2

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

tIm¿tImgvkv

t]∏¿ I Kth-j-W-co-Xn-imkv{Xw

4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

KthjWw F¥msW∂pw Fßs\bmsW∂pw XmXznIambpw {]mtbmKnIambpw KthjIsc

t_m[ys∏SpØm\p≈ {iaamWv Cu tImgvkv

bqWn‰v H∂v: Kth-jWw : A¿∞hpw Df-f-S-°-hpw-˛-Kp-Wm-fl-Ihpw ]cn-amWm-fl-I-hp-amb Kth-j-

Ww- (Qualitative and Quantitative Research) ̨ -km-aq-ln-I-im-kv{X-hnjb-ß-fn-sebpw- am-\-hn-I-hn-j-

b-ß-fnsebpw Kth-j-Ww-˛-B-kzm-Z-\w, \ncq-]-Ww, hna¿i-\w, D]-\ymkw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂p-

ff hyXym-kw-̨ -co-Xn-Ifpw coXn-im-kv{Xhpw (Methods & Methodology)-̨ -K-th-j-W-Øns‚ ssh⁄m-

\n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb {]k-‡n-̨ -hn-hn[ Kth-j-W-ta-J-e-Iƒ-̨ -̀ m-jm-K-th-j-Ww, kmln-Xy-K-th-

j-Ww, kwkvIm-c-K-th-j-Ww-, -X-Ωn-ep-ff hyXym-k-߃˛ km[y-X-Iƒ˛ h¿§o-I-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\-

hpw-̨ -̀ m-jm-im-kv{Xhpw kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-hpw-̨ -K-W-I-ev]-\bpw {]ÿm-\-I-ev]-\-bpw-̨ -km-ln-Xy-N-cn-

{X-hn⁄m\obw˛]mT-kw-kvI-c-Whpw ]mT-\n-cq-]-W-hpw˛ae-bm-f-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw-̨ -L-́ -߃-

-̨hy-XykvX Kth-j-W-am-Xr-I-Iƒ-̨ -{]-apJ Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-߃˛ Kth-j-I¿-̨ -K-th-j-W-]-T-\-߃-

-̨tc-Jm-ti-J-c-߃-̨ -K-th-j-W-kw-L-S-\Iƒ-̨ -k-a-Im-enIKth-j-W-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ-̨ -hn-a¿i-\m-flI ]cn-

tim-[-\.

bqWn‰v c≠v: Kth-j-Ww˛co-Xn-im-kv{X-k-ao-]-\-߃-˛-⁄m-\-hn-j-bßfpsS (disciplines) cq]-s∏-

S¬-˛-hn-j-b-\n-jvT-K-th-jWw (disciplinary research)-˛-_-lp-hn-j-bm-fl-Ihpw A¥¿hn-j-bm-fl-I-hp-

amb Kth-jWw (Multi disciplinary & Interdisciplinary research)-̨ -hn-a¿i-\m-fl-I-K-th-jWw (CriticalResearch)-̨ -Xm-c-X-aym-fl-I-K-th-j-Ww-̨ -A-\p-̀ -hm-{in-X-K-th-j-Ww(Empirical research)-̨ -kw-kvImcm¥c

Kth-j-Ww (Cross-cultural Research), hyh-lm-c-hn-i-I-e-\w, hwio-b-Xm-]-T-\w, kv{Xohm-Z-K-th-j-

Ww, hymJym-\-hn-⁄m\w (Hermenntics), Xt±iob-Xm-K-th-jWw (Indegenous Research), hnh-

cWmflIhpw hymJym-\m-fl-I-hp-amb Kth-j-Ww, Ncn-{Xm-fl-I-K-th-j-Ww, {]bp-‡-K-th-jWw

(Applied Research), ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-c-amb Kth-jWw (Collaborative Research), kaq-l-\n-jvT-K-th-

jWw (Community based Research), \nco-£-Wm-fl-K-th-jWw (Observational Research) XpS-ßnb

-co-Xn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v aq∂v : Kth-j-Whpw kn≤m-¥hpw˛kn-≤m¥w (Theory) F∂ k¶-ev]-\w˛ Kth-j-W-]-T-\-

Øn¬ kn≤m-¥-Øn\pw kn≤m-¥o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ff ÿm\w-̨ -̀ n-∂m-̀ n-{]m-b-߃-̨ -kn-≤m-¥hpw kXym-

fl-I-X-bpw-̨ -hn-hn[ ssk≤m-¥nI kao-]-\-߃˛ at\m-hn-t«-j-Ww-̨ -am¿Ivkn-kw-̨ -L-S-\m-hm-Zw˛ LS-

\m-hm-Zm-\-¥-c-kn-≤m-¥-߃-̨ -D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I-X-̨ -tIm-f-\n-b-\¥-c-k-ao-]-\w-̨ A]-\n¿Ωm-Ww -̨kmw-kvIm-

cn-I-]-T-\-߃-̨ -kv{Xohm-Zw˛ Izo¿kn-≤m-¥ßƒ˛ {]I-S-\(performance) kn≤m¥w˛kw-th-Z-\-kn-≤m-

¥-߃˛-am-[ya]T-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-I¿Xr-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-߃-˛-\-h-a-t\mhnt«j-Ww-˛-\-h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw-˛

{][m\ ssk≤m-¥nI-k-¶-ev]-\-ßfpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-cpw-˛-ta¬t°m-bva, {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, hnNm-c-am-

Xr-I, hna¿iw (critique), kzXzw (self), X≥a (identity), ssewKn-IX (sexuality), `h-imkv{Xw

(ontology), hwim-h-en-im-kv{Xw (geneology), ⁄m\kn-≤m¥w (epistemology) XpS-ßn-b-h-˛-tNmw-

kvIn, ^qt°m, eIm≥, {InkvtX-h, sZte-kv, knsk-°v, s\{Kn XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛C-¥y≥ kn≤m-¥-

ßfpw Kth-j-W-hpw-˛-km-[y-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v \mev : Kth-j-W-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃-˛-K-th-j-W-{]-iv\hpw AXns‚ {]m[m-\yhpw-˛-K-

th-j-W-]-≤-Xn-˛-I-c-Sp-]-≤Xn Xøm-dm-°¬-˛-]-T-\-e-£y-߃- \n¿Δ-Nn-°¬˛-D-]m-Zm-\-ß-fpsS {Iao-I-c-

3

Ww-̨ -]pkvX-I-ßfpw B\pIm-en-I-ßfpw Isø-gp-Øp-I-fpw˛A`n-ap-J-߃-̨ -e-̀ y-amb ]mT-ß-fpsS ]cn-tim-

[-\-̨ -Z-Ø-ti-J-c-Ww-̨ -Z-Ø-hn-i-I-e-\w-̨ -]p-Xnb D]m-Zm-\-߃-̨ -D-]m-Zm-\-ß-fpsS ]p\¿hn-̀ m-h-\w-̨ -hn-h-c-Ww,

hymJym-\w, hni-I-e-\w, hmb-\-̨ -C-e-t{Œm-WnIv t{kmX- p-Iƒ-̨ -Im¿Uv, ̂ b¬˛Nn-{X-߃, t^mt´m-Iƒ,

aƒ´n-ao-Unb XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw-˛-C‚¿s\‰v tiJ-c-߃ (archives).

Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øns‚ LS-\-̨ -A-[ym-b-߃, io¿j-I-߃, Jfin-I-Iƒ, D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ, Ipdn-

∏p-Iƒ, Npcp-s°-gp-Øp-Iƒ˛ {KŸ-kq-Nn, teJ-\-kq-Nn, ]Z-kq-Nn-˛-{K-Ÿ-kq-Nnbpw kqN-\-Ifpw XΩn-ep-

ff _‘w-̨ -Nn-{X-߃, t^mt´m-Iƒ, i_vZ-tc-J-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw-̨ -K-th-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øns‚

`mjm-ssi-en, Bi-b-hy-‡-Xbpw en]n, h¿W, ]Z, hmIy-X-e-ß-fnse Nn -́Iƒ, Nn”w-̨ -K-th-j-W-Ønse

ss\Xn-I-X.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-\p-Æn, NmØ-\mØv, 1993, kmln-Xy-K-th-j-Ww-˛-{]-_-‘-c-N-\-bpsS XØz-߃, hf-f-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]p-cw.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1996, ae-bm-f-ssien, amcm¿km-lnXy{]Im-i-\w, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

{]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, sI.-Fw, 1982, Kth-j-W-]-≤-Xn, hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw ipI-]p-cw.

......................, 1999, ‘Kth-jWw’, B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS, Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´-bw.

_©-an≥, Un., 2010, kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-im-kv{Xw, amfp_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn, Fw.-hn., 2001, Kth-j-W-{]-th-in-I, `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h-́ w, 2001, Kth-j-W-{]-th-in-I, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿, sI, 1976, Kth-j-W-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

them-bp-[≥]n-f-f, ]n.-hn. (I¨ho-\¿), 1994, Kth-j-W-{]-Xn-`, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

Simon Eliot and W.R. Owens, 1998, A Handbook to Literary Research, Routledge, London. Wayne,C, Booth, 1995, The Craft of Research, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.Given, Lisa, M, 2008, The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, Sage, London.Bernard, H.R, 1998, Handbook of Methods, Walnut Creek, Alta Mira........................., 2000, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, Sage, Thousands Oaks.Denzin, N.K. & Lincol, Y.S, 2000, Handbook on Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks.

4

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

tIm¿tImgvkv

t]∏¿ II ae-bm-f-hn-a¿i-\-]-≤Xn {]tbm-K-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

ae-bm-f-Ønse apJy-hn-a¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I-bmWv ]mT-]-≤-Xn-bpsS

apJy-e-£yw. A[ym-]-\-Ønepw {]tbmKØnepw ]co-£-bnepw hyXykvX amXr-I-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kn≤m-

¥-ßfpw coXn-im-kv{X-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

bqWn‰v H∂vv:

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hna¿i\w F∂ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ cq]-s∏-S¬-˛-B-[p-\n-I-Xbpw hna¿i-\-hpw-˛-kw-

kvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-ao-amw-k, hymJym-\-]-≤Xn F∂n-h-bn¬\n-∂p hna¿i\w hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-

®p-ff ]T-\w-̨ -]m-T-\n-cq-]-Ww, Kth-j-Ww, hymJym\w F∂o ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw \ncq-]-W-hp-am-bp-ff sImf-

f¬sIm-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ. hymJym-\-]m-c-º-cyhpw hna¿i-\m-h-t_m-[hpw. ]pXnb {]ÿm-\-߃, Ck-߃,

P\p- p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw hna¿i-\-hpw. ]pXnb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw

hna¿i-\-hpw.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿a: Ah-Xm-cnI, Im¥m-c-Xm-c-Iw, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿a-bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ

{]_-‘-߃, cRvPnam Nß-\m-t»-cn, 1987.

2. Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv: t\ti-_-e-tkyXn Ntc-Z-[¿aw, `mc-X-]-cy-S-\w, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-{]-Im-iw,

tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1992.

