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TLINGIT LISTENING EXERCISES AND DRILLS

fe *• -

Prepared by:Dr. Jeff Leer

forYukon Native Language Centre

Whitehorse, Yukon

^atve

1997

TLINGIT LISTENING EXERCISES AND DRILLS

Prepared by:. Dr. Jeff Leer

forYukon Native LanguageCentre

Whitehorse, Yukon

3

1997

CONTENTS

Consonant Charts 1

Vowels 2

Vowels plus /w/ and /y/ 7

Velar vs Uvular 8

Vowels 10

Velar vs Uvular 12

Possession 16

Consonants 17

Glottalized Stops 19

Glottalized Fricatives 28

Order of Drills 31

Tlingit Consonant Chart

Labiallips

Alveolartongue tip behind teeth

Velarmiddle of tongue against

roof of mouth

Uvularback of tongue touchesuvula at back of throat

Glottalvocal chords

Stops(stop off the breath)

rounded rounded rounded(rare)

Plain daweasel

dietsnow

dzetladder,

bridge, stairs

jajisnowshoes

ganfirewood

gwetbag

gha(ravencall)

laghvFmtie it into

a bow

nay.a(you folks)

go!

ana.M'echusually) wear

it

Aspiratedfollowed bya puff of air

ta

sleeptla

mothertsats

bear root,hedysarum

chanmother-in-

law

kanibrother/sister-in-law

kweymark,

landmark

khaman

khvranpeople

from

Glottalizedfollowed by a

pop

t'dking

salmon

tl'dtkearth,ground

ts'ats'ibird

ch'ak'eagle

k'fnk'fermentedfish heads

k'wdt'egg (notfish egg)

kh'atelpitcher

kh'w^tlpot

Fricatives(breath flows through narrow opening creating friction)

Plain mfireweed

sa

name

shamountain

xixch'frog

xw6whew!

xhatme, I

xhwagutI went

hasthey, them

ya-nahveSnis swim

ming alongGlottalizedraised vocal

chords

rakdress

s'ikhsmoke,cigarette

x'ax'apple

x'w^nlongjohns

xh'6mouth

xh'wal'down

feathers

Sonorants(softer, you can sing them continuously)

Nasalair through

nose

mS-s^?how?

na'here; take

it

Nonnasal wakheye

daleyitrout this

VOWELS* A E I U

short, low tone a e i ushort, high tone a e i u

long, low tone a e i ulong, high tone a e i u

*In just a few Tlingit words, and in someAthapaskanplace names andpersonal names, a fifth vowel O is found.

axha is eating it a tsil it, too

kha and kha sew it!

du shada around his/her head du sha his head

du sada around his/her neck da sa what?

xhat yanikw I am sick xhat I, me

has yanikw they are sick h^ they, them

gang^ around the fire g^ firewood

axh my axh (sheet, rug,fur) is lying

a a

a xha eat some! a lake

kha jm human hand kha man

sha mountain sha woman

sa name awasa named it

xhat root xhat fish, salmon

gan ka- smokehole gan outside, outd

axh gati pick it up!pick it out!

de

ch'u tie

shk'e

de

wuk'e

kh'atel

diet

atlen

already, now

just (then)

how about...?

path, trail, road

became good

pitcher

snow, white

lots

te

tatge

k'e

kasne

e

de awe

yak'e

tet

nakwnet

sakwnen

rock, stone

yesterday

goodness

knitting,crocheting

that's enough!

is good

patch of pitch,pitchwood,torch

preacher, priest

bread

iI

i ish

shighekh

lige

yiwan

ishan

shidanii

yi ish

awsitin

du in

til

your father

is stingy

is tall

you folks

poor thing!

get up!

you folks' father

saw it

with him/her

scar

ish

at shi

If

a yis

du jmtin

m

ish

shi

yis

ayatm

inwu

til

hole in river

song, singing

don't!

for it

with his hands

flint

father

look out!be quick!

new, young

sees it, can see it

food to go, snack

shoe

6

u il

du his/her a tu inside it

tsu again hu tsu him/her too

a shuka in front of it a shu end of it

du hitu inside his/her nose du ia his/her nose

uhan we, us un shoot it!

gukyik inside of ear guk ear

V

u u

du tuwu his mind, inner being du tuwu is inside him/her

chugwel quiver (arrow bag) tsuk' some more! again!

gishu pig shut ida ak build a fire

a luwu its beak tul fireweed

udzika is lazy un round whitefish

xh'anguk around the fire guk go ahead!let's go!

Vowel Plus W Vowel Plus Y

nuw fort shiy limb, branch

datuw, datiw is reading or counting tiy chin

suw, siw, sim rain tay garden

I'ew sand du tayi his garden

naw booze wush dashay manied couple

gaw

du gawu

drum, bell, clock, time

his drum

xhay beaver lodge,sweat lodge

xhaw log

Middle-of-mouth sound

g

Back-of-mouth sound

gh

firewood gh^ look here!

guch hill gha caw! (crow's

gan outside ghuch wolf

gaw drum, bell, clock. ghaxh rabbittime

ghaxh is crying

ghakh lynx

ghatl pilot bread

k kh

ka car kha man

a kuwu its tail a khuwu its den

nakw medicine nakhw octopus

kut nest kijkh pit

khuk box

khas' stick, matches

khena awl

khusi.at' it is cold out

Middle-of-mouth sound

xun

A.

ux

xuts

xana

xedu

xixch'

north wind

air bubble

grizzly bear,brown bear

evening

comb

frog

Back-of-mouth sound

xh

xhum friend, relative

uxh tooth, teeth

xhat fish, salmon

xhat

xha

xhat

xhik

xhuxh

roots

eat it!

