandria.[1][2] The geographer Strabo tells that this stood in the west of the city. Nothing now remains above ground.Excavations at the site of the column of Diocletian in 1944 yielded the foundation deposits of the Temple of Serapis. These are two sets of ten plaques, one each of gold, of silver, of bronze, of faience, of sun-dried Nile mud, and five of opaque glass.[3] The inscription that Ptolemy III Euergetes built the Serapeion, in Greek and hieroglyphs,
marks all plaques; evidence suggests that Parmeniskos was assigned as architect.[4] The foundation deposits of a temple dedicated to Harpocrates from the reign of Ptolemy IV were also found within the enclosure walls.[5]Subterranean galleries beneath the temple were most probably the site of the mysteries of Serapis. In 1895, a black diorite statue representing Serapis in his Apis bull incarnation with the sun-disk between his horns was found at the site; an inscription dates it to the reign of Hadrian (117-38).
Correct Q.32) A raised stage reserved for the clergy in early Christian churches. A.Ambo B. Bema (Your Answer)
C.Cella D.CancelliIncorrectQ.33) The oldest circus in Rome.
A.Circus Varianus
B. Circus Maximus (Correct Answer)
C.Circus of Maxentius
D.Circus Flaminius (Your Answer)
ExplanationThe Circus Maximus (Latin for great or large circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width, and could accommodate about 150,000 spectators.[1] In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. The site is now a public park.
Incorrect Q.34) Which construction system permit great spans of infinite variety of
shapes of concrete, or steel combined with glass or plastic? A. Space frame (Correct Answer)
B. Thin shell construction (Your Answer)
C. Frame construction D. Suspension system
Correct
Q.35)
Mies van der Rohe first envisioned the all-glass skyscraper in the 1920s.A true genius, he designed a structure that could not be built at that time, but some thirty years later the technology was at hand. The long-held dream of the crystalline tower was finally realized in these famous building, 38 stories of black steel and glass.
A. Lever House
B. Seagram Building (Your Answer)
C. Lakeshore Drive Apartment
D. S.R. Crown Hall
Incorrect Q.36) Plan shape of a Japanese Pagoda A. Square (Correct Answer)
B. Rectangle C.Round (Your Answer)
D. TriangularCorrect
Q.37) The dining hall in a monastery, a convent, or a college.
A.Refectory (Your Answer)
B. Cortel
C.Apse
D.Dipteral
Correct Q.38) From the 5th century to the present, the character of Byzantine
architecture is the practice of using.... A.Domical roof construction (Your Answer)
B. Helm Roof C.Columnar trabeated D.Arch and vaultIncorrect
Q.39) A type of Roman wall facing which is made of small stone laid in a loose pattern roughly resembling polygonal work.
A.Opus Incertum (Correct Answer)
B. Opus Mixtum (Your Answer)
C.Opus Recticulatum
D.Opus Tesselatum
Incorrect Q.40) A Greek building that contains painted pictures. A. Epidauros B. Odeion (Your Answer)
C. Pinacotheca (Correct Answer)
D. PodiumIncorrect
Q.41) The characteristic of Greek ornament.
A.Acroterion
B. Anthemion (Correct Answer)
C.Antefix
D.Apotheca (Your Answer)
Incorrect Q.42) First president and founder of PAS. A. Jose Herrera B. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)
C.Cesar Concio D. Felipe Mendoza (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.43) A type of roman wall facing with rectangular block with or without mortar joints.
A.Opus Tesselatum
B. Opus Mixtum (Your Answer)
C.Opus Recticulatum
D.Opus Quadratum (Correct Answer)
IncorrectQ.44) Who commenced the 'hall of hundred columns'?
A.Darius B. Hystaspes (Your Answer)
C.Amytis D.Xerxes (Correct Answer)
ExplanationAccording to the inscription known as A1Pb, construction of the Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis (map 8) was started by the Achaemenid king Xerxes; the building was finished by his son and successor Artaxerxes I Makrocheir (465-424). This throne hall was Persepolis' second largest building, measuring 70 x 70 meters.At an unknown moment, its function was changed and it became a store room, probably because the Treasuryhad become too small to contain all treasures that were hoarded in Persepolis. A new function may have been envisioned, however, because Artaxerxes III Ochus was building a new road and a new gate to the palace, suggesting that the Hall of Hundred Columns might have been used for audience.The entrance was to the north, where a portico was decorated by two large bulls. The entrances themselves - two on each of the four sides of the square building - were decorated with the usual motifs:. audience scenes, throne scenes, and "royal warriors" fighting against wild animals.
