to gain knowledge and wisdom: to be freed from prejudice, ignorance, or superstition what does it...
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To gain knowledge and wisdom: to be freed from prejudice, ignorance,
or superstition
What does it mean to be “enlightened”?
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They applied reason to the “human world” not just the
natural world!
Natural World: Scientists applied reason to it using
the scientific method
The Human world includes government and law
What is “reason”?To think logically
17th and 18th centuries
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The Scientific Revolution
• In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun.
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Church Opposition
• The Church objected that the Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky and denounced Galileo's teachings, forcing him to recant what he had written and preventing him from teaching further.
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Skepticism• René Descartes, in the
17th century, attempted to use reason to shore up his faith.
• "I think, therefore I am."
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William Blake’s Newton, 1795
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Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Leviathan
A Leviathan is a huge “sea monster”
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Absolutism: to manage behavior
The Leviathan, or sea monster,
represents the all powerful
government Hobbes believed exist to
avoid chaos
Hobbes absolute
ruler
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Who wrote the Two Treatises of Government?
The mystery author!
John Locke
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A.Democracy
B.Locke believed in democracy because he argued the people were SOVEREIGN--the people have ultimate power
A.What did Locke argue was the best form of Government?
B. Why?
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Life, liberty, and property
What three rights did Locke say the Government MUST
protect?
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He influenced the Declaration of Independence.
“among these rights are life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness”
What affects did John Locke have on the United States?
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Who wrote The Spirit of
Laws?
Who is this author?
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Baron de Montesquieu
Montesquieu was from France
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What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express
in Spirit?
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“separation of powers”
--3 branches of government
What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express
in Spirit?
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In order to avoid one person gaining all the power
(NO ABSOLUTISM!)
Why did Montesquieu advocate “separation of
powers”?
If Montesqueiu is AGAINST absolutism, then which thinker
does he disagree with?
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Montesquieu influenced the U.S. Constitution
The Constitution sets up three branches of
Government, just as Montesquieu recommended.
What affect did Montesquieu have on the United States ?
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What was Voltaire’s famous for
saying?
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“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right
to say it”
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Freedom of speech and religion
What does this quote defend?
What was Voltaire’s opinion on the relationship between religion
and the government?
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There should be “separation of church and state”
Church State
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Who wrote the Social Contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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What does Rousseau say about “The Social (or society’s) Contract?”
It is a contract between the people and their rulers
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What does Rousseau say should happen if this contract
is broken by the rulers?The people should rebel!
The Storming of Bastille
Liberty leading the People
by Delacroix
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1. Thomas Hobbes
2. John Locke
3. Baron de Montesquieu
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5. Voltaire
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Which Enlightenment
thinker influenced it
the most?
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Thomas Jefferso
n
John Locke
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What were the effects of the
Enlightenment?
(Use the acronym)
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The Enlightenment had some F.A.S.T. thinkers!
“I know the answer, I know the answer”
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Which Enlightenment effect does the “F” in F.A.S.T. stand
for? F. Fueled democratic revolutions around world (American, French)
Bastille: The French Revolution Begins July 14,
1789!
Signing of the Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776
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Applied reason to the human world (government, law)
A
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Stimulated religious tolerance
S.“It would be reasonable if we all just got along, wouldn’t it?
Billy Graham,Protestant, and Pope John Paul II
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Taught that our rights come from natural law NOT the government
T.Natural rights
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Wolfgang Amedeus Mozart
Name two famous Enlightenment composers of
music.
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What famous Enlightenment painting is
this?
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Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix
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Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)
► 1712 -– 1786.1712 -– 1786.
► Succeeded his Succeeded his father,father, Frederick Frederick William IWilliam I (the “Soldier (the “Soldier King”).King”).
► He saw himselfHe saw himself as the “First as the “First Servant of the Servant of the State.”State.”
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Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
► German German PrincessPrincess
► 1729 -– 1729 -– 17961796..
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Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790)
► 1741 -– 1741 -– 1790.1790.
► His mother His mother waswas Maria Maria Theresa.Theresa.