me, I

shoulder

husband

tas

w^h

at

yat

sani

sh^

ta

shat

sha

ya

te

se

she

kasne

we

a and a

e and e

thread

cheek

thing

child

uncle (father's brother)

spoon

is standing

is sleeping

wife

head

they

firewood

face

stone, rock

voice

blood

knitting

that

tla

at

sa

sha

a

yat

ka

gan

de

yel

dzet

xedu

wet

gwel

set

ketl

ges

a and a1 0

mother

town

aunt (father'ssister)name

mountain

lake

here

car

outside

tree

e and e

trail, road

raven,(locally called'crow')

ladder

comb

here

bag

necklace

dog

(calling a dog)

11A

1 1 and 1

sM song nik news

1 yecch, phew! til shoe

ish hole in river SI daughter, doll

tsm muskrat Shi watch out!

latm look! ish father

tmx bearberry sik belt

chii cache, platform kis bracelet

jm hand hin water, river

in flint

K don't!

hit house

A

u u and u

tu inside wun maggot

nukt blue grouse guk go ahead!

guk ear gun gold

luk drink it (coffee)! mi firewood

shu end dush cat

kut nest xun north wind

un shoot it! dux (split) sinew

ku (bird, fish) tail tul wooded hill

lu nose gishu pig

gut dime kux rice

dukh cottonwood wul hole

kun hem

1 2

g gh

gun gold ghat sockeye

gun spring ghaxh rabbit

guch hill ghijch wolf

gan firewood ghfe look here!

gaxw duck ghach rug

gusu where is? ghatl pilot bread

ges (calling a dog) ghewu seine net

gan outside ghi'tgha spruce needle

gha caw! (crow's cry

k kh

kani brother/sister-in-law kha man

kijin five khwan people from

kats calcium, lime khu.u people

kast barrel khena awl

ka car khakw basket

ketl dog khuk box

kanest cross khidu dam

kukh pit khm brant (duck)

kushda land otter khuti weather

khush infection

khushtuyaxh it doesn't matter

xwasda til

xun

xana

xedu

xuts

xixch'

xat'a

canvas shoe,tennis shoe

north wind

evening

comb

brown bear

frog

sled

xh

xhik

xhakw

xhaw

xhiy

xhaywaghi,xhawaghi

shoulder

claws,fingernails

fur

backpack

window

1 3

Final k, kh (at end of a word),

k kh

14

eulachon ikh copper

sik belt ikh beach

guk go ahead! sWdi moss

guk ear at shiikh laughter

nik news kukh pit

shak head (of lake or river) dakh interior, inland

yik inside w^ eye

ak weave it! dukh cottonwood

jinakh let it go!

Final x or xh (at end of word).

xh

ux air, bubble uxh tooth

dux (split) sinew guxh slave

sdux stove ixh oil, greaseAk

IX south, down river dexh two

tinx bearberry shatjA older sister

kux rice ghaxh rabbit

tlx flea ghaxh is crying

kuyex camprobber ghasnixh salvation

1 5

Noun changes when possessed (his/her).

Example:

^ town

tut house

ghatl pilot bread

xuts

ghach

sik

sm

black bear

rug

belt

bone

An aspirated stop becomes a plain stop:t becomes dtl becomes dlts becomes dzch becomes jk becomes gkh becomes gh

du ani

du hldi

du ghadli

du xudzi

du ghaji

du sigi

du s'aghu

1 6

his/her town

his/her house

his/her pilotbread

his/her blackbear

his/her rug

his/her belt

his/her bone

dlak'

diet

dliy

dluwkat

dlegu

fita

mi

lingit

lu

lik

lun

laka

letuxh

dl

man's sister

snow

meat

carefully

lullaby

knife

fireweed

person

nose

back of a fish

bark

inside of mouth

throat

tlekhw

tlek'

tla

tlex'

tlakw

tlelu

tlekha

tl^k'u

tl

17

berry

no

mother

one

always

butterfly

twenty

cat's cradle(string game)

dz ts

dzet ladder tsin muskrat

dzas thonging, lacing tsats bear root

dz^ti flounder tsuxh corral

yadzay hairy face tsa seal

dzi cur (mangy dog) tsu again

tsik barbecuestick

tset wild sweetpotato

1 8

Glottalized Stops,

t' tr

19

t'a king salmon tl'atk earth, country

t'uch' charcoal, black tl'ikh finger

t'exh hook tl'ak' wet wood

t'a board tl'eli milt

t'uk cradle, papoose board tl'ik'at woodenskewer

t'lik shoot it (with bowand arrow)

tl'etakhwkha

good orhonest man

ts'ats'i

ts'utat

ts'axwel

ts'ighmi

ts'indli

ts'

bird

morning

crow

magpie

forearm

ch'

ch'ak'

ch'in

ch'^'

ch'akw

ch'a Makat

ch'u dexh

ch'adu

ch'ixh'i

ch'it

ch'^'

ch'as

eagle

ribbon

willow

long ago

all

both

epidermis

index finger

diving bird

a little more

only

20

k'

k'iden, k'aden

k'at

k'ux

k'ilja

k'as'

k'Mas'

k'lnk'

k'lxh'a

well, thoroughly

better, more

marten

south wind

missing tooth

shirt

stink head

gaff hook

kh'

kh'anaxh^

kh'atel

kh'ekh'w

kh'anashgidekha

kh'ich'

kh'aliyel

kh'atr

kh'ekaxwen

kh'lsha

k'wat'

k'ats'

k'e

2 1

fence

pitcher

sea tern

poor person

scar

he/she is a liar

thin and flat

flower

hockey stick,baseball bat

egg

sharp point

goodness

Final t, t'

t'

at thing I'ut' tongue

shat wife khusa.at' cold weather

at aunt(father's sister) sit' glacier

hit house kast'at' cotton

yat here kel't' ashes

k'at more/better ' ixht' shaman

tat night s'^t' devil's club

tit wave

22

Final tl, tl'

ghatl

ketl

kh'wM

tl

pilot bread

dog

pot

at wugwatl is rolling around

xetl thunderbird

xatl iceberg

adawM trouble, war

laxhM good luck

23

tl'

hatr feces

kh'atr thin & flat

yatetr it's fat (animal)

hetr how nice

highM' snot

akwdlixMtr is afraid

sh ilk'atr be quiet

24

Final ts, ts'

ts ts'

xuts grizzly bear akawa.ets' handled itslowly/carefully

ghats rump, hindquarter wudisits' it's soaking wet

at uwanuts grinned xats' clear sky

kats calcium, lime k'unts' potato

amlighiits squeezed it out akamlikhets' tickled her

amlihlts singed the hair off it ats'uts'

at wulikits'

lik'ats'

