tissuestissues. no single cell… although there are trillions of cells in the human body, there are...
TRANSCRIPT
TissuesTissuesTissuesTissues
No single cell…• Although there are trillions of cells in
the human body, there are only about 200 different types of cells
• Cells types combine to form tissues.– Collections of specialized cells and cell
products that perform a limited number of functions.
– Histology is the study of tissues
4 basic tissue types• Epithelia
– Cover exposed surfaces – Line internal passages and chambers– Produce Glandular secretions
• Connective– Fill internal spaces– Provide structural support– Store Energy
4 basic tissue types con’t.
• Muscle– Contracts to produce active
movement
• Neural– Conducts electrical impulses– Carries information
From the outside in…• Epithelial tissue
– Epithelia (singular: epithelium) -- covers internal and external surfaces
– Glands – secreting cells derived from epithelia
Key characteristics of Epithelia
• Bound closely together• A free (apical) surface is exposed to the
environment or internal space• Attached to other cells by basement
membrane• Avascular
– No blood vessels; cell must obtain nutrients across basement membrane
• Continually regenerated due to damage or loss
Functions of Epithelia• Provide physical protection
– Against abrasion, dehydration or destructive agents
• Control permeability• Provide sensation
– Helps relay info to the nervous system
• Produce specialized secretions– Individual cells are called gland cells– Entire tissues are called glandular epithelium
A note about secretions…
• If the secretions are discharged onto the surface of the epithelium, they are called exocrine– Ex. Milk, sweat, digestive enzymes
• If the secretions are released into the surrounding tissue fluid and blood, they are called endocrine– These are hormones; chemical
messengers
Epithelial Surface• AKA Apical Surface• Can have specialized structures
– Microvilli• Small finger-like projections of the cell surface• Help increase surface area for absorption and
secretion of materials• Found in the digestive and urinary tracts
– Cilia• Short hair like structures• Found in the respiratory tract• Helps move mucus trapped irritants
Classifying epithelia• Can be simple or stratified
– Simple = 1 layer of cells– Stratified = multiple layers
• 3 shapes– Squamous – flat like a fried egg– Cuboidal – like little hexagonol boxes– Columnar – like the cuboidal but taller
Pictures of epithelia• Look at the hand outs of pages 94-
96 for the different types of epithelia, both simple and stratified.
Connective TissuesConnective TissuesConnective TissuesConnective Tissues
Connective Tissues• The most diverse tissues of the body• Made of 3 different components
– Specialized Cells– Protein Fibers– Fluid known as Ground Substance
• The protein fibers and ground substance combine to make up the matrix that surrounds the cells
Connective Tissues• Never exposed to the outside
environment although they are throughout the body
• Highly vascularized• Contain receptors to pain,
pressure, temperature, and other sensations
Special differences between epithelia and connective
tissues• Epithelial tissues are composed
mainly of cells• Connective tissues has a majority
of its volume consisting of the extra-cellular matrix
Main uses of connective tissues
• Support & Protection– Help to establish a bony structural
framework
• Transport Materials– Fluid connective tissues are very
efficient at moving dissolved materials throughout the body
Main uses of connective tissues
• Storage of Energy Reserves– Adipose cells store energy until
needed
• Defense of the Body– Respond to invaders of the body and
produce antibodies
3 Major types of Connective Tissue
• Connective Tissue Proper– Ex. Tissue under the skin, fat,
tendons and ligaments– Has many types of cells and fibers in
a syrupy ground substance
3 Major types of Connective Tissue
• Fluid Connective Tissue– Ex. Blood and Lymph– Has a distinctive cell population in a
watery ground substance with dissolved proteins
3 Major types of Connective Tissue
• Supporting Connective Tissue– Ex. Cartilage and Bone– Less diverse cell population than CTP
but has a matrix of dense ground substance and closely packed fibers
– Bone is fiberous but calcified to provide rigidity and strength
Lets look at the players…
Connective Tissue Proper
• Major Cell Types– Fibroblasts– Macrophages– Fat cells (adipocytes)– Mast Cells
• Also can include stem cells and cells that produce antibodies
Connective Tissue Proper
• Connective Tissue Fibers– Collagen – long, straight, and
unbranched strong and flexible– Elastic – Contain the protein elastin,
they are branched and wavy– Reticular – Least common and form a
woven branching framework
Connective Tissue Proper
• Ground Substance– Should be clear and colorless– Consistency of maple syrup
• Density helps slow bacteria and makes it easier for macrophages to consume them
Connective Tissue Proper
• Classified as either Loose or Dense• Loose
– Areolar• Least differentiated, contains all of the
cells of CTP• Forms a layer that separates skin from
underlying muscle– Why you can pinch skin without distorting the
muscle
Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose con’t.– Adipose Tissue (Fat)
• Very similar to Areolar Tissue, just has a majority of adipocytes
• Found under the skin on the sides, buttocks and breasts
Connective Tissue Proper
• Dense Connective Tissue– Mainly collagen fibers– Tendons – connect skeletal muscle to
bone– Ligaments – Connect bone to bone
Fluid Connective Tissue• Blood
– Watery matrix called plasma– Mostly Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)– Some White Blood Cell– Platelets
How Fluid Connective Tissues Work Together
• Plasma is in constant motion in the blood vessels due to contractions of the heart
• When it gets to capillaries, solutes will dissolve into interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding body cells)
• As interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels, lymph forms– Combines cells of the immune system to monitor the body
Supporting Connective Tissue
• Cartilage– Firm gel matrix containing only
chondrocytes– Avascular – why it is difficult to repair– Separated from other tissues by the
perichondrium
3 types of Cartilage• Hyaline
– Tough by flexible, connects ribs to sternum, covers bone surfaces in joints
• Elastic– Very resilient and flexible, found in the outer ear
flap and epiglottis
• Fibrocartilage– Very little ground substance, mostly collagen fibers– Found between vertebrae, connecting bones in the
pelvis
• Bones will be covered in the skeletal unit!