Correct
Q.45) An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.
A.Acroterion
B. Anthemion
C.Antefix (Your Answer)
D.Apotheca
Incorrect Q.46) Orientation of the Roman temple is towards the ___.
A. Forum (Correct Answer)
B. Parthenon C.Agora (Your Answer)
D.ColloseumIncorrect
Q.47) The sleeping room of the 'megaron'.
A.Balneum (Your Answer)
B. Domus
C. Insulae
D. Thalamus (Correct Answer)
Incorrect Q.48) Architect of the World Trade Center. A.Kenzo Tange (Your Answer)
B. Arata Isozake C.Minoru Yamasaki (Correct Answer)
D. Tadao AndoIncorrect
Q.49) The dressing room of the Thermae.
A.Apodyteria (Correct Answer)
B. Calidarium (Your Answer)
C. Sudatorium
D.Unctuaria
Correct Q.50) Romanesque architecture in Italy is distinguished from that of the
rest of Europe by the use of what material for facing walls. A.Bricks B. Cement C. Lime D.Marble (Your Answer)
Correct
Q.51) Plan shape of a Chinese pagoda.
A.Octagonal (Your Answer)
B. Hexagonal
C.Rectangular
D. Square
Incorrect Q.52) In Indian, architecture, which of the following is not a characteristic
feature? A. Stupa B. Horseshoe arch (Your Answer)
C. Pointed arch (Correct Answer)
D. ��sikhara”Correct
Q.53) The council house in Greece.
A. Insulae
B. Bouleuterion (Your Answer)
C.Domus
D. Prytaneion
Incorrect Q.54) The father of modern picture books of Architecture. A.Andrea Palladio (Correct Answer)
B. Leon Battista Alberti C. Philibert De L’orme D.Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.55) An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.
A.Acroterion
B. Anthemion
C.Antefix (Correct Answer)
D.Apotheca (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.56) Which of the following represent the primary colors? A.Green, orange, violet B. Red, yellow, green (Your Answer)
C.Blue, yellow, violet D.Red, yellow, blue (Correct Answer)
Correct
Q.57) Semi-palatial house surrounded by an open site.
A.Villa (Your Answer)
B. Domus
C.Atrium House
D. Thalamus
Incorrect Q.58) The mineral of greatest importance to Greek architecture of
which Greece and her domains had ample supply of was. A.Cement (Your Answer)
B.Marble (Correct Answer)
C. Lime D. SilicaIncorrect
Q.59) Architect of the Batasang Pambansa.
A. Felipe Mendoza (Correct Answer)
B. Gabriel Formoso
C. Leandro Locsin
D.George Ramos (Your Answer)
Incorrect Q.60) Architect of Central Bank of the Philippines, Manila. A.Gabriel Formoso (Correct Answer)
B. George Ramos C. Froilan Hong (Your Answer)
D. Leandro LocsinIncorrect
Q.61) What manifestation in a structure that identifies it as a work of architecture shows the adequate scheme or structural arrangement, effective choice of materials, and effective construction system?
A. Structural stability (Correct Answer)
B. Aesthetic sense of beauty
C. Economic quality
D.Utility (Your Answer)
Incorrect Q.62) The architect who said that the exterior of the building is the result
of the interior. A.Mies Van de Rohe B. Le Corbusier (Correct Answer)
C. Frank Lloyd Wright D.William Ruskin (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.63) Expressionist Architect.
A. Eero Saarinen (Your Answer)
B. Alvar Aalto
C.Hennevique
D. Erich Mendelsohn (Correct Answer)
Incorrect Q.64) What do you call the enclosed space at the top of a ziggurat
in Mesopotamia? A.God’s house B. Observatory (Your Answer)
C. Priest house D.Altar (Correct Answer)
Incorrect
Q.65) What do you call the tool in architecture which organizes space or spatial composition related to function?