(fish) is bitingor nibbling

it's wobbling,rocking backand forth

it's sharp

Final ch, ch'

kich

ghuch

guch

nich

xhach

huch

ch

wing

wolf

hill

shore

I (did it)

he/she (did it)

ch'

k'ich'

k'uch'

xixch'

kh'ach'

t'uch'

huch'

ghigach'

kuwach'

xhatak'ach'

25

scar

butt end (of spear)

frog

ribbon,seaweed

charcoal, black

that's all!

hammock

is too short

porcupine

Final k, k'

sik

guk

guk

nik

shak

yik

tatuk

khuk

eulachon

belt

go ahead

ear

news

head of lakeor river

inside

weave it!

cave

box

26

eh'i^' a little bit more

ch'ak' eagle

sik' daughter

yitk' son

khus.iik' is playing house

yanik' is neat,fastidious

wudzidlk' is constipated

dlak' (male's) sister

ik' (female's)sister

kik' younger brother.sister (of same sex)

kamdlishuk' got cramps

wuditl'ak' is wet

ch'a ye a little bitgugenk'

kak' forehead

Final kh - kh'

ikh

ikh

sukh

at shukh

kukh

dakh

wMdi

dukh

jin^

s'akh

ghakh

kh

beach

copper

moss

laughter

pit

interior

eye

cottonwood

let it go!

bone

lynx

27

kh'

wudzitikh' it's twisted up

kasekh'w color, dye

kh'ekh'w sea tem

Glottalized Fricatives - Initial

t' s'

28

Vak dress s'ik black bear

I'exhtu.M dance costume s'm carrots

t'ex aluminum s'lksh false hellebore

i'ew sand s'i eyebrow

I'uxh' silty water,murky water

s'ix trash, junk

I'ut' tongue s'ikh smoke

I'it tail s'uw green, greenstone

I'at'a tongs s'ati

s'akh

master, boss

bone

X' xh'

x'ux' paper, book xh'e mouth

x'as waterfall xh'un diaper moss

x'ada file xh'uns' crumbs, powderyrotten wood

x'uw blanket; peg xh'w^' down feathers

x'ukja steam xh'at' oil in moosebladder

x'an anger xh'akw salmon that turnsred after enteringfresh water '

x'is' tangle xh'^ canyon, ravine

x'ldadi windfall xh'wat' rainbow trout

x'at' island xh'ix'wal'

xh'was'

safety pin

cheap

Final t' - s'

s'

el' salt khas' stick

yel' elderberry has' vomit

ch'al' willow ghayes' steel

gar cataract, clam was' bush

wakhshigul' is one eyed tlaxhanes' king fisher

kaxil' trouble x'is' tangle

kayel' peace gas' post

x'ut' uproar, confusion A 9

gus cloud cover

ghfl' cliff khugwas' fog

xh'wal' down feathers xis' shin

xhkias' raft

29

30

Final x', xh'

xh'

x'ux' paper, book ch'exh' index finger

ux' shoulderblade exh' slough

nux' shell s'axh' ling cod

fix' ice k'lbdi' pitch, gum

tlx' rope akat'ixh' is pounding ithammering it

kadex' shame t'axh'w wart

kax' , spruce grouse, chicken ch'exh'w dirt

atax' is chewing it wushighaxh' is skinny, lean

3 1Order of Drills

• 1. a - a

m 2. a - e

1 3. e - e

4. i - i

1 u - oo

6. a - u

1 initial g - gh8. initial k - kh

1 initial x - xh

• 10. final k - kh

m 11. final X - xh

1 12. initial dz - ts

m 13. initial dl - tl

1 14. initial 1 - tl

15. initial tl - tl'

1 16. initial dl - tl - tl'

17. initial dz -1'

I 18. initial dz - ts - ts'

• 19. initial k - k'

H 20. initial kh - kh'

1 21. initial k' - kh'

g 22. final t -1'

1 23. final tl - tr

24. final ts - ts'

1 25. final ch - ch'

26. final k - k'

1 27. final kh - kh'

• 28. initial 1' - tl'

1 29. initial s' - ts'

• 30. initial x' - k'

- 31. initial xh' - kh'

1 32. initial x' - xh'

33. final 1' - tr

1 34. final s' - ts'

35. final x' - k'

1 36. final xh' - kh'

• 37. final x' - xh'

Set 1. a drills32

Drill 1-A: Drill 1-B;

1. tla mother 1. h^ they

2. sh^ spooii 2. at aunt

3. gm firewood 3. yat here

4. sha woman 4. s^ uncle

5. thread 5. sa name

6. ka car 6. yat child

7. sha head 7. shat wife

8. ta is sleeeping 8. tla mother

9. as tree 9. w^h cheek

10. at thing 10. Nass River

Drill 1-C: Drill 1-D:

1. ya face 1. sha mountain

2. sha mountain 2. a lake

3. gan outside 3. hm is standing

4. ta is sleeping 4. ta is sleeping

5. yat here 5. ka car

6. w^h cheek 6. gan firewood

7. shat wife 7. gan outside

8. sM uncle 8. at aunt

9. a lake 9. h^ they

10. tree 10. ya face

Set 2. a-e drills -5

Drill 2-A: Drill 2-B:

1. yel raven (crow) 1. town

2. Nass River 2. gwel bag

3. de trail, road 3. set necklace

4. sa name 4. tla mother

5. sha mountain 5. gan outside

6. diet snow, white 6. ketl dog

7. gwel bag 7. de road

8. an town 8. as tree

9. xedu comb 9. dzet ladder

10. gan outside 10. a lake


1. keti dog 1. dek' no

2. as tree 2. yat here

3. yel raven/crow 3. de awe thats enough

4. sa name 4. sha mountain

5. dzet ladder 5. a sa who?