3. Fw.-]n. t]mƒ: t\mh¬km-lnXyw {]mcw-`m-[ym-bw, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´-bw.

4. F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-ff: ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xyw, tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-

F-kv, tIm´-bw, 2011.

5. kn.-sP. tXmakv: \mS-Iw, kn.-sP. hnNm-chpw ho£-Whpw (kºm: F.-d-k-ep-±o≥), Un.-kn.-_n, tIm -́bw.

bqWn‰v c≠v:

kaq-l-{]-{In-bbpw kmln-Xy-hpw-̨ -Po-h-’m-ln-Xy-kw-Lw, ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\w-̨ -K-Zy-km-

ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®-˛-I-hn-X-bnse ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃˛ cq]-`-{Z-Xm-hm-Zw-˛-A-°m-Z-anI hna¿i\w˛a-\x-im-

kv{Xw, \c-hw-i-imkv{Xw apX-em-b-hbpw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-hpw-̨ -em-h-Wy-hm-Z-]-c-amb kao-]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn: {]bm-Ww, ap≠-t»-cn-Ir-Xn-Iƒ `mKw H∂v, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, Xriq¿, 1981.

2. Xmbm v́ i¶-c≥: ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\w, Bim≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ihn, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm -́bw,

2000.

3. F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿: _nw_-tbm-P-\, hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Imhy-in-ev]w, Un.-kn.-_n, tIm´-bw,

1984.

4. Fw. eoem-hXn: hoc-\m-b-I≥, BZn-{]-cq-]-߃ kmln-Xy-Øn¬, ̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

1993.

5

5. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿: Iebpw Ime-hpw, Iebpw Ime-hpw, amXr-`q-an, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1983.

bqWn‰v aq∂vv:

B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zw-̨ -km-ln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bn-ep-ap-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃-̨ -̀ m-hp-I-Xz-Øn-ep-≠mb

am‰w˛ Zm¿i-\n-I-]-›m-Ø-ew-̨ -hn-h¿Ø-\-߃˛ emh-Wy-hm-Z-]-chpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-hp-amb hni-I-e-\-߃.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. sI.-]n.-A-∏≥: B[p-\n-I-I-Y-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw emh-Wy-\n-b-a-ß-fpw, Ie-lhpw hnizm-

k-hpw, Un.-kn.-_n, tIm´-bw, 1996.

2. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥: tcmK-Øns‚ ]q°ƒ, tcmK-Øns‚ ]q°ƒ, F≥.-_n.-F-kv, tIm´-bw.

3. _n. cmPo-h≥: kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ ka-{K-X, P\-\n-_n-U-amb Z¥-tKm-]p-cw, Nn¥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

1991.

4. \tc-{μ-{]-kmZv: Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ A¿Yw, Fs‚ kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-߃, Un.-kn.-_n, tIm´-bw,

1999.

5. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥: ]nd-s∂m-cq-cn¬ t]mtIWw \o, aplq¿Ø-߃, Un.-kn.-_n, tIm´-bw, 1996.

bqWn‰v 4

B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-X-̨ -hy-XykvX ho£-W-߃-̨ -B-[p-\n-Im-\-¥ckmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ß-fpsS hym]vXn-

˛-ssk-≤m-¥n-IX: ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ˛ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hn-a¿i-\w-˛-A-¥¿hn-j-bm-flI kao-]-\w-˛-

kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\hpw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-hpw.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. hn.-kn. {ioP≥: ho≠pw a™v, Fw.-Sn-bpsS temI-߃ (FUn. F.-hn. ]hn-{X≥), Fkn.-]n.-kn.-F-kv,

-tIm-´bw, 1999.

2. kÆn Fw. I]n-°mSv: ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ønse ZfnXv km∂n-[yw, `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, HmK-Ãv, 1997.

3. sP. tZhnI: ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ønse XmbvIp-ew, (BapJw) kmdm-tPm-k-̂ ns‚ IY-Iƒ, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv,

Xriq¿, 2012.

4. DZ-b-Ip-am¿: Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m-¥w, {]tbmKw

(ae-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw), hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]p-cw, 2011.

5. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥: Fgp-Øv, kv{Xo, kaqlw: Bfl-\n-jvT-X-bpsS \nln-Xm¿Y-߃ am[-hn-°p-

´n-bpsS IY-I-fn¬, kv{Xo, kzXzw, kaqlw am[-hn-°p-´n-]-T-\-߃ (FUn. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥),

]q¿W, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X≥, Fw, s{]m^. 1997, ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i-\w, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, Xriq¿.

KoX, 1997, IÆm-Sn-Iƒ DS-bv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\v, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, Xriq¿.

KoX, 2014, Fgp-Ø-Ω-am¿, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

Nmt°m, ]n.-Sn, s{]m^., 1986, kmln-Xy-XØzw, kmwkvImcn-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip-∏v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

]hn-{X≥, ]n, 2002, Bim≥ IhnX B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-]m-T-߃, kwkvIm-cn-I-h-Ip-∏v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

{]Zo-]≥, ]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, 2011, ZenXv kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

tPm¿Pv, kn.-sP. (FUn.), 1996, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-km-ln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃, _pIvthw, Xriq¿.

Xc-I≥, sI.-Fw, tUm, 2000, ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-X-Øz-im-kv{Xw, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´-bw.

6

cmPo-h≥, _n, 2009, hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cho-{μ≥, ]n.-]n, tUm, 1996, CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cmtP-{μ≥, -kn, tUm, 2000, ]mThpw s]mcp-fpw, hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-]p-cw.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-K-ew, tUm, 1989, Ihn-bpsS Iem-X-{¥w, tIc-f-̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\¥]p-cw.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn, 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWv t]Sn?, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

eoem-h-Xn, Fw, tUm, 1980, ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xriq¿.

hniz-\m-Y≥, B¿, tUm, 1989, A\z-bw, ]q¿Wm, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

jmPn tP°_v (FUn.), 2014, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-a¿ihpw ae-bm-f-̀ m-h-\-bpw, `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

kp\n¬, ]n, Cf-bnSw, 2011, A⁄m-X-hp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-J-߃, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´-bw.

kpIp-am¿, Ago-t°mSv, ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\w, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 1998.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, C.-]n. (FUn.), Cμp-teJ: hmb-\-bpsS Zni-Iƒ, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xriq¿,

2001.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn. (FUn.), kv{Xo kzXzw kaq-lw am[-hn-°p-´n-]-T-\-߃, ]q¿Wm, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ {SÃv {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃

............................., 1996, ka-Im-en-I-\n-cq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvXapJ-߃, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, tIm´bw.

.............................., 1996, ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww {]mcw-`-L-´w, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, tIm´bw.

..............................., 1997, ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww a[y-L-´w, Id‚ v_p-Ivkv, tIm´bw.

7

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

Fe-Iv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ I kmlnXy-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\obw

]T\e£yw

kmln-XyØns‚bpw kmlnXy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bptSbpw ]›m-Ø-ew, t{]c-W-Iƒ, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw apX-

em-b-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Kth-j-Isc

{]m]vX-cm-°p-I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-f-nse hkvXp-X-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-c-

W-a-√, Ah AØ-c-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI kμ¿`-߃IqSn ap∂n¬°≠v AXm-Xns‚

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p {ian-°p-∂p. kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-X-e-ßsf

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Cu ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

bqWn‰v 1

kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\o-bw-̨ -N-cn-{Xhpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-hpw-̨ -km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw, kmln-

Xy-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Ncn{Xw (History of Literature and/or Literary History) hyXym-kw-˛-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\o-

b-Øn-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw hn`m-h-\-{I-a-߃-̨ -km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-\n¿an-Xn-̨ -tZ-i-N-cn-{Xh#w ̀ mjm-

N-cn-{X-hpw-˛‘-km-ln-Xy’ -Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-bp-‡n-˛-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fnse Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-X, hna¿i-\m-

fl-IX; B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kmln-Xy-t_m-[w-˛-tZ-iw, tZio-b-X, kmlnXyw Ch-bpsS ]mc-kv]-cyw-˛-bp-

‡n-Iƒ. A[n-Im-chpw kmln-Xyhpw-˛-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-bnse hnNm-c-am-Xr-Im-]-cn-Wmaw˛ apJy-amb kmln-

Xy-N-cn-{X-c-N-\m-k-ao-]-\-߃: BJym-\m-fl-Iw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-]-cw ˛ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fpsS aqey-

\n¿Wbw, D]m-Zm-\-߃, \nco-£-W-]-cym-]vXn, hnt⁄-b-X, hnh-c-W-]-cym-]vXn, hni-Zo-I-c-W-]-cym-]vXn.

bqWn‰v 2

ae-bm-f-Ønse {][m-\- km-lnXyNcn-{X-߃ ̨ Ah-bp-sS- DZv`hkm-l-N-cyw, kao-]-\-k-{º-Zm-bw, t]cp-

I-fpsS HuNnXyw apX-em-b-h ˛ Kth-j-Ww, \ncq-]-Ww, Bkzm-Z\w F∂o LS-I-ß-fpsS G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-

Iƒ-˛-Imew amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu LS-I-߃°p-h-cp∂ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-

ß-fpsS kmln-Xy-k-¶-ev]w ̨ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fnse sFXn-ly-߃-̨ -kmw-kvIm-cn-I-kvar-Xn-Iƒ˛ hy‡n-

a-l-Øz-hm-Zw-˛--Ip-™n-°p-´≥ Xºp-cm≥, tIc-f-h¿a hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, Bim≥, Nß-ºpg

apX¬t]¿°p \evIp∂ ÿm\w, bpK-kw-{I-a-L-´-߃, bpK-kw-{I-a-]p-cp-j≥. X¿P-a, \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-

Xyw, P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw apX-em-b-hbv°p \evIp∂ ÿm\w.

bqWn‰v 3

kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bn¬ L -́hn-̀ -P-\w-̨ -tIm-f-\n-b-\-\-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-߃˛K-W-I-ev]-

\, {]ÿm-\-I-ev]a; ‘kmln-Xy’ -Øns‚ \n¿h-N-\-bp-‡n-˛-tZ-iw, `mj, aXw, PmXn, enwKw F∂o LS-I-

߃°p-ff ÿm\w; Imt\m-\o-I-c-Ww-̨ -hm-sam-gn-̨ -Z-en-Xv-̨ -kv{Xo-c-N-\-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-߃ \¬Ip∂

{]mXn-\n-[yw-̨ kv{Xo, Zfn-Xv, Iogm-f-c-N-\-Iƒ°p In´p∂ ÿm\w˛hn-h¿Ø-\w, P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw F∂n-

h-bpsS AZr-iy-h-XvI-c-Ww-˛-km-ln-Xyhpw kaq-l-hpw-˛-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fnse ÿm\w-˛-hn-th-N-\-߃,

Ah-K-W-\-Iƒ, ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ-˛-hy-XykvX amXr-I-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp-ff Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\w.