A. Space planning
B. Space articulation (Your Answer)
C. Functional interrelationship diagram (Correct Answer)
D. Territoriality
Correct Q.66) Due to generally rainless and bright sunshine climate, which of the
following describe Egyptian structures? A. Steep roofs B. Large openings C. Small openings (Your Answer)
D.Absence of open courtIncorrect
Q.67) Mexican Architect/Engineer who introduced thin shell construction.
A. Luis Soria y Mata
B. Carlos Rodriguez (Your Answer)
C. Felix Outerino Candela (Correct Answer)
D. Francisco Sanchez
Incorrect Q.68) Roman architect of the Greek Temples of Zeus, Olympius. A. Libon B.Mnesicles C. Theron (Your Answer)
D.Cossutius (Correct Answer)
Incorrect
Q.69) The dry or sweating room in the Thermae.
A. Tepidarium
B. Calidarium
C. Sudatorium (Correct Answer)
D.Unctuaria (Your Answer)
Correct Q.70) Toranas or gateways are characteristic feature of what style of
architecture? A. Japanese
B. Indian (Your Answer)
C. Filipino D.ChinaCorrect
Q.71) The sacred enclosure found in the highest part of a Greek city is called:
A. Peribolas
B. Temenos (Your Answer)
C.Corps de Logis
D. Pteroma
Incorrect Q.72) Conceptualized the Corinthian capital. A. Phidias B. Ptolemy III (Your Answer)
C.Callimachus (Correct Answer)
D.BerniniCorrect
Q.73) Mediaeval architecture, which is characterized by the pointed style, was prevalent in Western Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. What do you call this style?
A.Romanesque
B. Arabesque
C.Doric
D.Gothic (Your Answer)
Incorrect Q.74) Which of the following indicates the name of a color? A. Intensity B. Chroma (Your Answer)
C.Hue (Correct Answer)
D.ValueCorrect
Q.75) An English Architect who prepared plan for London i.e., St. Peter ‘s and St. Paul Cathedral; proposed a network of avenues connecting the main features of London.
A. Leonardo Da Vinci
B. Leon Battista Alberti
C. Pierre Charles L’ Enfant
D. Sir Christopher Wren (Your Answer)
Correct Q.76) What is referred to as written record of man’s effort to build
beautifully? A. Pre-historic architecture B. History of architecture (Your Answer)
C. Elements of architecture D. Style of architectureIncorrect
Q.77) The space for the clergy and choir is separated by a low screen wall from the body of the church called ___.
A.Ambo
B. Bema
C.Cella (Your Answer)
D.Cancelli (Correct Answer)
Incorrect Q.78) In early Christian churches, the bishop took the central place at the
end of the church called ___. A.Naos (Your Answer)
B. Narthex C.Apse (Correct Answer)
D.NaveIncorrectQ.79) This church, 1st built by the Augustinian Fr. Miguel Murguia, has
an unusually large bell which was made from approximately 70 sacks of coins donated by the towns people.
A. Panay Cathedral in Capiz (Correct Answer)
B. Las Pinas Cathedral
C.Quiapo Church
D. Laoag Cathedral (Your Answer)
ExplanationSanta Monica Church – the famous cathedral which houses the biggest bell in Asia and third biggest bell in the world.
Correct Q.80) A kindred type to the theater. A. Epidauros B. Odeion (Your Answer)
C. Pinacotheca D. PodiumIncorrect
Q.81) Architect of the National Library, Philippines.
A. Jose Herrera
B. Juan Nakpil (Your Answer)
C.Cesar Concio
D. Felipe Mendoza (Correct Answer)
Correct Q.82) The room for oils and unguents in the thermae.
A.Apodyteria B. Calidarium C. Sudatorium D.Unctuaria (Your Answer)
Correct
Q.83) Amphitheaters are used for ___.
A. Sports competition
B. Gladiatorial Contests (Your Answer)
C.Marathon race
D. Public meetings
Incorrect Q.84) The warm room in the Thermae. A. Tepidarium (Correct Answer)
B. Calidarium C. Sudatorium (Your Answer)
D.UnctuariaIncorrectQ.85) Designer of the Taj Mahal.
