tissues are groups of cells similar in structure and function
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BODY TISSUES & MEMBRANESTissues are groups of cells similar in structure and function
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the 3 primary germ layers
1. Ectoderm2. Endoderm3. Mesoderm These give rise to all the basic
tissues of the body
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The four types of tissues.
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
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Describe the characteristics & functions of epithelial tissue. LT#1 Forms continuous sheets over the body
surface & most of the bodies inner cavities Protects the body from drying out, injury,
bacterial exposure Inside specialized - cilia sweeps impurities
from GI tract, secretes mucus to protect from acids, microvilli in kidneys increases absorption
Replaces lost cells by cell division (regenerative)
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Tissue cell shapes 101
Simple Stratified =
layering
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Tissue cell shapes 101
Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar-cell shape
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Name the major types of epithelial tissues, relate each one to an organ. LT#2
simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified columnar stratified squamous stratified cuboidal stratified columnar transitional
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simple squamous (flattened) Single layer of flattened cells with
disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
Functions: Diffusion and filtration Provides a slick, friction-reducing
lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems
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Simple squamous
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Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Found in the liver – make insulin & glucagon
Also found on surface of ovaries, duct linings of glands, lining tubules of kidneys
Function in secretion and absorption
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Simple cuboidal
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Simple columnar
Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia
Goblet cells are often found in this layer
Function in absorption and secretion Non-ciliated type line digestive tract
and gallbladder Ciliated type line small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Cilia help move substances through internal passageways
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Simple columnar
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Simple columnar with goblet cells (secrete mucus)
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Pseudostratified Columnar
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
Nuclei are seen at different levels Found in lungs and nasal cavities Also found in linings of repro sys
tubes Function in secretion and propulsion
of mucus & sex cells
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Stratified Squamous
Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)
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Stratified squamous
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Stratified squamous from skin
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Stratified cuboidal
Quite rare in the body Found in some sweat and mammary
glands
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Stratified cuboidal
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Stratified columnar
Limited distribution in the body Found in the pharynx, male urethra,
and lining some glandular ducts, salivary ducts
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Stratified columnar
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Transitional
Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
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Transitional
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Transitional collapsed & distended
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glandular epithelium and how it is classified
A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Classified by: -Site of product release – endocrine
or exocrine -Relative number of cells forming
the gland – unicellular or multicellular
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Glandular epithelium
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22) What is an endocrine gland, what do they secrete and how do they do it?
23) What is an exocrine gland, what do they secrete and how do they do it?
24) Give the major types of connective tissue and some examples.25) What are the general functions of connective tissue?26) What are the common characteristics of connective tissue?27) What are the three major structural elements of connective
tissue?28) What type of cells do you find in connective tissue and where
would you find them?29) What are the two types of loose connective tissue proper
given and what characterizes them?30) What are the two types of dense connective tissue proper
given and what characterizes them?
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31) Describe the three different types of cartilage: what they are made of, their functions and where you would find them?
1. Hyaline cartilage2. Elastic cartilage3. Fibrocartilage cartilage
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1. Hyaline Cartilage
Looks like jelly – does not heal and usually is cut out when injured with hope of gaining muscle to compensate for the loss
Chondrocytes lie in lacunae (a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage)
Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
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Hyaline cartilage
Forms the costal cartilage Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of
long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
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2. Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers
Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis
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Elastic cartilage has “little eyes”
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3. Fibrocartilage cartilage Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage
but less firm with thick collagen fibers
Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint
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Fibrocartilage
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32) Give the characteristics and functions of osseous tissue.
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone
Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized
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Osseous Tissue
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Osseous Tissue cont’d
Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action
Stores calcium, minerals, and fat Marrow inside bones is the site of
hematopoiesis Bones will change shape with
pressure: braces/jawbone, tight shoes/bunions, hammer toe
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Bone marrow: 2 kinds
1. Red marrow – site of hematopoiesis2. Yellow marrow – fat (this is why you
make soup from bones)
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hematopoietic bone marrow of flat bones vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac. It represents 4-6% of body weight.
The fatty degeneration of red bone marrow (RBM) (25%) into yellow bone marrow (YBM) (75%) is completed around age 21 years.
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Red marrow
C hematopoietic tissue forming new blood cells.
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Yellow marrow
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33) Give the characteristics and functions of blood.
Red (carry O2, CO2) and white cells (defense) in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Contained within blood vessels Functions in the transport of
respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
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Blood
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34) Describe and give the functions of nervous tissue? Where is it found? Branched neurons with long cellular
processes and support cells Transmits electrical signals from
sensory receptors to effectors (using ions)
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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Nervous Tissue: unique shape carries signals (like wire) but uses ions – not electricity
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35) Describe and give the functions of the three types of muscle tissue.1. Skeletal2. Cardiac3. Smooth
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1. Skeletal Muscle - voluntary
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Skeletal Muscle - voluntary Muscles contract and things move
The food muscle
LONG cells that can stretch from knee to hip and have multiple nuclei
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Skeletal Muscle cells are cylindrical and multinucleated
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2. Cardiac muscle - involuntary
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Cardiac muscle special jxns An intercalated disc is an
undulating double membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers. Intercalated discs support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue.
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3. Smooth muscle
Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations
Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis)
Found in the walls of hollow organs
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Smooth muscle
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Smooth muscle