tls kaylene camuti
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Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Clay Minerals, AlterationClay Minerals, Alteration& &
Terry’s pHTerry’s pH--Temperature TableTemperature Table
Kaylene CamutiLantana Exploration Pty Ltd
Additional data provided by:Greg Corbett - Corbett Geological Services
Jane Harvey, Juli Hugenholtz & Doug Young - ActivEX Limited
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Clay Minerals, AlterationClay Minerals, Alteration& &
Terry’s pHTerry’s pH--Temperature TableTemperature Table
Kaylene CamutiLantana Exploration Pty Ltd
Additional data provided by:Greg Corbett - Corbett Geological Services
Jane Harvey, Juli Hugenholtz & Doug Young - ActivEX Limited
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Skarn
Potassic
Propylitic
Outer Propylitic
Phyllic
Argillic
Advanced Argillic
Common Alteration Mineralogy in Hydrothermal SystemsCommon Alteration Mineralogy in Hydrothermal Systems
Terry Leach 1995
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Temperature Temperature -- K activity DiagramK activity Diagram500
400
300
200
1001 2 3 4 5
log(aK+/aH+)
100 MPaQuartz Present
K-FeldsparMuscovite
Andalusite
Pyrophyllite
Kaolinite
(from Inoue, 1995, after Sverjensky et al., 1991)
Dickite at higher temps
Illite at lower temps
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
OutlineOutline
• Why identify alteration minerals & assemblages?
• Characteristics of alteration minerals & assemblages illustrated in the pH-temperature table
• Using the table to interpret alteration minerals.
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Why identify alteration minerals?Why identify alteration minerals?
• The chemistry and structure of alteration minerals are a response to their conditions of formation – so the minerals and mineral assemblages provide information on hydrothermal conditions.
• The minerals typically occur in zones that reflect changing conditions of formation.
• The recognition of alteration mineral zoning can help identify hydrothermal fluid channelways and may provide vectors to mineralisation.
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008 Corbett & Leach
Low Low SulphidationSulphidation SystemsSystems
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
chlorite-rich smectite-rich illite-rich quartz-alunite richkaolinite-rich
vuggymineralisedquartz
unalteredquartzlatite
smectite-chloritezone
illite-kaolinite
zone
quartz-alunitezone
(adapted from Steven & Ratte, 1960, in Hayba et al., 1985)
High High SulphidationSulphidation Alteration Alteration -- SummitvilleSummitville
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
CharacteristicCharacteristicAlteration Minerals & AssemblagesAlteration Minerals & Assemblages
• Some alteration minerals or alteration assemblages are characteristic of particular temperature & fluid pH conditions.
• The pH – temperature table has been subdivided into alteration types with diagnostic mineral assemblages.
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008 Terry Leach 1995
ArgillicArgillic
pH ~ 4 pH ~ 4 -- 66
PhyllicPhyllic
pH ~ 5 pH ~ 5 -- 66
AdvancedAdvanced
ArgillicArgillic
pH < 4pH < 4
PropyliticPropylitic
pH ~ 6 +pH ~ 6 +
PotassicPotassic
pH ~ 7 +pH ~ 7 +
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Silicate Alteration Minerals Silicate Alteration Minerals -- characteristicscharacteristics
kaolin mineralskaolin minerals
Al, Al, SiSi, OH, OH
HH22OO
pyrophyllitepyrophyllite
Al, Al, SiSi, OH, OH
andalusiteandalusite
Al Al SiSi
silica mineralssilica minerals
SiSi +/+/-- HH22OO
poorly crystallinepoorly crystalline
quartzquartz
SiSi
crystallinecrystalline
illiteillite –– smectitesmectite
K, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Al, Mg, Fe, SiSi, OH, OH
HH22OO
muscovitemuscovite
K, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Al, Mg, Fe, SiSi, OH, OH
chlorite mineralschlorite minerals
Fe, Mg, Al, Fe, Mg, Al, SiSi, OH, OH
HH22OO
epidoteepidote + amphibole + amphibole mineralsminerals
Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, SiSi, OH, OH
biotitebiotite
K, Fe, Mg, Al, K, Fe, Mg, Al, SiSi, OH, OH
pyroxenepyroxene
Ca, Mg, Fe, Ca, Mg, Fe, SiSi
increasing fluid pHincreasing fluid pH
incr
easi
ng te
mpe
ratu
rein
crea
sing
tem
pera
ture
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Using the table to interpret alteration assemblages Using the table to interpret alteration assemblages in mineral explorationin mineral exploration
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
XRD Summary Results XRD Summary Results –– HS System HS System -- tabletable
minorDiaspore
trace?trace- minortrace?trace?Feldspars
tracetrace?Rutile
minorTourmaline
minor-majorminorminortraceminorminorPyrite
dommajortrace –minordomdommajor-domdomQuartz
minor-(major)trace?Alunite Group
majorChlorite
dommajorML Illite-Smect
majormajorHydrated Illite
majortrace-minor?majorweak trace?majormajorIllite
traceminortraceweak trace
?Kaolin Group
majormajor-domPyrophyllite
26252423222120Minerals
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
PIMA PIMA –– list of alteration mineralslist of alteration minerals
SmectiteFine-gr'd Porphyry? Pale grey, fine-grained, hard, with hematite
fracturesOutcropBM1004A
KaoliniteAluniteOutcrop at top (v rocky), pale alteration with yell-brown coatingOutcropBM1003C
KaoliniteAluniteOutcrop at top (v rocky), pale alteration with yell-brown coatingOutcropBM1003B