6. wet there 6. diet snow, white

7. tla mother 7. gan outside

8. gwel bag 8. dexh two

9. a lake 9. xhat salmon

10. xedu comb 10. yel raven/crow

34

Set 3. e drills


1. de trail 1. se voice

2. te stone 2. set necklace

3. yel raven 3. ges (calling a dog)

4. set necklace 4. te stone

5. she blood 5. ketl dog

6. wet there 6. wet there

7. we that 7. kasne knitting

8. dzet ladder 8. gwet bag

9. se voice 9. she blood

10. xedu comb 10. de trail

Set 4. i drills J 5


1. tsin muskrat 1. hin water, river

2. hit house 2. hit house

3. si daughter 3. tsin muskrat

4. jm hand 4. li don't

5. ish father 5. ish father

6. sik belt 6. nik news

7. shi song 7. jm hand

8. til shoe 8. til shoe

9. chfl cache 9. ish hole in river

10. hin water, river 10. sik belt


1. jm hand 1. tsin muskrat

2. latin look 2. nik news

3. sik . belt 3,. in flint

4. til shoe 4. shi watch out!

5. hin water, river 5. ish father

6. hit house 6. chil cache

7. si daughter 7. kit killer whale

8. ish hole in river 8. tinx bearberry

9. kis bracelet 9. hin water, river

10. If don't 10. i yecch!

Set 5. u drillsJ 0


1. gun gold 1. Mk drink it! (coffee)

2. guk ear 2. kut nest

3. xun north wind 3. gun gold

4. kux rice 4. lu nose

5. tu nose 5. dush cat

6. gishu

CTQ

6. tut wooded hill

7. ku tail 7. un shoot it!

8. dush cat 8. wul hole

9. guk go ahead! 9. nukt blue grouse

10. tu inside 10. guk go ahead!


1. M nose 1. nukt blue grouse

2. lul firewood 2. gun gold

3. gishu pig 3. dush cat

4. un shoot it! 4. guk go ahead!

5. shu end -5. tul wooded hill

6. tii inside 6. lu nose

7. gun gold 7., guk ear

8. Mk drink it! (coffee) 8. guk go ahead!

9. wun maggot 9. kux rice

10. guk ear 10. kut nest

Set 6. a-u drillsj /


1. guk ear 1. h^ they

2. yat child 2. shat wife

3. han is standing 3. dukh cottonwood

4. kut nest 4. kut nest

5. shat wife 5. sh^ spoon

6. gut dime 6. g^ firewood

7. sM uncle 7. un shoot it!

8. at thing 8. han is standing

9. nukt blue grouse 9. gut dime

10. luk drink it! 10. wash cheek


1. at thing 1. sani uncle

2. shu end 2. kut nest

3. shat wife 3. lu nose

4. gut dime 4. sha head

5. wash cheek 5. tas thread

6. g^ firewood 6. tuk drink it!

7. un shoot it! 7. shat wife

8. dukh cottonwood 8. gan firewood

9. sh^ spoon 9. guk ear

10. tas thread 10. has they

Set 7. g-gh drills 38


1. g^w duck 1. guch hill

2. ghat sockeye 2. ghaxh rabbit

3. gan outside 3. g^ look here!

4. ghatl pilot bread 4. ghatl pilot bread

5. ghaxh rabbit 5. gan outside

6. guch hill 6. ghat sockeye

7. gha caw! 7. ges (calling dog)

8. gusu where is? 8. ghuch wolf

9. ghuch wolf 9. gun spring

10. g^ firewood 10. gaxw duck


1. gusu where is? 1. ghach rug

2. ghaxh rabbit 2. gun spring

3. ghitgha spruce needle 3. ghuch wolf

4. ges calling dog 4. ges calling dog

5. ghanu sit down! 5. gan outside

6. gan outside 6. ghaxh rabbit

7. gha caw! 7. g^w duck

8. gun gold 8. gha caw!

9. ghach rug 9. gun gold

10. gaxw duck 10. ghat sockeye

Set 8. k-kh drills39


1. kha men 1. khutl weather

2. kijm five 2. ketl dog

3. ketl dog 3. ka car

4. khw^ people from 4. kha men

5. kani brother, sisterin-law

5. kast barrel

6. khuk box 6. khena awl

7. khidu dam 7. khu.u people

8. ka car 8. kanest cross

9. khakw basket 9. khuk box

10. kast barrel 10. khakw basket


1. ka car 1. kani brother/sisterin-law

2. kha man 2. khu.u people

3. ketl dog 3. kijm five

4. khutl weather 4. kha man

5. kukh pit 5. khena awl

6. khuk box 6. khtl dog

7. kani brother/sisterin-law

7. khin brant

8. khush infected cut 8. ka car

9. kijm five 9. khush infected cut

10. kh^w basket 10. kanest cross

Set 9. x-xh drills40


1. xhat root 1. xedu comb

2. xun north wind 2. xash cut it up!

3. x^ buffalo 3. xhat fish, salmon

4. xhawagM window 4. xhaw log

5. xixch' frog 5. xana evening

6. xh^w claws, fingernails 6. xhiy backpack

7. xhik shoulder 7. xwasda canvas

8. x^h cut it up! 8. xuts grizzly bear

9. xhum friend, relative 9. xhaw fur

10. xm bluefly 10. xin bluefly


1. xin bluefly 1. xedu comb

2. xun northwind 2. xhaw log

3. xixch' frog 3. xun northwind

4. xhat root 4. xhawaghi window

5. xana evening 5. xana evening

6. xhat fish, salmon 6. xhiy backpack

7. x^h cut it up! 7. xhik shoulder

8. xhat I, me 8. xas buffalo

9. xuts grizzly bear 9. xhay beaver lodge

10. xhum friend, relative 10. xwasda canvas

Set 10. k-kh drills


41

1. ikh beach 1. sukh moss

2. dukh cottonwood 2; khuk box

3. nik news 3. yik inside

4. jinakh let it go! 4. ak weave it!