8

bqWn‰v 4

kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-X-e-߃-̨ -km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\o-bw-̨ -B-[p-\nIkmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-

k-¶-∏-߃-̨ -sS-bn\pw a‰pw-̨ -D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I-Im-ew-̨ -L-S-\m-hm-Zhpw a‰pw-̨ -tIm-f-\n-b-\-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-߃-̨ -hm-

sam-gn-̨ -Z-enXvkmln-Xy-ß-fpsS ÿm\-s∏-S¬˛km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw kwkvIm-c-N-cn-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬-̨ -tU-hnUv

s]¿°n≥kv, sj¬U≥ t]mtfm-°v, Pn.-F≥.-sZ-hn. kvarXn-]-T-\-߃ (Memory studies).

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tKm]n-\m-Y-]n-f-f, F≥.-B¿ 2001, ]mThpw ]T-\hpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

ae-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw 2011, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w Ncn{Xw kn≤m¥w {]tbm-Kw, hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, ipI-

]p-cw.

h¿Kokv hn.-sP., hnP-b-tam-l-\≥ ]nff 2011, A™q-dp-h¿jsØ tIcfw Nne-A-dn-h-S-bm-f-߃, Id‚ v

_pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ 1997, a[y-Im-e-tI-cfw kºØv kaqlw kwkvIm-cw, Nn¥m ]ªn-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw.

kPnX sI.-B¿. 2012, Zfn-X-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w, ]cn[n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

{]Zo]≥ ]mºcn°p∂v, ZenXv kuμcyimkv{Xw, Un.kn _pIvkv, tIm´bw

cm[mIrjvW≥ ]n. Fkv, kmlnXyw Ncn{Xw kwkvImcw amdp∂ kahmIy߃, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

kp\n¬ ]n CfbnSw, A⁄mXhpambp≈ A`napJ߃, F≥._n. Fkv, tIm´bw.

kPnXaTØn¬, aebmf\mSI kv{XoNcn{Xw, amXr`qan _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

]n.-tKm-hn-μ-∏n-f-f, ]n. i¶-c≥ \ºym¿, B¿. \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿, hS-°pw-Iq¿, ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥

\mb¿, F≥. IrjvW-]n-f-f, ]n.-sP. tXma-kv, Sn.-Fw. NpΩm¿, amS-t»cn am[-h-hm-cn-b¿, sI.-Fw. tPm¿÷v,

Fw. eoem-h-Xn, sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥, Fw. ANyp-X≥, Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f, Fw. Fw. _jo¿ IrjvW-ssN-X\y,

Aø∏]Wn°¿ F∂n-h-cpsS kmln-Xy-N-cn{X {KŸ-߃. tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v {]kn-≤o-I-cn®

kmlnXy Ncn{X{KŸ-߃;- ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {SÃns‚ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-߃; -

tI-cf kmlnXyNcn{X N¿® ˛ tIcf k¿Δ-I-em-ime

Colebrook, Claire, 1997, New Literary Histories, New Historical and Contemporary Criticism,Manchester University Press.

Devy E.N, 1998, ‘Of Many Heroes’, An essay in Literary Historiography, Orient Longman.

Fokemma, Douwe, 1987, Issues in General and Comparaive Literature, Papyrus, Calcutta.

Perkins, David 1992, Is Literary History Possible, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Sheldon, Plock, 2006, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power inPremodern India, University of California Press.

The Politics of Literary Historiography, Special Issue, Journal of Literary Studies, Volume 10, Issue 3-4, 1994.

9

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ II ka-Im-en-I-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn{Xw kn≤m-¥w, -{]-tbmKw

4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

kmlnXyhna¿i-\hpw kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿i-\hpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘w hy‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv Cu tImgvkv.

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-X-ehpw kmln-Xy-]-T-\-X-ehpw XΩn-ep-ff ]c-kv]-c-_‘w

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv.

bqWn‰v H∂v: kwkvImcw F∂ k¶-ev]-\w-˛-A¿Y-]-cn-Wm-a-߃-˛-k-a-{K-Po-hn-X-co-Xn F∂ Bibw˛

P\-Io-b-kw-kvIm-chpw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn-\-Xz-hpw-̨ -kw-kvIm-c-irw-J-e˛ kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚

Ncn-{Xw˛ ka-Im-enI kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-tI{μw (CCCS)˛ sdbva≠v hn√yw-kv, slmKm¿Øv, C.-]n.

tXmwk¨, Ãph¿ v́lmƒ ̨ kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ hym]-\hpw bqtdm-A-ta-cn-°≥ amXr-I-Iƒ, kwkvIm-

c-]-T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ˛ Ie-Iƒ, am[y-a-]-T-\w, ̀ mj, P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw, Ne-®n-{Xw, \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ, Ifn-Iƒ,

`£-W-io-e-߃, ico-cw, X¿÷a XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-e-\w˛ kwkvIm-c-N-cn{Xw F∂

k¶-ev]-\w˛ _lp-̀ m-h-kw-kvIm-cw (multi culturalism)˛ ssk_¿kw-kvIm-chpw ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw

(cyborg).

bqWn‰v c≠v: kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw˛ kn≤m¥w (theory) F∂ k¶-ev]-\w˛ am¿Ivkn-

khpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw˛ ASn-Ød/ta¬∏p-c, kmam-\y-t_m-[w, {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, AXn-\n¿Æ-b-\w,

cm{„ob At_m[w XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃˛ at\m-hn-t«-j-Whpw kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-e-\-hpw˛ Nn”-

hn-⁄m\w˛ kzXz-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\w, t_m¿Zyp˛ tImf-\n-b-\-¥-c-]-

T-\-߃˛ hwio-b-Xm-]-T-\w˛ enwK-]-Z-hn-]-T\hpw (gender studies)- Izo¿kn-≤m-¥hpw (queer theory)˛

]uc-kvXy-hm-Zw-˛-skbvZv, sFPmkv Al-Ω-Zns‚ hna¿i-\-w˛ anJm-tb¬ _JvXn\pw kwhm-Z-]-c-Xbpw

(dialogism)˛ \h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw˛ A]-\n¿Ωm-Ww, \mSy-kn-≤m¥w (performance theory), hyh-lm-c-hn-i-I-

e-\w, \h-a-t\m-hn-t«-jWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.

bqWn‰v aq∂v: kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ aq∂mw-temI ]cn-t{]-£yw˛ Km‘n-Pn, {^m≥kv ̂ m\≥, F≥{Iq-

a, I{_mƒ, skk-b¿, KqKn hm XntbmwtKm XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛ kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-

bpsS hna¿i-\-hpw˛ bqtdm-tI-{μ-hmZw (Eurocentrism)˛k-ao¿ Aao≥˛ imkv{X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-

a¿i-\w˛ kmwkvIm-cnI Bt]-£n-Xm-hm-Zhpw (cultural relativism) AXn-s\-Xn-cmb hna¿i-\-ß-fpw˛ Adn-

hns‚ aqey-\n¿`-c-Xbpw aqey-ap-‡-X-bpw˛ {]am-Z-h-XvI-c-W-kn-≤m¥w (falsitication theory)˛ am¿´n≥

_¿W¬, tPmk^v \nYmw, tPm¿÷v Knh¿§okv tPmk^v XpS-ßn-b-h¿-˛-B-[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw A[n-\n-

th-i-hpw˛ hn`n-∂-ho-£-W-߃˛ tXmakv Iqlv≥˛ hnNm-c-am-XrI (paradigm), hnNm-c-am-Xr-Im-hy-Xn-bm\w

(paradigm shift) XpS-ßnb Bi-b-߃ ˛ Xt±-io-b-⁄m-\-hm-Zw˛ Ajn-jv\-μn, t¢mZv A¬hm-cnkv,

kv]nhm°v XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛ tImf-\n-b-\-¥-c-]-T-\-ßfpw imkv{X-hn-a¿i-\-hpw˛ Km‘n-Pnbpw B[p-\n-I-

Xm-hn-a¿i-\-hpw.

bqWn‰v \mev: kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw˛ kmln-Xo-b-Xbpw kmlnXyw F∂ hyh-lm-c-

hpw˛ I¿Øm-hv, ]mTw, BJym-\w˛ A[n-Im-chpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpw˛ kmln-tXym-Xv]m-Z\w (literary

10

production) F∂ k¶-ev]-\w˛ kmln-Xyhpw cq]-hpw˛ kmln-Xy-K-W-߃ (generes) cq]-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-

fpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Df-f-S-°w˛ Ck-ßfpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw ̨ Ah-bpsS kmwkvIm-

cn-I-cm-{„o-bw˛ A\p-̀ q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-X-̨ -km-ln-Xob {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cm{„obw ̨ kzXzw, h¿Æw,

h¿§w, enwK-]-Zhn XpS-ßn-b-hbpw kmln-Xo-b-X-bpsS {]iv\-h-XvI-c-W-hpw˛ {]km-[-\w, hn]-Wn, hmb\

XpS-ßnb LS-I-߃ ˛ kmlnXyw F∂ ÿm]-\-w˛ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-Øn-s\-Xn-

cmb hna¿i-\-߃, kuμ-cyhpw cm{„o-bhpw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ae-bm-f-]-T-\-kw-Lw, 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m-¥w, {]tbm-Kw, hfftØmƒ hnZym]oTw,

ipI]pcw.

cho-{μ≥ ]n.]n, 2006, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cho-{μ≥ ]n.]n, 2004, CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cho-{μ≥ ]n.]n, 2004, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥cw: hnNm-cw, hmb-\, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn., 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWv t]Sn, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

cma-Irjv-W≥ C.-hn. ˛ A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

cma-Irjv-W≥ C.-hn. ˛ tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

cmPo-h≥, _n., 2009, hm°p-I-fpw hkvXp-°-fpw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

_n. cmPo-h≥, 1998, P\-\n-_n-V-amb Z¥-tKm-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

tKmhn-μ-∏n-f-f, ]n., 2010 : kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-߃˛ kwkvIm-chpw \thm-∞m-\-hpw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.

]Wn-°¿ sI.-F≥, 2005 ˛ kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿.

kp\n¬ ]n. Cf-bnSw, 2007 ˛ Dcn-bm-´w, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

kp\n¬ ]n.-C-f-bn-Sw, 2015, A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-Po-hn-Xw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ a[y-Im-e-tI-c-fw: kaq-lw, kº-Øv, kwkvIm-cw, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-f-f, 2012 ˛ tIk-cn-bpsS kmlnXyhna¿i\߃, Fkv.-]n.-kn-F-kv, tIm -́bw.

kPnX sI.-B¿, 2013 ˛ Zfn-Xa-£-c-kw-bp-‡w, ]cn-[n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

{]Zo-]≥ Fw.-sI, 2012 ˛ ZfnXv kzXzw, kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq v́, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

ae-bmfw dnk¿®v tPW¬ ˛ 2010 sabv, s_©-an≥ s_bven ^ut≠-j≥, tIm´bw.

]hn-{X≥ ]n, 2000, B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ip‰-k-Ω-Xw, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´bw.

jmPn tP°_v (FUn.), 2014, kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿ihpw ae-bm-f-`m-h-\-bpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

APp-\m-cm-b-W≥, sNdn tP°-_v, 2013, ]e-h-I, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´bw.

cma-N-{μ≥, Sn.-sI, 2010, ImgvN-bpsS tImbva, amXr-`q-an, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

cho-{μ≥, 2014, Iem-hn-a¿iw: am¿IvknÃv am\-Z-fiw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

Leueis, Jeff, 2002, Cultural Studies: The Basics, Sage, London.

