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-------------------------------------------- .--- --- To Tube or not to Tube: An Analysis of Ethical Guidelines for the YouTube Engagement of Non-Profit Organizations To Tube or not to Tube - 1 I By Marcus Messner, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University This study was supported by a Legacy Scholar Grant from the Arthur W. Page Center at Pennsylvania State University. The widespread adoption of social media has changed how the public communicates about and with organizations. The old one-way communication model of mass communication is replaced by the need to engage the public through two-way communication. This presents challenges for hierarchical organizations that have structured lines of communication. As shown by the example of the widely popular viral video Kony 2012, social media engagements on platforms like YouTube can be only successful, if organizations maintain a continuous communication with their audiences. Some strategists have argued that a social media engagement for media organizations needs to be conducted through the creation of "an 'open media ethics' and offers an exploration of how these developments encourage a transition from a closed professional ethics to an ethics that is the concern of all citizens." Non-profit organizations are faced with the same ethical challenges of a social media engagement and are thereby important subjects for the study (If social media uses as well as campaign and ethical guideline implementations. This study examined how frequently communicators for non-profit organizations engage on YouTube compared to other social media platforms and to what degree their engagement is determined by ethical guidelines. The study used a national Web-based/e-mail survey of 2,000 non-profit organizations that was carried out in December 2012 and January 2013. The organizations were sampled from the "200 Largest U.S. Charities" list by Forbes magazine as well as the website Nonprofitlist.org, which allowed sampling from all 50 states. While all of the 200 largest charities were included, non-profit organizations from each state were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. This allowed for the representation of non-profit organizations of different sizes as well as from different geographic locations. Additionally, the survey was made available through nonprofit pages and groups on various social media sites. 395 respondents from 44 states and the District of Columbia filled out the survey. 73% of the respondents were female and 27% were male. 51.7% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree, 40.5% a graduate degree. 68.1 % of the respondents had been with their employer for fewer than 5 years. 42.1 % of the respondents' organizations had an employee with social media as a primary job responsibility.

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To Tube or not to Tube: An Analysis of Ethical Guidelinesfor the YouTube Engagement of Non-Profit Organizations

To Tube or not to Tube - 1

IBy Marcus Messner, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University

This study was supported by a Legacy Scholar Grantfrom the Arthur W. Page Center at Pennsylvania State University.

The widespread adoption of social media has changed how the public communicates about andwith organizations. The old one-way communication model of mass communication is replacedby the need to engage the public through two-way communication. This presents challenges forhierarchical organizations that have structured lines of communication. As shown by theexample of the widely popular viral video Kony 2012, social media engagements on platformslike YouTube can be only successful, if organizations maintain a continuous communicationwith their audiences.

Some strategists have argued that a social media engagement for media organizations needs to beconducted through the creation of "an 'open media ethics' and offers an exploration of how thesedevelopments encourage a transition from a closed professional ethics to an ethics that is theconcern of all citizens." Non-profit organizations are faced with the same ethical challenges of asocial media engagement and are thereby important subjects for the study (If social media uses aswell as campaign and ethical guideline implementations.

This study examined how frequently communicators for non-profit organizations engage onYouTube compared to other social media platforms and to what degree their engagement isdetermined by ethical guidelines. The study used a national Web-based/e-mail survey of 2,000non-profit organizations that was carried out in December 2012 and January 2013. Theorganizations were sampled from the "200 Largest U.S. Charities" list by Forbes magazine aswell as the website Nonprofitlist.org, which allowed sampling from all 50 states. While all of the200 largest charities were included, non-profit organizations from each state were selectedthrough a stratified random sampling technique. This allowed for the representation of non-profitorganizations of different sizes as well as from different geographic locations. Additionally, thesurvey was made available through nonprofit pages and groups on various social media sites.

395 respondents from 44 states and the District of Columbia filled out the survey. 73% of therespondents were female and 27% were male. 51.7% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree,40.5% a graduate degree. 68.1 % of the respondents had been with their employer for fewer than5 years. 42.1 % of the respondents' organizations had an employee with social media as aprimary job responsibility.

To Tube or not to Tube - 2

Demographics

How many people does your organization employ overall?

_i-5

_5-10

_11-20_21·50

_5'1-100

_101-500_5f'!1·1::r.:<l

Which calegory BEST describes the sector of your organization?

56~06>.

2.a",12 "

2.S?,10.' Yo

151:'

_ Cultural

_ Oon;estlc N~~.

_Edueati~_ Er'vlrOOl'f'<nt/Mtm.oJ

_Health

_ ItltemaliOnal tJHds

_MedK4!2D9Yo

_Pt.b1lc~j!irs

_ Pvb!Ic-8r~(lflQ

_ PUtilC Pohcy

_RellllOLl,

_Vo!Sth

_Ott-t't

112%

165~

5.5~

Findings

Approximately for how many years have you used the following socialmedia platforms professionally for your NONPROFIT ORGANIZA TION?

o 100

How often do you use the following social media platforms professionallyfor YOUR JOB at the nonprofit organization? Choose one answer per row.

To Tube or not to Tube - 3

_ Less than a veer

_i-2.,.e::.rs_ :3-5ye~r5

_ More then 5 years

_ Oor;-t 1..;5e plettom-

_ Several times a d::~'

_ Once a dav

_ .!:.. few times a month

Approximately how many pieces of content (posts, tweets, photos,videos, etc) does YOUR NONPROFIT ORGANIZA TION generally publish

PER WEEK on the following social media platforms?

Facebook

Youfube

Cooqle+

Linked!n

Twitter

To Tube or not to Tube - 4

_1-2_}-5_:'-1Co

_10-15

_1.5-2"_ 20:25_25-30_ More than 30

40f}

From which devices do you access the following social media platformsregularly for YOUR NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION? You can choose multiple

devices for each platform.

Facebook

Turnblr

o 100 3(}{}200

Twitter

YouTube

Cooqle-

Turnblr

Linkedln

I} 50 100 150 200 250

_ Desktop con.puter

_ L.pt"p,-r.etoc.ck

_ ip.diother teblet

_ Mobile phone

3W

--_/

-------------------------- -- - - -----~

To Tube or not to Tube - 5

What best describes the kind of social media policy or guideline that your nonprofit organizationhas for its employees and volunteers?

A written policy

Verbally providedguidelines

Don't know if we havepolicy or guidelines

We have no policyor guidelines

o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

In your opinion, who is best suited to develop social media policies or guidelines foryour organization?

t'llanagement 50.7%

Staff

Outside consultant

Online cornmunity

o 50 100 150

160

200

To Tube or not to Tube - 6

Which of the following social media platforms is specifically addressed in your organization'spolicy or guideline? You can choose multiple platforms.

Facebook

Twitter

Youfube

Gooqla-

Tumblr

Linkedln

49.7~

I) 50 150 20[)1GO

In your opinion, which of the following social media platforms is most likely to cause an ethicalproblem for your organization?

Fecebook

Twitter

YouTube

Cooqle+

Tumblr

Linksdln

None

o 50 100 150 200

I