5. sik belt 5. kukh pit

6. guk go ahead 6. w^ eye

7. sfikh moss 7. guk go ahead

8. shak head (of riveror lake)

8. ikh copper

9. eye 9. duk hide, skin

10. eulachon 10. dukh cottonwood


1. guk go ahead 1. shak head (of riveror lake)

2. kukh pit 2. sik belt

3. eye 3. sukh moss

4. duk hide, skin 4. ak weave it

5. dukh cottonwood 5. dakh interior

6. yik inside 6. dukh cottonwood

7. ikh copper 7. nik news

8. jinakh let it go! 8. jinakh let it go!

9. weave it 9. kukh pit


Set 11. Final x-xh drills


42

1. ux air bubble 1. IX south,down river

2. uxh tooth 2. guxh slave

3. dux split sinew 3. tinx bearberry

4. ixh oil, grease 4. shatxh older sister

5. dexh two 5. sdiix stove

6. kux rice 6. ghaxh is crying

7. ghaxh rabbit 7. kux rice

8. tlx flea 8. ghasnixh salvation

9. ghaxh is crying 9. ixh oil, grease

10. tinx bearberry 10. tlx flea


1. dexh two 1. ghaxh rabbit

2. guxh slave 2. tlx flea

3. ux air bubble 3. uxh teeth

4. ixh oil 4. sdux stove

5. kuyex camprobber 5. guxh slave

6. tinx bearberry 6. ghaxh is crying

7. tlx flea 7. kux rice

8. ghaxh is crying 8. kuyex camprobber

9. kux rice 9. ixh oil, grease

10. uxh tooth 10. tinx bearberry

I

I43

Set 12. dl-tl drills


1. diet snow 1. dliy meat

2. tl^w always 2. tlek' no

3. dliy meat 3. tl^w always

4. tlekha twenty 4. dlegu lullaby

5. dluwkat carefully 5. tla mother

6. tiem butterfly 6. diet snow

7. dlegu lullaby 7. tlex' one

8. tlex' one 8. dlak' sister (man's)

9. tlekhw berry 9. tlekha twenty

10. dlak' sister (man's) 10. dluwkat carefully

44

Set 13. dz-ts drills


1. tsm muskrat 1. dzet ladder

2. dzet ladder 2. tsm muskrat

3. tsats bear root 3. dzi cur

4. dzas lacing, thonging 4. tsu again

5. tsuxh corral 5. yadzay hairy faced

6. dzanti flounder 6. tsibdi corral

7. tsa seal 7. dzas lacing,thonging

8. yadzay hairy-faced 8. tsik barbecue stick

9. tsu again 9. dztoti flounder

10. tsik barbecue stick 10. tsa seal

Set 14. t-tl drills


1. mi fireweed 1. Mta knife

2. tlek' no 2. tlekha twenty

3. letuxh throat 3. lul fireweed

4. tlelk'u cat's cradle 4. tla mother

5. lun bark 5. Mngit person

6. tlelu butterfly 6. tlex' one

7. lu nose 7. lun bark

8. tlakw always 8. tlekhw berry

9. lit back of fish 9. tlelu butterfly

10. tlekhw berry 10. laka inside ofmouth


45

1. tl^w always 1. Mta knife

2. Mta knife 2. tl^w always

3. tlekha twenty 3. tlek' no

4. lul fireweed 4. lul fireweed

5. tlek' no 5. tlekhw berry

6. lu nose 6. lu nose

7. tla mother 7. lun bark

8. laka inside of mouth 8. tla mother

9. tlex' one 9. lit back of fish

10. lingit person 10. lingit person

I

I46

Set 15. tl-tr drills


1. tlek' no 1. tlek' no

2. tl'ikh finger 2. tla mother

3. tl^w always 3. tl'atk earth, ground

4. tl'atk earth, ground 4. tlex' one

5. tla mother 5. tl'ak' wet wood

6. tl'ik'at skewer 6. tl'ikh finger

7. tl'ak' wet wood 7. tlelu butterfly

8. tlekhw berry 8. tl'eli milt

9. tlelk'u cat's cradle 9. tlekha twenty

10. tl'eli milt 10. fl'ik'at skewer

47

Set 16. dl-tl-tr drills


1. dM' sister (man's) 1. dlak' sister (man's)