Barker, Chris, 2002, Making Sense of Cultural Studies, Sage, London.

Story, John(ed), 1996, What is Cultural Studies, Arnold, London.

Nayar, Pramod.K, 2006, Reading Culture: Theory, Prexis, Politics, Sage, NewDelhi.

Hall, Garry&Clare Birchall(eds), 2006, New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory, EdinburghUniversity Press, Edinburgh.

11

Bennet, Tommy, 1998, Culture: A Reformers Science, Allen&Unwin, st.Leomands.

Bhuba, H., 1994, The Location of Culture, Routledge, London.

Fiske, J., 1989, Understanding Popular Culture, Unwin Hyman, London.

Hall, Sturt, 1981, ‘Encoding/Decoding’ in S.Hall(etal), Culture Media Language, Hutchimson, London.

Hall, Sturt,1992, ‘Cultural Studies and its Theoritical Legacies’ in Grossberg(etal), Cultural Studies,Routledge, London.

Hoggart, Richard, 1957, The Uses of Literacy, Penguin, London.

Thampson, E.P., 1963, The Making of English Working Class, Vintage, NewYork.

Turner, G., 1990, British Cultural Studies: An Introduction, Unwin Hyman, London.

Williams, Raymond, 1981, Culture, Fontana, London.

Williams, Raymond, 1983, Keywords, Fontana, London.

Williams, Raymond, 1959, Culture and Society, Fontana, London.

Hasslet, Moyra, 2000, Marxist Literacy and Cultural Theories, Macmillan, London.

Bennett, Tomy(etal), 2006, NewYork Words, Blackwell, Oxford.

During Simon (Ed.) - The cultural Studies Reader, Routledge, London.

Stuart Hall etal (eds.) - Culture, Media, Language, Routledge, London.Patricia Waugh (ed.) - Literary Theory and Criticism, Oxford Uty Press, London.Vincent B Leitch (Ed.) - Norton Anthology of Theory and Criiticism W.W. Norton.

12

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ III B[p-\n-Im\-¥-c-km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

B[p\nIXbv°ptijw cq]w sIm≠ ]m›mXykmlnXykn≤m¥ßƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp-Øp∂

tImgvkmWv CXv. kmam\y N¿®bn¬\n∂pw apt∂m´pt]mIp∂ kq£va]T\ambmWv Cu tImgvkv`mh\ sNbvXncn°p∂Xv.

bqWn‰v H∂vv:

t{^mbvUns‚ at\mhnt«jW k¶ev]߃. At_m[w˛ FgpØpw At_m[hpambp≈ _‘w. bpßv̨

kwL]camb At_m[w, anØv, BZncq]߃˛ AkvXnXzhmZw˛ FgpØv kzmX{¥y{]Jym]sa∂\nebn¬˛ Imev]\nIkao]\ßfpsS hna¿i\w˛ ]mcºcyw, am[yaw F∂o k¶ev]߃˛\hhna¿i\w,

B[p\nIXmhmZw˛ B[p\nIXmhmZtØmSp≈ BZyIme am¿IvknkØns‚ kao]\w.

hni-Z-]-T\w1. k¿K-c-N-bn-Xm-°fpw ]I¬°n-\mhpw (Creative Writers and Daydreaming)˛ kn‹≠v t{^mbvUv

2. kmln-Xy-Ønse B¿°n-ssS-∏p-Iƒ(Archetypes in Literature)˛ t\m¿tXm^v ss{^3. F¥n-s\-gp-Xp∂p? (Why Write?)˛ km¿{Xv

4. \h-hn-a¿i\w (The New Criticism) ˛ Ão^≥ amt‰-gvk¨5. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw (Ideology of Modernism) ˛ tPm¿Pv eq°mNv

bqWn‰v c≠v:

LS\mhmZw˛ `mjmimkv{XhyXnbm\w˛ cN-bn-Xmhns‚ acWw˛IrXn,]mTw F∂nh XΩnep≈

hyXymkw˛ hyhlmcw F∂ k¶ev]w˛ kmlnXyw hyhlmcsa∂ \nebn¬.

hni-Z-]-T\w1. Ie kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ (Art as Technic)˛ hnIv‰¿ kvIvtfmkvIn

2. cq]Im-fl-Ihpw kl-kw-_-‘-]-chpw (The Metaphoric and Metonimic Poles) -tdma≥ bmt°m_vk¨3. cN-bn-Xmhns‚ acWw (Death of the Author)˛ sdmfmßv _m¿Yv

4. F¥mWv cN-bn-Xmhv? (What is an Author?)˛ ^qt°mbqWn‰v aq∂v:

B[p\nIXbn¬ \n∂v B[p\ntImØcXbnte°v˛ _rlZmJym\ßfpsS XI¿® F∂ k¶ev]w,\ham¿Ivknkw˛ am¿IvknkØns‚bpw at\mhnt«jWØns‚bpw ]pXnb _‘߃,

{]Xybimkv{Xhmb\Iƒ, hyhkmbm\¥c kaqlw, HmdbpsS \jvSw, cmjv{Sob At_m[w.

hni-Z-]-T\w1. F¥mWv B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cX (What is Postmodernism?) (The Postmodern Condition F∂ IrXn-

bnse Ah-km-\-`m-Kw)-˛-en-tbm-Øm¿2. {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw {]Xy-b-imkv{X D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw (Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus)˛

A¬Xyqk¿3. Ie bm{¥nI ]p\-cp-ev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Ime-Øv (Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction)˛ hmƒ´¿

s_©-an≥4. cmjv{Sob At_m[w (The Political Unconscious) (BapJw am{Xw)˛ s{^U-dnIv Pbnw-k¨.

13

bqWn‰v \mev:

{]_p≤Xm]camb B[p\nIX˛ B[p\nIXbv°v t\scbp≈ cmjv{Sob hna¿i\߃˛B[p\nIXbnse A[nImc߃, ]pcpjm[n]Xyw, a\pjytI{μnXXzw, bqtdmtI{μoIcWw,

ZznenwKtI{μnXXzw, tImf-\n -b -\ -¥-c -hn -a¿i-\w, ]uc-kvXy -hm -Zw. kv{XohmZhna¿i\w,ssKt\m{In‰nknkw., ]mcnÿnXnI hna¿i\w. {]XoXnbmYm¿Yyw, \h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, kmwkvIm-cnI ̀ uXn-

I-hm-Zw.

hni-Z-]-T\w1. kv{XohmZ hna¿i\w h\y-̀ q-an-I-fn¬ (Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness) ̨ Fse-b≥ tjmhmƒ´¿

2. Hmdn-b‚-en-kw (Orientalism ) F∂ IrXnbpsS BapJw ˛ FtUz¿Uv sskZv3. Cw•ojv ]T-\-hIp∏v C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v (On the Abolition of English Department ) -KqKn

hm XntbmwtKm4. cq]-ß-fpsS A[n-Imcw Cw•ojv \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ (The Power of Forms in English Renaissance)

Bap-Jw-˛-Ão-^≥ {Ko≥ ªm-‰v.

klm-b-I{K-Ÿ-߃:

B[p\nIm\¥c kmlnXy kao]\߃ : (FUn) kn. sP. tPm¿÷v

]m›mXykmlnXyZ¿i\w : Fw ANypX≥]m›mXy kmlnXyXXzimkv{Xw : sI.Fw XcI≥

Nn¥bnse cq]I߃ : hn. kn. {ioP≥hm°pw hm°pw : hn.kn {ioP≥

B[p\ntImØcXbpsS tIcfob]cnkcw : ]n. sI t]m°¿Ncn{XØns‚ km¥z\w : F.Sn taml≥cmPv

IYImew t]mse : F≥ iin[c≥\ncq]WØns‚ kaImenI apJ߃ : (FUn)]n. sI. ]ctaizc≥ \mb¿ {SÃv

B[p\ntImØc kmlnXyw : kmlnXytemIw hntijm¬ {]XnIemkmlnXy \ncq]W∏Xn∏v : ]ptcmKa\ IemkmlnXykwLw

DØcm[p\nIX ˛ h¿Øam\hpw hwimhenbpw : sI. ]n. A∏≥CSs]SepIƒ : ]n.]n cho{μ≥

A\zbw : B¿ hniz\mY≥kv{XohntamN\w˛ Ncn{Xw kn≤m¥w kao]\w : (FUn) cmaIrjvW≥, thWptKm]me≥

s^an\nÃv kuμcyimkv{Xw : hnh. tKm]n\mY≥ Pm\InkmlnXytemIw kv{XohmZkmlnXy∏Xn∏v : tIcf-km-lnXy A°m-Zan

\hkn≤m¥ßƒ (]cºc) : Un kn _pIvkv, tIm´bwAdam Roberts Frederic Jameson , Roultledge 2007Clare Connors Literary Theory- A Beginners Guide, One world, Oxford, 2011Hans Bretons Literary Theory- The Basics, 2007Patricia Waugh (ed) Literary Theory and Criticism -An Oxford Guide, OUP,2000Satya .P. Monhanty Colonialism, Modernity, Literature- A View From India, Orient

Blackswan, 2011Terry Eagleton Literary Theory- An Introduction , Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 1996David Lodge 20 th century Literary CriticismDavid Lodge Modern Criticism and Theory

14

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ IV ae-bm-f-̀ m-j-bpsS B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Whpw `mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

Fw.F Xe-Øn¬ Cu k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ ‘ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS B[p-\n-Io-I-cWw’F∂ tImgvkns‚ ASpØ L -́amWv Cu tImgvkv. AXnse ASn-ÿm-\-ßsf k¶-ev]\ Xe-Øn-te°pw

Kth-jW Xe-Øn-te°pw IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu tImgvkn¬ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

bqWn‰v H∂v:

`mjsb kw_-‘n® D]-I-cW hmZ-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ˛ amXr-`mj \n¿h-N-\w˛ Zmt¥ apX¬

h≈-tØm-ƒ hsc˛`mj kzbw Hcp Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e˛ ̀ mjbpw kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]m-Z-\-hpw kmº-ØnI

Dev]m-Z-\hpw˛ tZi-`m-h-\bpw `mj-bpw˛ hn`m-hnX kaq-lw F∂ k¶ev]w˛ kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw hn⁄m-

\-`m-jbpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘w˛tImf-\o-I-cWw aq∂mw-temI `mj-I-fpsS ta¬ \S-Ønb IS∂p

Ib-‰-߃˛ sa°m-sf-bpsS \bw˛tZiob kac Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ h∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-

ßfpw {]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw˛ Km‘n-Pn, F≥Kp-Kn˛_w•m-tZ-inse `mjm-k-a-cw˛ A®-Snbpw

B[p-\n-I-Xbpw tIc-fob s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Øns‚ \n¿an-Xnbpw˛ amXr-`m-jbpw Xt±-iob Iogmf kzXz-

t_m[hpw˛sFIy-tI-cfw F∂ k¶-ev]w. sFIy tIcf {]ÿm-\w.