A. Shah Jalan
B. Shah Jahan (Correct Answer)
C. Shah Reza
D. Shah Naser (Your Answer)
Explanationhe distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the mausoleum upon the death of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Today it is one of the most famous and recognisable buildings in the world and while the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 hectares (55.5 acres)[note 1][1] and includes subsidiary tombs, waterworks infrastructure, the small town of 'Taj Ganji' and a 'moonlight garden' to the north of the river. Construction began in 1632 AD, (1041 AH), on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra, and was substantially complete by 1648 AD (1058 AH). The design was conceived as both an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz in paradise and an instrument of propaganda for the emperor.Who designed the Taj Mahal is unclear; although it is known that a large team of designers and craftsmen were responsible with Jahan himself taking an active role. Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is considered the most likely candidate as the principal designer.
Incorrect Q.86) The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek
temple. A. Stoa (Your Answer)
B. Pteroma (Correct Answer)
C.Antefix D.AnthemionIncorrect
Q.87) The open court in an Italian palazzo.
A. Tumuli (Your Answer)
B. Dipteral
C. Prytaneion
D.Cortel (Correct Answer)
Incorrect Q.88) Architect of the famous Propylaea, Acropolis. A.Mnesicles (Correct Answer)
B. Cossutius (Your Answer)
C.Anthemius D. IsidorusIncorrect
Q.89) Architect of SM Megamall.
A. Jose Siao Ling (Your Answer)
B. Antonio Sin Diong (Correct Answer)
C.Gilbert Yu
D. Jonathan Gan
Correct Q.90) In some churches, there is a part which is raised as part of the
sanctuary which later developed into the transept, this is the ___. A.Ambo B. Bema (Your Answer)
C.Cella D.CancelliCorrect
Q.91) What art principle shows the relationships between the various parts of an object/structure/groups of objects and structures?
A. Size
B. Volume
C. Proportion (Your Answer)
D. Scale
Correct Q.92) The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek
temple. A. Stoa B. Pteroma (Your Answer)
C.Antefix D.AnthemionCorrectQ.93) The most beautiful and best preserved of the Greek theaters.
A. Epidauros (Your Answer)
B. Odeoin
C. Pinacotheca
D. Podium
ExplanationThe prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theater was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people.The theatre is marveled for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or skênê to all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seating (see Ref., in Greek). Famously, tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of a match struck at center-stage. A 2007 study by Nico F. Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology indicates that the astonishing acoustic properties are either the result of an accident or the product of advanced design: The rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and amplify/reflect high-frequency sounds from the stage.[4]
Correct Q.94) Parts of an entablature, in order of top to bottom. i. Cornice ii.
Frieze iii.Architrave A. I, ii, iii (Your Answer)
B. Ii, i, iii C. Iii, i, ii D. I, iii, iiCorrectQ.95) How many stained glass are there in the Chartres Cathedral?
A. 167
B. 176 (Your Answer)
C. 186
D. 168
ExplanationThe French medieval Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres) is a Latin Rite Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Paris, is considered one of the finest examples of the French High Gothic style. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1193 and 1250, is one of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century.What makes the cathedral special from an artistic viewpoint is its exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires — one, a 105 metre (349 ft) plain pyramid dating from the 1140s, and the other a 113 metre (377 ft) tall early 16th century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travellers - and remains so to this day, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa, said to be the tunic
worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to see this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Incorrect Q.96) Architect of the Philippine Heart Center. A. Felipe Mendoza B. Gabriel Formoso C. Leandro Locsin (Your Answer)
D.George Ramos (Correct Answer)
Correct
Q.97) It is a traditional house that was called binangiyan. It was a single room dwelling elevated at 1.50 meters from the ground; the floor were made of hard wood like narra which rested on 3 floor joist which in turn were supported by transverse girders.
A.Kankanay (Your Answer)
B. Badjao
C.Bontoc
D.Kalinga
Correct Q.98) Which of the following indicates the brightness of a color? A.Chroma B. Value C.Hue D. Intensity (Your Answer)
Incorrect
Q.99) A type of Roman wall facing with alternating courses of brickworks.
A.Opus Incertum (Your Answer)
B. Opus Mixtum (Correct Answer)
C.Opus Recticulatum
D.Opus Quadratum
Incorrect Q.100) "cubicula" or bedroom is from what architecture. A.Roman (Correct Answer)
B. Greek
C. Egyptian (Your Answer)
D.Byzantine