2. tlekhw berry 2. tlekhw berry

3- tl'et^wkha

good,honest man

3. tl'atk earth, ground

4. tla mother 4. diet snow

5. diet snow 5. tlek' no

6. tl'eli milt 6. tl'ikh finger

7. dlegu lullaby 7. dluwkat carefully

8. tlex' one 8. tl^w always

9. tl'ikh finger 9. tl'eli milt

10. tlekha twenty 10. tl'etakhwkha

good, honestman

Set 17. ts-ts' drills


48

1. tsm muskrat 1. ts'ighini magpie

2. ts'indli forearm 2. tset wild sweetpotato

3. tsa seal 3. ts'indli forearm

4. ts'axwel crow 4. tsa seal

5. tset wild sweet potato 5. ts'axwel crow

6. tslghini magpie 6. tsu again

7. tsu again 7. ts'utat morning

8. ts'ats'i bird 8. tsik barbecuestick

9. tsats bear root 9. ts'ats'i bird

10. tsik barbecue stick 10. tsm muskrat

Set 18. dz-ts-ts' drills


1. tsm muskrat 1. ts'ats'i bird

2. dz^ thonging, lacing 2. dzet ladder

3. ts'ats'i bird 3. tsuxh corral

4. dzi cur 4. dzfeti flounder

5. ts'mdli foreaini 5. tsik barbecuestick

6. tsu again 6. ts'axwel crow

7. dzet ladder 7. ts'indli forearm

8. yadzay hairy faced 8. dzi cur

9. ts'utat morning 9. tsa seal

10. tsa seal 10. tsats bear root

49

Set 19. k-k' drills


50

1. k'at better, more 1. k'ilja south wind

2. kijin five 2. k'udas' shirt

3. kanest cross 3. ka car

4. k'lnk' stink head 4. k'ux marten

5. kushda land otter 5. ketl dog

6. k'wat' egg 6. kijm five

7. k'ats' sharp point 7. k'wat' egg

8. k'lxh'a gaff hook 8. kani brother orsister-in-lav

9. kats calcium, lime 9. k'as' missingtooth

10. kast barrel 10. k'ats' sharp point

5 1

Set 20. kh-kh'drills


1. kh^w basket 1. khidu dam

2. kh'ich' scar 2. khuk box

3. khena awl 3. kh'ad' thin and flat

4. kha man 4. khin brant

5. kh'isha hockey stick 5. kh'anashgidekha

poor person

6. kh'aliyel is a liar 6. kh'ekh'w sea tern

7. khu.u people 7. khakw basket

8. khiish infected cut 8. khwan people from

9. khuti weather 9. kh'anaxhan fence

10. kh'ekaxwen flower 10. kh'ich' scar

Set 21. k'-kh'drills


52

1. k'iden well I. k'at better, more

2. kh'anaxh^ fence 2. kh'ekh'w sea tern

3. k'at better, more 3. k'udas' shirt

4. kh'ich' scar 4. kh'anaxh^ fence

5. k'ilja south wind 5. k'as' missing tooth

6. kh'atr thin and flat 6. kh'anashgidekha

poor person

7. k'ux marten 7. k'ux marten

8. kh'atel pitcher 8. kh'aliyel he/she is aliar

9. k'as' missing tooth 9. k'mk' stink heads

10. kh'aliyel he/she is a liar 10. kh'atr thin and flat


1. kh'anaxh^ fence 1. k'iden well

2. k'mk' stink heads 2. kh'atel pitcher

3. kh'atr flat 3. k'mk' stink heads

4. k'udas' shirt 4. kh'aliyel he/she is a liar

5. kh'anashgidekha

poor person 5. k'Mas' shirt

6. k'ilja south wind storm 6. kh'ich' scar

7. kh'atel pitcher 7. kh'anaxhte«

fence

8. k'ux marten 8. k'at better, more

9. kh'aliyel he/she is a liar 9. kh'atr thin and flat

10. k'iden well 10. k'ux marten

Set 22. final t-t'drills 53


1. at thing 1. I'ut' tongue

2. I'ut tongue 2. yat here, this place

3. shat wife 3. khusa.at' cold weather

4. khusa.at' cold weather 4. tit wave

5. at aunt 5. shat wife

6. sit' glacier 6. sit' glacier

7. Mt house 7. k'at more, better

8. kast'at' cotton 8. tat night

9. yat here 9. s'^t' , devils club

10. kel't' ashes 10. at aunt

(father's sister)


1. ixht' shaman 1. at thing

2. shat wife 2. s'^t' devil's club

3. sit' glacier 3. yat here, this place

4. yat here, this place 4. kel't' ashes

5. kast'at' cotton 5. hit house

6. k'at more, better 6. khusa.at' cold weather

7. I'ut' tongue 7. k'at more, better

8. tat night 8. sit' glacier

9. kel't' ashes 9. tat ashes

10. at aunt (father's sister) 10. ixht' shaman

Set 23. final tl-tl' drills


54

1. ketl dog 1. kh'atr thin and flat

2. kh'atr thin and flat 2. kh'watl pot

3. xetl thunderbird 3. yatetr (animal) is fat

4. hatr feces 4. at wugwatl is rollingaround

5. kh'wM pot 5. highetr snot

6. hetr how nice! 6. xetl thunderbird

7. ghatl pilot bread 7. hetr how nice!

8. ghhtV snot 8. xatl iceberg

9. adawutl trouble, war 9. hatr feces

10. yatetr (animal) is fat 10. ghatl pilot bread


1. ghatl pilot bread 1. ghatl pilot bread

2. at

wugwatlis rolling around 2. hatr feces

3. hatr feces 3. ketl dog

4. xatl iceberg 4. kh'atr thin and flat

5. hetr how nice! 5. kh'watl pot

6. xetl thunderbird 6. yatetr (animal) is fat

7. highetr snot 7. atwugwatl

is rollingaround

8. adawutl trouble, war 8. hetr how nice!

9. kh'atr thin and flat 9. xetl thunderbird

10. yatetr (animal) is fat 10. lughetr snot

Set 24. final ts-ts'Drill 24-A:

drills55

Drill 24-B:

1. k'unts' potato 1. xuts grizzly bear

2. ghats rump,hindquarter

2. akawa.ets' handled it slowlyand carefully

3. xats' clear sky 3. ghats rump, hindquarter

4. kats calcium, lime 4. wudisits' soaking wet

5. akamlikhets' she tickled her 5. at uwanuts she grinned

6. xuts grizzly bear 6. xats' clear sky


7. amlighuts squeezed it

8. amlihits singed hair off 8. k'unts' potato

9. wudisits' soaking wet 9. kats calcium, lime

10. at uwanuts she grinned 10. akamlikhets' she tickled her


1. xuts grizzly bear 1. xuts grizzly bear

2. xats' clear sky 2. akawa.ets' handle it slowly,carefully

3. k'unts' potato 3. ghats rump, hindquarter

4. kats calcium, lime 4. kats calcium, lime


5. k'unts' potato

6. amlihits singed hair off 6. amlighuts squeezed it

7. wudisits' soaking wet 7. akamlikhets' she tickled her

8. ghats rump, hindquarter 8. at uwanuts grinned

9. ats'uts' fish is biting,nibbling

9. wudisits' soaking wet

10. amlighuts squeezed it 10. xats' clear sky

Set 25. final ch-ch' drills


56

1. ich' bronze 1. kich wing

2. ghuch wolf 2. kh'ich' scar

3. huch' thals all 3. ghuch wolf

4. xhach I (did it) 4. k'uch' base, butt end

5. k'uch' base, butt end 5. guch hill

6. guch hill 6. xlxch' frog

7. kuwach' its too short 7. nich shore

8. huch he/she (did it) 8. kh'ach' ribbon seaweed

9. t'uch' charcoal, black 9. xhach I (did it)