1. KqKn hmXn-Hmw-tKm˛ ‘B{^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj’, (a\-kns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)

2. Xmbm´v i¶-c≥˛ ‘am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw’ (C¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

3.3.C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥˛ ‘h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-ßfpsSbpw A®Sn b{¥-ß-fp-sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS

ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmln-Xy-k-¶-ev]-\-ß-fnepw `mjm hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw

kw`-hn® am‰-߃’. (Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥ FUn. \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS

kaq-lw, hmeyw 2)

bqWn‰v c≠v:

hn⁄-\-`m-jsb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hf¿®,tIc-f-

Øns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI ]mc-º-cyw˛bp‡n-̀ m-j˛ ]pXnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fp-am-bp≈ ae-bmf ̀ mj-bpsS

A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-Ww˛ B[p-\nI imkv{X-ta-J-e-bn-ep≈ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ {]tbm-Kw˛ ]pXnb k¶-ev]-\-߃˛

]pXnb ]Z-ßfpsS kzoI-c-Whpw \n¿an-Xnbpw˛ imkv{X-]-Z-߃, AXp-≠m-°p-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® \b-

ßfpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpw. Cw•ojv/ A\y-`mjm ]Z-߃ AXp-t]mse kzoI-cn-°¬, AXns\ ae-bm-fo-I-cn®v

kzoI-cn-°¬, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂v kam-\-]-Z-߃ Is≠-ج, Xpey-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-߃ cq]oI-cn-°¬˛

CXv kw_-‘n® hyXy-kvX \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ˛tIc-f-Øns‚ hnI-k-\hpw hn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn-ep≈

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hnIm-k-hpw˛t{^m¨ tab¿, G.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿a L´w apX¬ `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚

cq]o-I-cWw hsc \S∂ N¿®-Iƒ˛hnhn[ hn⁄m\ taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]pkvX-I-߃˛am-Xr-I-

Isf ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ ]T-\w,-hn-⁄m-\-i-_vZm-h-hn, am\-hn-I-imkv{X i_vZm-hen, hmWn-Py-imkv{X

i_vZm-hen.

1. tPmk^v ap≠-t»-cn˛ ‘ae-bmf `mjbpw imkv{X {KŸ-ßfpw’, (`c-W-`mj, e°w 18)

2. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥˛ ‘ae-bmf imkv{X kmln-Xyw˛ hf¿®-bnse L´-ßfpw LS-I-ßfpw’(ae-bmf imkv{X kmlnXy {]ÿm\w˛ Hcp ]T-\w)

15

3. sI.-hm-kp-°p-´≥˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v˛ ]›m-Ø-ehpw {]h¿Ø-\-hpw, BZysØ aq∂v A[ym-

bw (tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ]›m-Ø-ew, `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂p, {KŸ \n¿amW

]≤Xn°v tI{μm-\p-aXn F∂o A[ym-b-߃)

4. Sn.-Sn.-{io-Ip-am¿˛ ‘`mjm {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-›m-Øew’

bqWn‰v aq∂v:

`mjm kmt¶-Xn-IX˛ anj-W-dn-Im-esØ en]n ]cn-jvI-c-Ww˛Kp≠¿´v˛ Iºyq-´¿ `mj-˛-\nL-≠p-

°-fpsS hc-hv, {]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hv, eIvkn-t°m-{Km-^n, en]n t`Z-߃˛

Ad_n ae-bm-fw, I¿tkm-\n, A®-Sn, ]{Xw, ]{X-`m-j, am[y-a-`mj. `mjm kmt¶-Xn-IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏v

ssd‰¿, en]nbpsS ]cn-Wm-aw,en]n ]cn-jvI-cW IΩn-‰n-Iƒ.-A-®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw,

bq\n-tIm-Uv. hn°n-]o-Un-b, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v shb¿, AXn-\p≈ {ia-߃, ÿm]-\-߃˛\h am[y-a-

ß-fnse `mj,`c-W-`m-j, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩn‰n, tImS-Xn-`m-j˛PÃnkv

sI.-sI.-\-tc-{μ≥ IΩn‰nsXm-gn¬ ]co-£-I-fpsS `mj-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]Zhn.

1. Pb≥ hn, `{Z≥ hn.-sI˛ ‘ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv Fßs\ apt∂m-´p--t]m-IWw?’2. jmPn F˛ ‘ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS D]-tbmKw sFsIFw tkm^v‰v shb-dp-I-fn¬: A\p-`-hhpw sh√p-hn-

fn-Ifpw kzX-{¥-tkm^v‰v shb¿ kwhm-Zhpw’3. kt¥mjv tXm´n-߬˛ ‘{]Xyb {][m-\hpw {]Xy-b-tbm-P-\hpw: ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-

Iƒ’ (ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw)

4. tUm.-_m_p sk_m-Ãy≥˛ ‘knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmfw’ (amXr-`qan Cb¿_p°v

2014).

bq\n‰v \mev:

B[p-\nI C¥y-bnse `mjm-\-bw˛ C¥y≥ kml-N-cyw˛C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\˛ lnμn, Cw•o-jv,

kwÿm\ `mj-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]Z-hn˛GI-`mjm kaqlw˛_lp-`m-jm kaq-lw˛`mjm-]-c-amb P\m-

[n-]-Xyhpw _lp-̀ m-jm-Xz-hpw˛`mjm-]-c-amb a\p-jym-h-Im-iw˛`mjm-hn-th-N\w (enwKzn-kn-kw) F∂ k¶-

ev]w˛ `mjm-a-c-Whpw `mjm-]-c-amb hwi-l-Xy-bpw˛ tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-`m-j-Iƒ˛ Ah-bpsS \ne-

hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS amXr-`m-jm-]-c-amb Ah-Im-iw. hnZym-`ym-k-am-[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

Ah-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ ÿnXn˛ tIc-f-Ønse ̀ mjm \yq\-]-£-߃˛A-h-cpsS ̀ mjm-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-

ßfpw `mjm-kw-c-£Whpw. tIc-f-Ønse a‰p-`m-j-I-fpw ae-bm-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ sImSp-°¬ hmß-ep-

Iƒ. t{ijvT-`m-j˛tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-`m-j-Iƒ, \yq\-]£ `mj-Iƒ.

1. Fw.-hn.-tXm-a-kv˛ ‘kwÿm\ ]p\-kw-L-S-\bpw `c-W-`mjm {]iv\hpw’ (`c-W-`mjm {]iv\-߃)

2. t{ijvT-`mjm kanXn dnt∏m¿´v

3. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥˛ ‘`mj-bpsS ip≤nbpw tijnbpw’ (ae-bm-fw, amXr-`qan _pIvkv)

4. Sn.-_n.-th-Wp-tKm-]me∏Wn-°¿ ˛ tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-`m-jm-]-T-\-߃ (sI.-th-e-∏≥˛ BZn-hm-

kn-Ifpw BZn-hm-kn-`m-j-I-fpw, tI.-`m.C).

klmb {KŸ-߃

C.-Fw.-Fkv \ΩpsS `mj, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, Xncph\¥]pcw,

1997

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm a\- ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, {Kmwjn _pIvkv,

sIm√w˛1, 2007

tUm.kmaph¬ Nμ\∏≈n dhd‚ v tPm¿Pv amØ≥: IrXnIfpw ]T\hpw, Hmdnb‚¬

dnk¿®v C≥Ãn‰yq´v , koUokv _pIvkv, Nμ\∏≈n, 1992

tPml∂kv t{^m¨ tab¿ {]IrXnimkv{Xw, _mk¬anj≥ _p°v B‚ v {SmIv‰v

16

knwt_mkn‰dn, 1883

aplΩZv A_vZpƒ Icow.sI.sP. ( kºm.) a‡n XßfpsS kºq¿Æ IrXnIƒ hN\w _pIvkv,

tImgnt°mSv 2006

sI.sI.aplΩZv A_vZpƒ Icow aJvZn XßfpsS PohNcn{Xw, bphX _p°v lukv

tImgnt°mSv 1997

F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F.-B¿. cmPcmP-h¿Ω-bpsS {]_-‘-߃, cRvPna

]ªnt°j≥kv, aΩqSv, 1987

joP Fw.]n. ktlmZc≥ Aø∏≥: PohnXhpw IrXnIfpw, ssa{Xn

_pIvkv, Xncph\¥]pcw, 2010

hn.-B¿.-{]-t_m[ N{μ≥ ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v,

Xncph\¥]pcw, 1999.

]n.Fw.Kncojv aebmfw kzXzpw hn\nabhpw h≈tØmƒ hnZym]oTw ,

2013

F≥.tKm]n\mY≥ \mb¿ (FUn.) `mjbpw kaqlhpw: `mjmimkv{X ]T\߃,

{]kn≤oIcWhn`mKw, Imen°‰v k¿hIemime, 2006

Fkv.cmPtiJc≥ aebmfnbpsS aebmfw, kmlnXy{]h¿ØI klIcW

kwLw, 2010

]n.-hn. Hma\ \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm´bw,1990

tUm.amXyp.sP.ap´Øv hm¿ØIƒ FgpXptºmƒ. ]m∏ndkv _pIvkv, 2007

aq¿t°mØv Ipamc≥ Nn”\w , hnZym¿∞n an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m, tIm´bw, 1985

jmcp sP.h¿Kokv, F.hnPbe£van A®Sn,Id‚ v _pIvkv, 2008

Fw.PbcmPv aebmf A®Sn am[yaw˛ ̀ qXhpw h¿Øam\hpw, amXr`qan

_qIvkv, 2013

tUm._p_p sNdnbm≥ s_©an≥ s_bnen. ,kmlnXy{]h¿ØI kwLw,2009

Pn.{]nbZ¿i\≥ aebmf ]{X{]h¿Ø\w {]mcw` kzcq]w, tIcf kmlnXy

A°mZan 2010

Pn.{]nbZ¿i\≥ ]gabn¬\n∂v at\mca ]ªnt°j≥ Unhnj≥ 2010

Fw.-F≥.-Im-c-t»cn sXfnae-bmfw, Un.kn._pIvkv,2004.

s]cp∂ sI.-F≥. \mb¿ ae-bm-f ]{X-Øns‚ IY, tIcf h¿°nwKv

tPWenÃv bqWnb≥ 1976.

tIcf {] v A°m-Zan ]{X-`mj, tIcf {] v A°mZan, sIm®n≥, 1983

Pn.-{]n-b-Z¿i-\≥ BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ

cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n tIcf ]{X{]h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw, tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan,

Xr»q¿ 1985

F≥.kmw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬,

Un.kn._pIvkv, tIm´bw, 2003

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\, \nba a{¥m-e-bw, `mcX k¿°m¿, 2000

kvIdnb k°-dnb Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]kw, 1996

tUm.tPmk^v kvIdnb ]g»n tcJIfnse hyhlmc `mj.amXr`qan _pIvkv 2007

`mcX k¿°m¿, \nbaa{¥mebw `mcXØns‚ `cWLS\,

tIcf HutZymKnI`mj (\nba \n¿amW IΩnj≥ X¿÷a sNbvXv

tI{μ \nba a{¥mebØns‚ HutZymKnI `mjmhn`mKw

AwKoIcn®Xv) 2000

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv

dnte-j≥ hIp∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿ `c-W-`mj, 2003

