tno environment, energy and process innovation menno keuken traffic and air quality in europe...
TRANSCRIPT
Menno Keuken
TNO Environment, Energy and Process Innovation
Traffic and air quality in EuropeSession 1: Mexico Workshop
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 2
Content
• EU road traffic development
• EU road traffic emissions
• Impact on air quality - cities
• Future impact on air quality
• Measures to reduce impact
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 3
EU road traffic development
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 4
EU fuel type
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 5
EU road traffic NOx emissions
NOx emissions - EU15
0
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000
4.000.000
5.000.000
6.000.000
7.000.000
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80
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81
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82
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83
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84
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85
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86
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To
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Passenger cars Light- duty vehicles Heavy- duty vehicles Buses
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 6
EU road traffic VOC emissions
VOC emissions - EU15
0
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000
4.000.000
5.000.000
6.000.000
7.000.000
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
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86
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87
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To
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Passenger cars Light- duty vehicles Heavy- duty vehicles Buses
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 7
EU road traffic PM emissions
PM emissions - EU15
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
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84
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85
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86
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To
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es
Passenger cars Light- duty vehicles Heavy- duty vehicles Buses
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 8
EU road traffic CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions - EU15
0
200.000.000
400.000.000
600.000.000
800.000.000
1.000.000.000
1.200.000.000
19
80
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81
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82
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83
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84
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19
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97
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To
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Passenger cars Light- duty vehicles Heavy- duty vehicles Buses
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 9
EU urban background:% non compliance EU-standards
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 10
In addition to regular components ultrafine particles and …
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
-350 -250 -150 -50 50 150 250 350
west <---- distance to road axis (m) ---> east
Ann
ual a
ir q
ualit
y ne
ar u
rban
hig
hway
(N
par
ticle
s/cm
3)
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 11
EU air quality
• Clean Air for Europe – CAFE programme (EU policy)
• 6 Framework R&D programme
• National Emission Ceilings/EU-AQ Directives
(member states implementation)
Technological measures are not adequate to provide overall compliance
with AQ standards in 2010
January 2004Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam) 12
Additional measures are required:noise, health and climate change
• Technological (i.e.catalysts, engine and fuel) comply with EU-emission
standards per vehicle, but volume of traffic …
• Economic (i.e. road pricing, road tax, costly parking), but
political/societal not popular
• Spatial planning (i.e. limited parking, transferia, residential/offices,
public transport) effective, but long-term
• Traffic management (i.e. separate traffic lanes, “green” traffic lights
flow, one-way streets and speed control) short-term and location-specific
“hot spot” approach, effective, but requires control …
• Transition to sustainable transport is required based upon technology
breaktrough (i.e. hydrogen fuel cell, intelligent vehicles and roads)
combined with integrated spatial planning and improved public transport