10. nich shore 10. t'uch' charcoal, black


1. huch he/she (did it) 1. kich wing

2. kh'ach' ribbon seaweed 2. kh'ich' scar

3. kich wing 3. guch hill

4. xixch' frog 4. ghiich wolf

5. ghuch wolf 5. k'uch' base, butt end

6. guch hill 6. ich' bronze

7. t'uch' charcoal, black 7. nich shore

8. kh'ich' scar 8. xixch' frog

9. nich shore 9. huch he/she (did it)

10. k'uch' base, butt end 10. huch' that's all

Set 26. final k-k'drills 57


1. sik belt 1. s^ eulachon

2. khus.uk' is playing house 2. ch'ak' eagle

3. kik' younger brother/sister

3 guk go ahead!

4. nik news 4. yanik' is neat

5. ch'ak' eagle 5. at wear it!

6. yanik' is neat 6. kok' younger brothei/sister

7. duk hide/skin 7. khuk box

8. ch'uk' a little bit more 8. sik' daughter

9. tatuk cave 9. tatuk cave

10. khuk box 10. ch'Wi' a little bit more


1. sik belt 1. khuk box

2. sik' daughter 2. sik' daughter


4. chTik' a little bit more 4. dlak' . (male's) sister

5. duk hide, skin 5. nik news

6. ch'ak' eagle 6. wudzidik' is constipated

7. tatuk cave 7. duk hide, skin

8. yitk' son 8. yanik' is neat

9. guk go ahead 9. guk go ahead

10. dlak: (male's) sister 10. khus.uk' is playing

5 8

Set 27. final kh-kh' drills


1. jin^ let go 1. ikh beach

2. kasekh'w color 2. wudzitikh' its twisted (up)