Fgp-a-‰q¿ cmP-cmP h¿Ω `mjbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2008

Fgp-a-‰q¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω (FUn.) HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIcf k¿°m¿

17

]pds∏-Sp-hn® {][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-Ifpw

Fw.hn.tXmakv `cW`mjm{]iv\߃, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 1990

Fw.hn.tXmakv P\Iob `cWw P\ßfpsS `mjbn¬, 1987

Fw.hn.tXmakv `cW`mj {]mtbmKnI XeØn¬, ]ªnIv dntej≥kv hIp∏v, 2011

tUm.hnf°pSn cmtP{μ≥ `mjmip≤nbpw ̀ cW`mjbpw {]nbZ¿in\n ]ªnt°j≥kv skmssk‰n,

Xncph\¥]pcw, 2011

inhIpam¿, B¿ `cW`mjm{]tbmK߃, tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2013

inhIpam¿ B¿, F.B¿.kvanXm t{ib v aebmfw, Cw•ojv HutZymKnI `mjm \nL≠p,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, 2013

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v `cWi_vZmhen, A©mw ]Xn∏v, 1984

tUm.an\n \mb¿ knhn¬ k¿hokv ]co£Ifnse aebmfw at\mca _pIvkv, 2012

Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥ kakvX tIcf kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw, Id‚ v _pIvkv,2007

tPm¿÷v Ccp-º-bw ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv Xr»q¿, 1982

tPm¿÷v Ccpºbw ‘aebmfn°v BtcmSmWv Iqdv ?’ , ̀ mj, kmlnXyw, kwkvImcw.

tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan, 2010

]n.-kn.-Nmt°m ‘\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬’ (`c-W-`mj F∂ ]pkvXIw)

sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv ‘I∏-en-\-IsØ Pew’ (`c-W-`mj F∂ ]pkvXIw)

F.-F≥.]n DΩ¿Ip´n ‘`c-W-`m-jbpw ̀ mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw’ (`c-W-`mj F∂ ]pkvXIw)

tUm.-Fw.-B¿. Xºm≥ ‘`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬’(`c-W-`mj F∂ ]pkvXIw)

sI.-Fw.-{]-`m-Ic hmcy¿ ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, h≈tØmƒ hnZym]oTw, ipI]pcw

2004

Fw.-F≥.-hn-P-b≥ (P\.-F-Un-‰¿) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw 1901-˛2000, 1˛ 4 hmey߃,

tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan, 2000

Fkv.-hn.-th-Wp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ (FUn.)ae-bmf `mjm Ncn{Xw; amfp_≥ ]ªnt°j≥kv,

Xncp\h\¥]pcw, 2010

]n.-{io-Ip-am¿ `mj, A[zm-\w, hntam-N\w, hntamN\mflI

`mjmimkv{XØn\v HcmapJw, Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv,

Xncph\¥]pcw,2008

{ioIp-amcn Fkv ae-bmf `mjm \thm-∞m-\hpw kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw

\nb-a-߃, IΩn-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

`c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃

tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw 1969

XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975

B\p-Im-en-I-߃

`c-W-`mj C≥^¿taj≥ & ]ªnIv dntej≥kv {]kn≤oIcWw

hn⁄m\ ssIc-fn-˛-Pqsse 1990, aebmfw hntijm¬{]Xn

P\-]Yw 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿taj≥ & ]ªnIv dntej≥kv {]kn≤oIcWw

aebm◊, aebmfkanXn, 1990

amXr`mj, Xp©≥ kvamcI {SÃv, Nn‰q¿

tcJIƒ

sI.PbIpam¿ ‘Xp©Øv cma\pP≥ FgpØ—≥ aebmfw k¿hIemime, kao]\hpw LS\bpw’,tabv 2012 ( aebmf k¿hIemimem

ÿm]\Øn\p≈ ]T\dnt∏m¿´v)

18

sFIyaebmf {]ÿm\w( eLpteJIƒ) 1.tIcf hnIk\hpw aebmfk¿hIemimebpw

cq]tcJ, 2011

2. tImSXn`mj aebmfam°pI, 2011

¢mkn°¬ ]Zhn kw_‘n® hnZKv[ kanXnbpsS ]T\dnt∏m¿´v

Cw•ojv

Robert Phillipson Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press,1992Satyendra Nath Bose ‘The Mother Tongue’, Satyendra Nath Bose- His Life and Times_ Se-lected Works,, Ed . Kameshwar C. Wali, World Scientific,2009

Asha Sarangi( ed) - Language and Politics in India, OUP, 2009

Gyanesh Kudaisya (intro)- Reorganisation of States in India- Text and Context, National Book Trust,India, 1955Joseph, John.E-Language and Identity-National, Ethnic, Religious,Palgrave, Macmllan, Hampshire 2004Tove Skutnab-Kangas, Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?Orient Longman, 2008Infree Makoni, Geneva Smitherman,Arnetha .F.Ball, Arthur K.Spears (ed) Black Linguistics, Routledge,New York, 2003Richard Bauman& Charles L.Briggs , Voices of Modernity :Language Ideologies and the Politics ofEquality,Cambridge University Press, 2003Benjamin Lee Whorf, Language, Thought , Reality-Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf , TheMIT Press, Massachussetts. 1988

19

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ V kv{Xohm-Z-߃-˛-N-cn-{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw

4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

kaq-l-Ønse enwK-]-Z-ho-_-‘-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ cmjv{So-b-amWv kv{Xohm-

Z-Øn-\p-f-f-Xv. kv{Xohm-Zsa∂Xv C∂v GI-h-N-\-a-√.- hy-Xy-kvX-ß-fmb At\Iw kzXz-t_m-[-߃ hyXy-

kvX-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Cu ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw kv{Xohm-ZsØ _lp-h-N-\m-fl-I-am-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. kv{XoI-fpsS -Ah-Im-i-t∏m-cm-́ -ß-sfbpw kn≤m-¥-X-e-ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂Xpw H∏w tIc-

f-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xp-amWv Cu tImgvkv.

bqWn‰v H∂v:

{^©p hnπ-hhpw am\-hn-I-Xm-t_m-[-hpw-˛-en_-d¬ s^an-\nkw ˛thm-´-h-Im-i-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-

ff apt∂-‰-߃(sffragetts movements)˛tacn hpƒkvd-d≥ {Im^v‰v˛hn≥Un-t°-j≥ Hm^v Z ssd‰vkv

Hm^v hna≥ (Vindication of the rights of women-1792), tPm¨kvddp-h¿´v an√ns‚ {_n´njv ]m¿en-

sa‚nse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛Z k_vsP-£≥ Hm^v hna≥ (The subjection of women -1869), {^m≥kv, Ata-

cn-°, {_n´≥,- P¿a\n XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fnse thm -́h-Imi ka-c-߃-̨ -tkm-jy-enÃv s^an-\n-kw-̨ -IpSpw_

hna¿i-\w, ¢mcm skIvSn≥,- tdmk ewIvk≥ _¿Kv-, AeIvkm≥{Um sIm√≥Xm-bn,-Gw-K¬kns‚

IpSpw_w kzImcy kzØv `c-W-IqSw Ch-bpsS D¬`hw (1885 ),-1928¬ tIw{_nPv k¿h-I-em-im-ebnse

sh¿Po-\nb hpƒ^ns‚ {]`m-j-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS apdn(hn-h) ˛F≥.-aq-k-°p-´n.

2. The Second Sex( introduction)-Simon de Beauvoir.

bqWn‰v c≠v:

kv{XohmZ kn≤m-¥-߃-˛tkmjy-enÃv kv{Xohm-Zw, am¿IvknÃv kv{XohmZw- dmUn-°¬

kv{XohmZw˛apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ˛sXmgn-ense enwK-hn-th-N\w, Poh-im-kv{X-\n¿W-b-hm-

Zw- (biological determinism) -̨tI-‰van-e‰v ̨ sk-£z¬ s]mfn-‰nIvkv (Sexual Politics - 1970)˛]p-cp-jm-[n-Im-cw-

-, A[o-i-Xzw, Ah-t_m-[-ap-b¿Ø¬ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ˛enwK-t`-Zw-, enw-K-]-Z-ho-t`-Zw (Gender), Iogm-f-Xzw,

Idp-Ø-kv{Xo-hm-Zw˛ ktlm-Z-coXzw (sister hood), kv{Xo kwL-S-\-Iƒ, A\p-`-h-tI-{μnX kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-

I-c-Ww˛ enwK-t`-Zw, enw-K-]-Z-ho-t`-Zw (sexism, Sex, gender, female-feminity-feminist).`mjm-tI-{μnX kn≤m-¥-߃-̨ -kv{Xo-̀ m-j,- Pq-enb {InkvtX-h,- I¿Xr-Xzw, -eqkv CdnK-td,- sl-e≥

knkyp˛a-t\m-hn-«-jW kn≤m-¥-߃-˛-t{^m-bvUv˛CuUn-∏¬ tImwπ-Ivkv-˛enw-K-Øns‚ A`mhw enwK-

tO-Z-`oXn(B_vk≥kv Hm^v -s]-\nkv)˛enw-K-∏-I (s]-\nkv F≥hn) ̨ e-Im≥ ̨ hn-j-b-Xzw,- Im-a\ (sub-jectivity, desire), PqUnXv an®-ens‚ t{^mbnUv A\p-Iq-e-hm-Z-߃-̨ at\m-hn-«-j-Whpw s^an-\n-k-hpw(1976)-

˛--\m≥kn sNmZ-tdm-hns‚ amXr-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ff Nn¥-Iƒ˛amXr-Xz-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-ev]m-Z\w (The Repro-duction of Mothering)-kv{Xo ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff \nco-£-W-߃.

kv{Xo cN-\˛s]-sÆ-gpØv (Ecriture Femine)-kv{Xo cN\m kuμcy imkv{Xw˛kv{Xo

hna¿i\w˛ssK-t\m-{In-´n-kn-kw-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn kv{Xo hmZw.

20

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1.- kv{Xo-]-£-Nn-¥-bpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰w-˛kv{Xo hmZ-Ønse c≠mw A[ymbw˛sP.-tZ-hn-I.

2. Feminism and Literature-Elaine Showalter

bqWn‰v aq∂v:

kv{Xohm-Zm-\-¥cw (t]mkvddv s^an-\nkw) -̨Pq-UnXv _Sve¿˛ P≥U¿{S-_nƒ, kv{Xo, kvss{XWw,

kv{Xohm-Z-]cw (Gender Trouble-1999 )- {]I-S-\-]-c-Xm-kn-≤m¥w (performatiity of gender)-Xpey-X-bn¬

\n∂p hyXym-k-ß-fn-te-bv°v-˛-hy-XykvX kzXz-ß-fpsS ÿm]-\w˛ enwK-t`-Zw (Sex)-, enw-K-]-Z-ho-t`-Zw,

Iogm-f-Øw (subalternity), Idp-Ø-kv{Xo-hm-Zw (black feminism-womenism)-Beokv hm°-dpsS sNdp-

IY Coming Apart(1979)- tImf-\n-b-\-¥c kv{XohmZw-˛-Km-b{Xn kv]nhmIv N{I-h¿Øn-˛-{_m“-Wm-[n-

Imc hna¿i-\w-˛-Aw-t_-ZvI¿˛Dam N{I-h¿Øn-˛-j¿anf sdsK.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1.- ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xy hyh-lm-c-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw (hn-h)-˛-Pm-Xnsb enwK-h-XvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ-˛-D-am-N-{I-

h¿Øn.

