tm marsh index: healthy, mod deterioration, severe deterioration assessing the response of coastal...
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TM Marsh Index: Healthy, Mod Deterioration, Severe Deterioration
Assessing the Response of Assessing the Response of Coastal Marshes to Sea Level Coastal Marshes to Sea Level
Rise at a Coast-Wide ScaleRise at a Coast-Wide Scale
Michael S. KearneyMichael S. Kearney
Department of GeographyDepartment of Geography
andand
the Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Centerthe Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center
University of MarylandUniversity of Maryland
College Park , MD 20742College Park , MD 20742
Winter Landscape, Pieter Breugel the Younger – 1601 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Winter Landscape, Pieter Breugel the Younger – 1601 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Canals in Holland regularly froze Canals in Holland regularly froze during ‘Little Ice Age’ (ca. 1400-1850)during ‘Little Ice Age’ (ca. 1400-1850)
Chesapeake Bay has had a slow rateChesapeake Bay has had a slow rateof sea level rise (~0.56 mm/yr) overof sea level rise (~0.56 mm/yr) over
the last thousand yearsthe last thousand years
Kearney,M. 1996 J. Coastal Research 12: 977-983
Mean sea level has risen 30 cmMean sea level has risen 30 cm(1 foot) over the last century(1 foot) over the last century
Baltimore tide gauge Baltimore tide gauge
PSMSL data
Declining Marsh at Blackwater NWR & Barbados Is.; Oct. 2000Declining Marsh at Blackwater NWR & Barbados Is.; Oct. 2000
Processes of Marsh LossProcesses of Marsh Loss•Local human activities: ditching, diking, Local human activities: ditching, diking, berms, tidal restrictions (roads), Nutria over-berms, tidal restrictions (roads), Nutria over-grazing, groundwater withdrawals, subsidence, grazing, groundwater withdrawals, subsidence, & etc. & etc.
•Sea Level Rise:Sea Level Rise:
-slow vertical accretion (low tidal -slow vertical accretion (low tidal flushing)flushing)
-plants dieback (especially during -plants dieback (especially during droughts) droughts)
- formation of rotten spots & then ponds- formation of rotten spots & then ponds
-ponds coalescence to open embayments-ponds coalescence to open embayments
Blackwater WildLife Refuge Blackwater WildLife Refuge c. 1902c. 1902
Physical changes in marsh Physical changes in marsh condition accompany marsh condition accompany marsh
lossloss
Photo: J. C. StevensonPhoto: J. C. Stevenson
Spatial Variation In Vertical Accretion Spatial Variation In Vertical Accretion Rates at Monie BayRates at Monie Bay
Sediment Sediment Elevation Table Elevation Table MeasurementsMeasurements
Wavelength (nm)
Percent Reflectance
0
10
20
30
40
50
60398.9
430
464.4
501.8
540.2
578
615.9
653.8
690.9
727.6
771
816.4
846.7
887.8
932.7
975.7
1019.3
Typical Spectral Curves Typical Spectral Curves of Vegetation, Soil, and of Vegetation, Soil, and
WaterWaterVegetatioVegetationn
SoilSoil
WaterWater
Atmospheric Correction: Atmospheric Correction: UncorrectedUncorrected
Atmospheric Correction: Atmospheric Correction: CorrectedCorrected
Band Slicing and MixingBand Slicing and Mixing
Inundation Depth (cm)
Pixel Value
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
TMband1
TMband2
TMband3
TMband4
Simulated Thematic Mapper Simulated Thematic Mapper data from data from Scirpus americanus Scirpus americanus
inundation experimentinundation experimentP
ixel
Val
ue
Pix
el V
alu
e
IInundation Depth (cm)
Spectral IndicesSpectral Indices1) Normalized Difference Water Index 1) Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): (Band 3 - Band 5) /(NDWI): (Band 3 - Band 5) /
(Band 3 + Band 5);(Band 3 + Band 5);
2) Normalized Difference Vegetation 2) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): (Band 4 - Band 3) /Index (NDVI): (Band 4 - Band 3) /
(Band 4 + Band 3);(Band 4 + Band 3);
3) Normalized Difference Soil Index 3) Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI): (Band 5 - Band 4) /(NDSI): (Band 5 - Band 4) /
(Band 5 + Band 4).(Band 5 + Band 4).