3. sukh moss 3. ikh copper

4. dukh cottonwood 4. kasekh'w color, dye

5. kukh pit 5. sukh moss

6. wudzitikh' it's twisted (up) 6. kh'ekh'w sea tem

7. ikh copper 7. at shukh laughter

8. s'^ bone 8. dukh cottonwood

9. kh'ekh'w sea tern 9. kukh pit

10. at shWdi laughter 10. ghakh lynx

Set 28. tr-r drills 59


1. tl'atk earth 1. 1'^ dress

2. I'exh dance 2. tl'atk earth

3. t'at'a tongs 3. I'ex aluminum

4. tl'ak' wet wood 4. tl'eti milt

5. few sand 5. I'exh dance

6. tl'ughu liver 6. tl'ak' wet wood

7. 1'^ dress 7. I'uxh' muddy water,murky, silty

8. tret milt 8. tl'ikh finger

9. I'lkws' is blinking 9. I'it tail

10. tl'ikh finger 10. tl'ik'at wooden skewer


1. I'ak dress 1. tl'atk earth

2. tl'ikh finger 2. 1'^ dress

3. I'ex aluminum 3. tl'ikh finger

4. tl'eli milt 4. I'exh dance

5. I'ut' tongue 5. tl'ak' wet wood

6. tl'ak' wet wood 6. I'ex aluminum

7. I'at'a tongs 7. tl'eti milt

8. tl'etakhw kha good, honest man 8. I'ew sand

9. I'it tail 9. tl'ik'at wooden skewer

10. tl'atk earth, ground 10. I'uxh' muddy water

Set 29. ts'-s' drills 60


1. ts'ats'i bird 1. ts'ats'i bird

2. s'm carrot 2. s'm carrot

3. ts'indli forearm 3. ts'indli forearm

4. s'lkh smoke 4. s'^ bone

5. ts'utat morning 5. ts'axwel crow

6. s'uw greenstone, green 6. s'iiw greenstone, green

7. ts'axwM crow 7. tslghini magpie

8. s'Mdi bone 8. s'M master, boss

9. Ts'utsx^ Tsimshian 9. ts'utat morning

10. si eyebrow 10. si eyebrow


1. ts'ats'i bird 1. ts'ats'i bird

2. ts'utat morning 2. slk black bear

3. s'ik black bear 3. ts'utat morning

4. s'lksh false hellebore 4. s'm carrot

5. ts'mdli forearm 5. ts'axwel crow

6. s'uw greenstone, green 6. s'lksh false hellebore

7. ts'axwM crow 7. ts'indli forearm

8. si eyebrow 8. si eyebrow

9. s'M master 9. tslghini magpie

10. s'Mdi bone 10. six trash, junk

Set 30. k'-x' drills


61

1. k'lxh'a gaff hook 1. x'ux' paper

2. x'ux' paper, book 2. k'aden well

3. k'iden well 3. x'Ma file

4. x'is' tangle 4. k'Mas' shirt

5. k'Mas' shirt 5. x'uw blanket

6. x'at' island 6. k'itja south wind

7. k'wat' egg 7. x'is' tangle

8. x'an anger 8. k'as' missing tooth

9. k'ats' sharp point 9. x'an anger

10. x'ukja steam 10. k'ux marten


1. x'an anger 1. k'iden well

2. k'as' missing tooth 2. x'ux' paper, book

3. x'at' island 3. k'at better, more

4. k'udas' shirt 4. x'^ waterfall

5. x'as waterfall 5. k'ux marten

6. x'is' tangle 6. x'ada file

7. k'ux marten 7. k'ilja south wind

8. x'ux' paper, book 8. x'uw blanket, peg

9. k'lxh'a gaff hook 9. k'^' missing tooth

10. k'at better, more 10. x'ukja steam

Set 31. kh'-xh'drills62


1. kh'atel pitcher 1. xh'e mouth

2. xh'akw salmon that turnsred when enteringfresh water

2. kh'anaxhm fence

3. kh'atr thin and flat 3. xh'^ canyon

4. xh'wal' down feathers 4. kh'atr thin and flat

5. kh'ekh'w sea tern 5. xh'an fire

6. xh'uns' crumbs 6. kh'ekh'w sea tern

7. kh'isha hockey stick 7. xh'uns' crumbs

8. xh'ak canyon 8. kh'ekaxwen flower

9. kh'anaxhan fence 9. xh'was' cheap

10. xh'to diaper moss 10. kh'ich' a scar


1. xh'e mouth 1. kh'anaxhm fence

2. kh'aliyel he/she is a liar 2. xh'e mouth

3. xh'Mc canyon 3. kh'atM pitcher

4. kh'atel pitcher 4. xh'un diaper moss

5. xh'wal' down feathers ' 5. kh'ekh'w sea tern

6. xh'to diaper moss 6. xh'uns' crumbs

7. khlch' a scar 7. kh'anashgidekha

poor person

8. xh'uns' crumbs, powder,rotten wood

8. xh'w^' down feathers

9. kh'atr thin and flat 9. kh'ich' scar

10. kh'anaxhte fence 10. xh'^' oil in moosebladder

Set 32. x'-xh' drills


63

1. x'ls' tangle 1. x'ux' paper, book

2. xh'ak canyon 2. xh'e mouth

3. x'ada file 3. x'ada file

4. xh'e mouth 4. xh'uns' crumbs

5. x'an anger 5. x'ls' tangle

6. xh'wat' rainbow trout 6. xh'ak canyon

7. x'at' island 7. x'at' island

8. xh'un diaper moss 8. xh'was' cheap

9. xh'al' oil in moosebladder

9. x'an anger

10. x'uw blanket, peg 10. xh'an fire


1. x'lix' paper, book 1. x'ldadi windfall

2. xh'e mouth 2. xh'ix'wal' safety pin

3. x'as waterfall 3. x'uw blanket, peg

4. xh'un diaper moss 4. xh'ak canyon

5. x'ada file 5. xh'was' cheap

6. xh'uns' crumbs 6. x'ukja steam

7. x'uw blanket, peg 7. xh'an fire

8. xh'wal' down feathers 8. x'ada file

9. x'ukja steam 9. xh'wat' rainbow trou

10. xh'al' oil in moosebladder

10. x'ux' paper, book

Set 33. final tV-¥ drills


64

1. gai' cataract, clam 1. el' salt

2. hetr how nice! 2. hatr feces

3. sh ilk'M' be quiet! 3. gar cataract, clam

4. yatetr (animal) is fat 4. hetr how nice!

5. yel' elderberry 5. yer elderberry

6. hatr feces 6. highetr snot

7. tughetr snot 7. ch'al' willow

8. el' salt 8. yatetr (animal) is fat

9. kh'atr thin and flat 9. kayel' peace

10. kayel' peace 10. akwlixhitr is afraid

Set 34. final ts'-s' drills


65

1. khas' stick 1. ghayes' steel

2. tik'ats' its sharp 2. xats' clear sky

3. has' vomit 3. has' vomit

4. k'unts' potatoes 4. akamlikhets' she tickled her

5. khugwas' frog 5. gas' post

6. akawa.ets' handle it slowlyand carefully

6. w^' bush

7. xhanas' radt 7. lik'ats' its sharp

8. wudisits' soaking wet 8. khas' stick

9. gas' post 9. k'unts' potatoes

10. xats' clear sky 10. wudisits' soaking wet

Set 35. final k'-x' drills66


1. ux' shoulder blade 1. sik' daughter

2. sik' daughter 2. ux' shoulder blade

3. nux' shell 3. kik' youngerbrother/sister

4. ik' (female's) brother 4. at^' is chewing it

5. tlx' rope 5. yitk' son

6. asiux' smells it 6. nux' shell

7. kak' forehead 7. ch'ak' eagle

8. ch'^' a little more 8. tlx' rope

9. ch'ak' eagle 9. yanik' is neat

10. tlx' ice 10. asnix' smells it


1. tlx' rope 1. ch'^' a little bit more

2. yanik' is neat 2. x'ux' paper, book

3. asnix' smells it 3. ch'ak' eagle

4. sik' daughter 4. ux' shoulder blade

5. fix' ice 5. sik' daughter

6. kadex' shame 6. nux' shell

7. ch'ak' eagle 7. khus.uk' playing house

8. atax' is chewing it 8. Tix' ice

9. ch'uk' a little bit more 9. yanik' is neat

10. yitk' son 10. tix' rope

Set 36. final x'-xh' drills

Drill 36-A:

1.

2.

3.

asnix'

exh'

kax'

smells it

slough

spruce grousechicken

Drill 36-B:

1. x'ux'

2. ch'exh'

3. nux'

67

paper, book

index finger

shell

4. s'axh' ling cod 4. exh' slough

5. tlx' rope 5. fix' ice

6. k'lbdi' pitch, gum 6. s'axh' ling cod

7. nux' shell 7. tix' rope

8. ch'exh'w dirt 8. Taxh'w wart

9. ux' shoulder blade 9. kax' spruce grouse,chicken

10. ch'exh' index finger 10. ch'exh'w dirt

Drill 36C: Drill 36-D;

1. x'ux' paper, book 1. x'ux' paper, book

2. ch'exh' index finger 2. ch'exh' index finger

3. ux' shoulder blade 3. ux' shoulder blade

4. s'axh' ling cod 4. exh' slough

5. nux' shell 5. nux' shell

6. k'uxh' pitch, gum 6. s'axh' ling cod

7. tix' rope 7. fix' ice

8. akat'ixh' is pounding it,hammering it

8. k'uxh' pitch, gum

9. ch'exh'w dirt 9. tix' rope

10. asnix' smells it 10. akat'ixh' is pounding it,hammering it

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