2. Black women :Shaping feminist theory-bell hooks.

bqWn‰v \mev:

tI-c-f-Ønse kv{Xo apt∂-‰-߃-˛-ap-e-°-cw--- ˛am-dp-a-d-°¬ ka-c-߃-˛-I√p-amem ka-cw-˛-hn-hm-l-

\n-ba ]cn-jvIm-c-߃-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk ]cn-jvIm-c-߃˛BZy-Ime kv{Xoam-kn-I-Iƒ-˛-kv{Xo-sb-gp-Øp-Im¿-˛-

kvam¿Ø hnNm-cw-˛-\-thm-∞m\ kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ ˛s]m-Xp-cw-KsØ kv{Xo km∂n-[y-߃˛ASp-°-f-

bn¬\n∂pw Ac-ß-tØ-bv°v,- sXm-gn¬ tI{μ-Øn-te-bv°v F∂o Bi-b-߃˛kv{Xossh-⁄m-\n-I-X-

bpsS ÿm]-\w˛ kv{Xohm-Z-hn-a¿i-\w-˛-]m-]-Ø-d-bpsS Bap-Jw˛ka-X, am-\pjn, -A-t\z-jn,- kwL-S-

\Iƒ˛aX-hn-a¿i-\-߃-˛-ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kwhm-Z-߃,- kz-h¿K-ssew-Kn-I-X, km-lnXy-Ir-Xn-

Iƒ˛kwL-SnX km-ln-Xy-Im-cn-I-fpsS kmaqly CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, s^an-\nÃv Xotb-‰¿, s^an-\nÃv kn\na-

˛-ZfnXv kv{Xo ˛s]-ºnssf Hcp-a.

hni-Z-]-T\w:

1. tIc-fo-b-kv{Xo-Iƒs°m-cp-]-tZiw˛sP.Ip™pe-£van-b-Ω(-A-\p-_‘w:1 Fgp-Ø-Ω-am¿:Ko-X)

2. \Ω-sf-ßs\ Cß-s\-bm-bn-˛tcjva `c-ZzmPv, Zo-eo]v cmPv (anYy-Iƒ°-∏pdw kzh¿K ssewKn-IX

tIc-f-Øn¬).

3.- tZ-h-Zq-Xn-Iƒ am™p-t]m-hXv : KoX

4. -sX-Ωm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm-°-∑mcpw:BZy-Ime B¨ kn\n-a-bnse B¨ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃ : sP\n

sdmho\

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

1. -Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, hnth-N-\-Øns‚ `n∂-ap-J-߃, 2012, tI-cf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv,

sIm®n

2.- tacn doa, kmlnXy Ncn-{X-ßfpw kv{XoIfpw kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw, 2015, tIcf _pIv {SÃv,-

tIm-gn-t°m-Sv.

3. -D-jm-Ip-amcn Pn, DS¬ Hcp s\bvØv kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kv{Xo hmb-\,- km-ln-Xy {]h¿ØI kl-

Ic-W-kw-Lw.

4. d^oJv taap≠, s]¨ {]hmkw, 2014,- H-enhv.

5.- jw-jmZv lpssk≥, \yq\-]-£-Øn\pw enwK-]-Z-hn-°p-an-S-bn¬, 2009, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-d-dyq-´v.

6.- sP\n sdmho\, sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm-°-∑mcpw ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS BW-Ø-ßfpw, 2011, k_vPIv‰v

B‚ v emwtKzPv {]kv,- tIm-´-bw.

7.- tZ-hnI sP, kv{XohmZw, 2000, -Un.kn _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

8.- sh¿Pn\ob hpƒ^v, Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS apdn(hn-h.F≥. aqk-°p´n), 2014, am-Xr-`qan _pIvk.v

21

10. -KoX, Fgp-Ø-Ω-am¿, 2014, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

11.- cm-a-Ir-jvW≥ F.-sI,- th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, kv{Xohntam-N\w Ncn{Xw kn≤m¥w, 1989, \b\ _pIvkv,-

]-ø-∂q¿.

12.- k-®n-Zm-\-μ≥ sI.( FUn.), kv{Xo ]T-\-߃, 1999, t_m[n ]ªn-jnwKv lukv.

13.- tcjva ̀ c-ZzmPv( FUn.), anYy-Iƒ°-∏pdw kzh¿K ssewKn-IX tIc-f-Øn¬, 2004, Un kn _pIvkv,

tIm´-bw.

14.- eo\ aWn-ta-Jsse, IqØ-®n-I-fpsS dmWn, 2014, Un.kn- _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

15. Knkem F°¿(-F-Un.), s^an-\nÃv kuμ-cy-im-kv{Xw(-hn-h.-Pm-\-In,- tUm.sI tKm]n-\m-Yv), 1994,-

_pIvthw, -Xr-iq¿.

16. PmXnsb enwK-h-XvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ : Da N{I-h¿Øn, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

17. s]sÆ-gp-Xp∂ PohnXw ˛ F≥.-sI. cho-{μ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

18. Mary Evans(ed), Feminisms :Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies, 2002, Routledge.19. Chris Weedon, Feminist Practice and Post Structuralist Theory,1995, Black Well.20. Layli Philiphs, The Womanist Reader, Routledge21. Pramod k Nair, Contemporary Lterary and Cultural Theory From Stucturalism to Eco criticism,2012, Pearson.22. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge.23. Anne Cudd and Robin O, Anderson: Feminist Theory a Philosaphical Anthology 2007, Black Well.24. Simon de Beauvouir, The Second Sex,1993, Penguin Books25. Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories -Lorraine Code, 2000, Routledge.26. The Feminist History Reader - (ed.) Sue Morgam, 2007, Routledge.27. Feminism Critical Concepts in literary and Culture Studies - (ed.) Mary Evans (Vol 1, 2, 3, 4), 2002,

Routledge.28. Language and Gender - (ed.) Susan Ehrlich (vol. 1), 2008, Routledge.29. The Power of Gender and the Gender of Power - Kumkum Roy - 2010, Oxford Collected Essays.30. Ecological Feminism - Waren J. Warren, 1997, Routledge.31. Feminist Theatre Practice: A Hand Book - (ed.) Elaine Aston, 1999, Routledge.32. Second Sex - Simone de Beauvoir, 1953, Vintage Classics.33. Women Writing Gender - Meera Kosambi, 2012, Permanent Black.34. Women in Malayalam Cinema, Naturalising Gender Hierarchies (ed.) Meera T. Pillai, 2010, OrientBlack Swan.35. Women Writing = Man Reading, J. Devika, 2013, Penguin

22

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ -VI ZenXv ]T-\-߃

4 s{IUn‰v

]T-\-e£yw

Zen-Xv-˛-Io-gmf]T-\-sØ Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS

Dt±-iyw. kaq-lw, kwkvIm-cw, kmlnXyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂XmWv Zen-Xv]-T-\-

Øns‚ taJ-e.

bqWn‰v H∂v:

C¥y-bnse PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Ncn-{Xw-˛-km-aq-ly-L-S-\-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-_-‘-߃˛ thZ-, -th-Zm-

¥-km-ln-Xyw-̨ -̀ u-Xn-I-Z¿i-\-߃-̨ -_p-≤-ssP\kwhm-Z-߃-̨ \thm-∞m-\-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ -̨Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿm-

hn-a¿i-\߃ -̨tPymXndmhp^qse˛C.hn. cma-kzm-an-\m-bv°¿˛ kmlp˛\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-̨ -A-ø-¶m-fn-̨ -s]m-bvI-

bn¬ tbml-∂m≥-˛{Zmhn-U-{]-ÿm-\-߃˛--Km-‘n-Pn-˛-tem-ly-˛-Aw-t_-ZvI¿-˛Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿm]T\-߃.

hni-Z-]-T\w

1. PmXn-\n¿aq-e\w ˛tUm. _n.-B¿. Aw-t_-ZvI¿

2. PmXn-hy-hÿ ˛ dmwa-t\m-l¿ temly

3. Pzen-°p∂ ]mZ-߃ ˛ tUm.Un.B¿. \mK-cmPv

4. Rm≥ F¥p-sIm≠v Hcp lnμp-h√ ˛ Im© sFeø

5. Iogm-f-]-T-\-߃ ˛ kqkn-Xmcp Fkv. kRvPohv (FUn.)

6. Roots: A Concise History of Dalits-James Massy

bqWn‰v c≠v:

ZenXv F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ \njv]-Ønbpw hym]vXn-bpw-̨ Zen-XvN-cn-{Xw-̨ -Z-enXvkzXz-cm-{„o-bw˛Zen-Xv{]-

ÿm-\-߃-̨ -̀ -‡n-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v ZenXvkmln-Xy-Øn-te-°v̨ -ZenXvkwhm-Z-ß-fpsS afi-e-߃˛Zen-

XvNn-¥bpw CXc kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-k-ao-]\ßfpw-˛-Z-enXvkmln-Xyhpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-ß-fpw Zen-Xv{]-

Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\w.

hni-Z-]-T\w

1. Zen-XvNn-¥-Iƒ-˛-K-bn¬ HmwthZv

2. Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature -Sarankumar Limbale3. Dalit Literature: Past, Present and Future -Arjun Dangle4. Introduction No Alphebet insight-Susi Tharu, K. Sathya Narayana5. Forward: Oxford Anthology of Malayalam Dalit Writing - M.Dasan

bqWn‰v aq∂v:

B[p-\n-I- B-[p-\n-Im-\-¥c ZenXv kmln-Xyw-̨ -Z-enXv `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-k-hpw-̨ -a-e-

bmf ZenXvkmlnXyw˛Z-enXvkmln-Xy-hn-h¿Ø-\-߃˛kv{Xo-]£ ZenXvkmln-Xyw˛ ZenXv Ihn-X˛I-Y.

hni-Z-]-T\w

1. kv]¿iw ˛ ao\- I-μ-kzman

23

2. sh´n-am-‰nb ssI ˛{Xbw-_Iv k]vImse

3. {]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k` Hm¿Ω-]m´v Ncn-{Xw-˛-s]m-bvI-bn¬ A∏-®≥