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 NDSI 2 NDVI 3 NDWI
Res
cale
d R
efle
ctan
ce
Water Vegetation Soil
Endmember Spectra
Data Processing FlowImage IndicesImage Preprocessing
RawData
CalibratedData
ReflectanceConversion
CalibratedData
NDXILayeredIndices
NDSINDVINDWI
OptimizedEndmembers
Endmember SelectionAnd Evaluation
1m CIR Photos
Ref
lect
anc
e
Wavelength
Band X
Ban
d Y
Spectral Mixture AnalysisAnd Thematic Classification
NDXI Layered Indices SMA Fractions
RMSE Images Thematic Classification
MultitemporalSMA
Validation Site Validation Site For Marsh For Marsh Condition Condition ResultsResults
Marsh Condition Marsh Condition and Loss in and Loss in Chesapeake Chesapeake BayBay
Change In Marsh Change In Marsh Surface Condition 1984-Surface Condition 1984-1993 For Delaware Bay1993 For Delaware Bay
Change Detection Change Detection at Larger Scalesat Larger Scales
Changes in marsh condition between Changes in marsh condition between 1984-1993 at Bombay Hook, Delaware 1984-1993 at Bombay Hook, Delaware based on the Landsat TM MSCI model based on the Landsat TM MSCI model results. Green = healthy to slightly results. Green = healthy to slightly degraded marsh; yellow = moderately degraded marsh; yellow = moderately degraded marsh; red = severely degraded marsh; red = severely degraded marsh; blue = water. The area degraded marsh; blue = water. The area covered by the images is approximately covered by the images is approximately 64 km64 km22..
1984 199319841984 19931993
1988
20011999
1993
Water Upland Intact Moderate Severe
Thematic class change: 1988 - 2001
Area Non-degraded
Slightly to moderately degraded
Severely to completely degraded
Chesapeake Bay
Upper and middle Bay*
31 (25,201)
50 (40,647)
19 (15,446)
Lower Bay
28 (9,404)
52 (17,464)
20 (6,717)
Delaware Bay
North Shore (New Jersey)
38 (27,095)
43 (30,660)
19 (13,547)
South Shore (Delaware)
55 (19,974)
35 (12,711)
10 (3,632)
Marsh condition class percentages (hectares) Marsh condition class percentages (hectares) for estuarine marshes in Chesapeake and for estuarine marshes in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays based on 1993 Thematic Delaware Bays based on 1993 Thematic Mapper imageryMapper imagery.
QuestionsQuestions
Leaf Area Index Leaf Area Index vs Canopy vs Canopy HeightHeight
The large scale features of climate change are well The large scale features of climate change are well understood, but the projections of change at understood, but the projections of change at
regional and smaller scales remain uncertain.regional and smaller scales remain uncertain.
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGEVULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATIONVULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION
SHALLOW WATER AREASSHALLOW WATER AREASHabitat & SAV lossCarbon sourcesTotal suspended solids
OPEN WATER AREASOPEN WATER AREASMore extreme flows and stratificationHabitat loss
COASTAL WETLANDSCOASTAL WETLANDSLoss of habitat and biodiversityFunctional lossLoss coastal uplands
SE 590 Spectroradiometer (252 detectors SE 590 Spectroradiometer (252 detectors over a range of 370-1100 nm) deployed over a range of 370-1100 nm) deployed
1.5 meters over marsh with video camera 1.5 meters over marsh with video camera to record water depths in aluminum boxto record water depths in aluminum box
Reflective Spectral Curves for 3 Brackish Marsh Reflective Spectral Curves for 3 Brackish Marsh Species Species
Landsat TM Mixture ModelLandsat TM Mixture Model
• Subpixel LOOK, Decomposes Each Pixel Subpixel LOOK, Decomposes Each Pixel Into Vegetation, Soil, and Water Into Vegetation, Soil, and Water ElementsElements
w1w1ffww + + v1v1ffvv + + s1s1ffss = R = R11
w2w2ffww + + v2v2 f fvv + + s2s2ffss = R = R22
w3w3ffww + + v3v3ffvv + + s3s3ffss = R = R33
• The Indices are Independent, and Do The Indices are Independent, and Do Not Rely On Endmember SelectionNot Rely On Endmember Selection-A Critical-A Critical In General PCA-Based In General PCA-Based
Mixture ModelsMixture Models