KaolinitePyrophylliteFine-gr'd Porphyry? Pink-Red alteration (hard)OutcropBM1002B
PyrophylliteAluniteKaoliniteFine-gr'd Porphyry? Red alteration (Fine-grained, hard)OutcropBM1002A
KaoliniteAluniteQtz Porphyry? Very red, fine-grained siliceousOutcropBM1001E
TopazPyrophylliteKaoliniteSilicified Qtz porphyry? Pinky-grey with diss hematite spotsOutcropBM1001D
KaoliniteSericitePale green altd fragmental(?) volcanicQuarryDB006C
(trace Sericite)KaolinitePale clay altd volcanic(?) with local ferruginous stainQuarryDB006B
KaoliniteSericiteVery fine-gr'd porphyry, pink QuarryDB006A
SericiteFelspar Porphyry, east of silica zone, pink with sericiteOutcropDB005B
KaoliniteSericiteFelspar Porphyry, east of silica zone, pink with sericiteOutcropDB005A
KaoliniteSericitePink porphyry, sericite altered OutcropDB004C
KaoliniteSericitePink porphyry, sericite altered OutcropDB004A
(trace Topaz)KaoliniteDickiteVery pale, clay altered OutcropDB003C
TopazKaoliniteDickiteVery pale clay altered OutcropDB003B
KaoliniteDickiteVery pale clay altered OutcropDB003A
KaoliniteDickiteFine-gr'd porphyry? very pale alteration, sparse hematite microfracturesOutcropDB001B
DickiteKaoliniteFine gr'd porphyry? pale brown alterationOutcropDB001A
Mineral 3Mineral 2Mineral 1DescriptionSampleTypeSample ID
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Drill Log Drill Log -- descriptivedescriptive
Pervasive dark green Chlor alteration.sp160.2153.2
Strong clay alteration of primary KFs. Local disseminated pink secondary KFs.
sd89.383.8
Strong Chl and Ser - texturally destructiveip83.583
Pervasive strong Chl replacing KFs & Hblendesd40.839.7
Weakly disseminated KFs alteration with locally developed moderate Chl. wd32.624.7
Weakly disseminated KFs alteration with locally developed moderate Chl. md24.721.5
DescriptionIntStyleToFrom
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
XRD Summary Results XRD Summary Results –– HS SystemHS System
minorDiaspore
trace?trace- minortrace?trace?Feldspars
tracetrace?Rutile
minorTourmaline
minor-majorminorminortraceminorminorPyrite
dommajortrace –minordomdommajor-domdomQuartz
minor-(major)trace?Alunite Group
majorChlorite
dommajorML Illite-Smect
majormajorHydrated Illite
majortrace-minor?majorweak trace?majormajorIllite
traceminortraceweak trace
?Kaolin Group
majormajor-domPyrophyllite
26252423222120Minerals
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
2020
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
XRD Summary Results XRD Summary Results –– HS SystemHS System
minorDiaspore
trace?trace- minortrace?trace?Feldspars
tracetrace?Rutile
minorTourmaline
minor-majorminorminortraceminorminorPyrite
dommajortrace –minordomdommajor-domdomQuartz
minor-(major)trace?Alunite Group
majorChlorite
dommajorML Illite-Smect
majormajorHydrated Illite
majortrace-minor?majorweak trace?majormajorIllite
traceminortraceweak trace
?Kaolin Group
majormajor-domPyrophyllite
26252423222120Minerals
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
2020
2121
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
XRD Summary Results XRD Summary Results –– HS SystemHS System
minorDiaspore
trace?trace- minortrace?trace?Feldspars
tracetrace?Rutile
minorTourmaline
minor-majorminorminortraceminorminorPyrite
dommajortrace –minordomdommajor-domdomQuartz
minor-(major)trace?Alunite Group
majorChlorite
dommajorML Illite-Smect
majormajorHydrated Illite
majortrace-minor?majorweak trace?majormajorIllite
traceminortraceweak trace
?Kaolin Group
majormajor-domPyrophyllite
26252423222120Minerals
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
2020
21212222
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
2020
21212222
23232626
?
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
chlorite-rich smectite-rich illite-rich quartz-alunite richkaolinite-rich
vuggymineralisedquartz
unalteredquartzlatite
smectite-chloritezone
illite-kaolinite
zone
quartz-alunitezone
(adapted from Steven & Ratte, 1960, in Hayba et al., 1985)
High High SulphidationSulphidation Alteration Alteration -- SummitvilleSummitville
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
BlairmoreBlairmore –– DemonbangaDemonbangaAlteration Minerals from PIMA study Alunite
Pyrophyllite
Dickite
Kaolinite
Diaspore
Topaz
Sericite
Illite-Smectite
Smectite
The minerals occur in a variety of assemblages.
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
pyrophyllitepyrophyllite--alunitealunite
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
kaolinitekaolinite--pyrophyllitepyrophyllite--topaztopaz
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
pyrophyllitepyrophyllite--kaolinitekaolinite--diasporediaspore
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
dickitedickite--kaolinitekaolinite--topaztopaz
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
sericitesericite--kaolinitekaolinite
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
montmorillonitemontmorillonite--kaolinitekaolinite
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
dickitedickite alunitealunite
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
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Lantana Exploration Lantana Exploration -- TLS Oct 2008TLS Oct 2008
11
2a2a2b2b
2c2c
33
1. Porphyry high sulphidation systems
2. Structural & lithologicalhigh sulphidationsystems
2a. Silica Core
2b. Deep peripheral zones
2c. Shallow peripheral zones
3. Descending cool acid sulphate fluids