4. PmXn-°p-Ωn˛]fin‰v sI.-]n. Idp-∏≥

5. an≠m-{]m-Wn-˛-Fw.-B¿. tcWp-Ip-am¿

6. I≠Øn-˛-cm-L-h≥ AtØmfn

7. CSw ˛ hnPne Nnd-∏mSv

8. ]md-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-_n. at\mPv

9. N¶vcm¥n AS˛ Sn.-sI.-kn. hSp-Xe

10. t{]X-`m-j-Ww˛ ˛ kn. Aø-∏≥

11. Hcn-°¬ lcn-P-\m-bmepw {]t`m- ˛-Djm aIzmW

12. sFU‚n-‰n-Im¿Uv ˛ F-kv. tPmk-^v

bqWn‰v \mev:

t\mh¬, Bfl-I-Y, \ncq-]Ww: Zen-Xvt\m-h-ep-I-fp-sSbpw Bfl-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-

k-hpw-˛-L-S-\m-]-chpw {]ta-b-]-c-hp-amb hni-I-e-\w-˛-a-e-bm-f-Ønse Zen-Xv\n-cq-]-Ww-˛-`m-jm-]-chpw

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-hp-amb At\z-j-W-߃.

hni-Z-]-T\w

1. Fs‚ Pohn-Xw-˛It√≥ -s]m-°p-S≥

2. F®n¬ ˛ Hmw{]-Imiv hmevaoIn

3. DNey ˛ e£va¨ ssKI-hmZv

4. kwKXn ˛ ]ma

5. ]pe-b-Ø-d-˛-t]mƒ Nnd-°-tcmSv

6. Nmshmen ˛ ]n.-F. DØ-a≥

7. ZenXv kmlnXyw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apcfn

8. _p≤-\n-te-°p-ff Zqcw ˛ sI.-sI. sIm®v

9. _en-bm-Sp-I-fpsS hwim-h-en-˛-Sn.-Fw. tbip-Zm-k≥

10. Ccp-´nse IÆmSn ˛ sI.-sI. _m_p-cmPv

11. ZenXv kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw ˛ tUm. {]Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

Awt_-ZvI¿ : kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, U¬ln, Awt_-ZvI¿

^ut≠-j≥.

Aø-∏≥.-kn. : D®-bp-d-°-Ønse kz]v\-߃, tIm´-bw, F≥.-_n.-F-kv.

: R≠p-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

A\n¬Ip-am¿. Sn.-sI. : ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Ønse Iogm-f-]-cn-t{]-£yw, Xr»q¿,

tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

F{_lmw Abn-cp-°pgn : ZenXv Ihn-X-Iƒ Hcp ]T-\w, Xncp-h-√, ss{I.-km.-k.

]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥.-sI.-kn. : ZenXv kmln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an,

Xr»q¿ (2008)

KwKm-[-c≥.-Fw. : PmXn-hy-h-ÿm-]-T-\-߃, Xr»q¿ P\-Iob {]kn-≤o-I-cW

tI{μw

sN¥m-c-t»-cn.-Sn.-F-®v.-]n. : Aø-¶m-fn, {]`mXv _pIvkv.

tPmk-̂ v.-]n.-kn. : s]mbvI-bn¬ Ipam-c-Kp-cp, Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\-hpw, Xncp-h-√,

ae-bmf ss{Ikm.-k.

{]Zo-]≥ ]mºn-cn-Ip∂v : Zen-Xv]-T-\w-˛-kzXzw kwkvImcw kmlnXyw, tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

24

t{]w\mYv sh´n-bm¿ : \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tI.-km.-A.

_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI. : PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿Æ.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿ Nnd-°¬.-Sn. : tIcf `mjm Km\-߃, Xr»q¿, tI.-km.-A.

apcfn Ihn-bq¿ : ZenXv `mj, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

: ZfnXv `mjm \nL≠p (2010), Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

: ZenXv kmln-Xyw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

tbip-Zm-k≥.-Sn.-Fw. : ZenXv kzXzhpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]iv\-hpw, Nß-\m-t»-cn,

B¬a≠v _pIvkv.

cma-Zmkv sNdmbn : Ah¿Æ-]£ cN-\-Iƒ, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, ZqXv _pIvkv.

hSp-Xe Sn.-sI-.-kn. : sXc-s™-SpØ IY-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, F≥._n.-F-kv.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp : {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns‚ kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,

hnZym¿∞n-an-{Xw.

kenwIpam¿ sI.-Fw. : ZfnXv {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw kap-Zm-b-h-XvI-c-W-hpw, ]hn-{X≥

kvamc-I-]-T-\-tI-{μw, sXmSp-]pg (2008).

tkma-Z-Ø≥ : h¿Æhpw PmXn-bpw, ]¥-fw, ]pkvX-I-{]-km-[-\-kwLw.

kPn-X.-sI.-B¿. : Zen-X-a-£-c-kw-bp-‡w, ]cn[n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

Anand Mulkaraj Zelliot Eleanor : An Anthology of Dalit literature, Newdelhi, Gyanpublication.

Dangle, Arjun : Poisoned Bread, Bombay, Orient longman.Illiah, Kancha : God as political philosopher, Culcutta, Samya.Jhunjhunvala, Bharat : Varna Vyavastha, Dalhi, Rawat publication.Jogdant P.G. : Dalit women in India, Newdelhi, Gyan publication.Kamble B.R. : Caste and philosophy pre Budhist India, Parimal

Prakashan.Murugkav, Lata : Delit panther movements in Maharashtra, Bombay,

Popular Prakashan.Omvedt Gail : Dalitision, Delhi-Orient logman.

: Delits & the democratic revolution, Newdelhi, Sage.Sharma R.S. : Sudras In Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal, Banarasidas.Sharma Ursula : Caste, Delhi, Viva books.Sreenivas M.N. : Caste in Modern India and other essays, Newdelhi, OUP.Zelliot Eleanor : From untouchable to Dalit, Newdelhi, Manohar

publication.

25

Fw.-^n¬. ae-bmfw ˛ H∂mw ska-ÿ

FeIv‰ohv tImgvkv

t]∏¿ ˛ VII Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w

]T-\-e£yw

kn\n-a-bpsS kuμ-cy-im-kv{Xw, LS-\, kt¶-X-߃,-B-hn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-Iƒ, kn\n-am-cw-KsØ

{]h-W-X-Iƒ, Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-߃, Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-ev]∂w F∂ \ne-bn¬ kn\n-a-bpsS

km≤y-X-Iƒ, Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-߃-̨ -C-Øcw hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m[w kr„n-°p-

I-bmWv Cu tImgvkns‚ Dt±-iyw. kn\n-am-kw-_-‘-amb {KŸ-߃ am{X-a√ kn\n-am-am-Xr-I-

Ifpw Cu tImgvkns‚ ]mTy-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

bqWn‰v 1.

Zriy-̀ m-j-̨ -N-e-®n{Xw F∂ k¶-ev]w˛ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Zriy-̀ m-j-̨ -KplmNn-{X-߃ apX¬

Zriy-̀ m-j-bpsS hnIm-khpw ]cn-Wm-a-hpw-̨ -N-en-°p∂ Nn{Xw F∂ k¶-ev]-\w-̨ -s]¿kn-Ã≥kv

Hm^v hnj≥˛B[p-\n-I-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpw-̨ -bm-{¥nI ]p\-cp-ev]m-Z-\-Im-eØv Ne-®n-{X-I-e-̨ -\n-»-

_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-߃-̨ -i-co-c-̀ m-j-bpsS cm{„o-bw-̨ -Im-gvN-bpsS l¿jhpw (Pleasure)

Ima-\-bpw (Desire)˛ t^mt´m-{K-̂ n-bpsS hnIm-kw-̨ -N-e-®n-{X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw˛ ̂ o®¿^n-enw,

tUmIyp-sa‚-dn.

Nne-®n-{X-\n¿ΩmWw: LS-\bpw LS-I-ß-fpw-̨ -s{ -̂bnw, tjm v́, BwKnƒ, ko≥, koIz≥kv,

tImtºm-kn-j≥, semt°-j≥, Ne-\-K-Xn, _nw_-߃, kwhn-[m-\w, Iem-kw-hn-[m\w, Iyma-dm-

Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ww, i_vZ-]-Yw, kwKo-Xw, FUn-‰nw-Kv-̨ -kwtbm-P-\-I-e-bpsS ̀ mj-̨ -sam-≠m-jv, ankv F≥

ko≥ XpS-ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 2

Xnc-°-Ybpw Ne-®n-{X-hn-i-I-e-\hpw

Xnc-°-Y-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\y-hpw-̨ -̂ o-®¿ ^nenapw tUmIyp-sa‚n-bpw-̨ Xnc°Y:-

LS-\bpw BJym-\hpw˛hnhn[ kao-]-\-߃ -̨Xnc-°-Ym-kn-≤m-¥-߃-̨ -skbvZv ̂ o¬Uns‚ kao-

]-\w-̨ -Xn-c-°-Y-bnse ssieo-I-cWw: IYm-Jym-\-ssi-en, \mS-Io-b-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h˛Xn-c-°-Y-

bpsS ZriyhXvI-c-W-Ønse {]iv\-߃-̨ -kmln-Xyhpw Xnc-°-Y-bpw˛Xn-c-°-Ybpw A\p-I-ev]-\-

hpw-̨ -A-\p-I-ev]-\-kn-≤m-¥-߃ -̨Bs{μ _ko≥, gmMv an{Xn, sUUven B≥{Uyq XpS-ßn-b-h¿˛a-

e-bm-f-Xn-c-°-Ym-c-N-\-bn¬ kw -̀hn® cq]m-¥-c-߃-̨ -dn-b-en-kw-̨ -\n-tbm-dn-b-en-kw-̨ -\-h-kn-\n-a-̨ -P-\-

{]nbkn\n-a-̨ -\-h-X-e-ap-d-kn-\n-a-̨ -F-∂n-h-bnse Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\-bpsS hni-I-e-\w.

26

Xnc-°-Ybpw kn\n-abpw : hni-I-e\w

hni-I-e-\-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

1. ss_kn-°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ hnt‰mdnb Un kn° (]-cn-̀ mj : sI. Fw. se\n≥, {Ko≥ _pIvkv)

2. ]tY¿ ]m©-en- -̨ k-Xy-Pn-Xvdmbv

3. \n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. kwhn-[m\w

4. Cc-Iƒ- ˛- sI.-Pn. tPm¿Pv

bqWn‰v 3

kn\na: BJym-\hpw Bhn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ hyXykvX amXr-I-Iƒ

Ncn-{Xw, kmlnXyw F∂n-h-bp-am-bp-ff _‘w-̨ -kzm-[o-\w-̨ -bm-Ym¿Yy-Øns‚ Ne-®n-{X-h-

XvI-c-W-Ønse {]iv\-߃-̨ -dn-b-en-kw, F-Ivkv{]-j-Wnkw \ntbm-dn-b-en-kw, {^©v \h-X-cw-Kw-

-̨I-lntbm Zp kn\n-a, HmY¿ Xnb-dn-̨ kn\na Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse hyXykvX P\p- p-Iƒ-̨ -sa-tem-

{Um-a-̨ -P-\-Iob P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-a-̨ -cm-{„ob kn\n-a-̨ -B¿ v́ kn\n-a˛aq-∂mw-tem-I-kn-\n-abpsS cm{„o-

bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw˛ tlm-fn-hp-Uv-̨ -UnPn-‰¬ bpK-Ønse kn\n-a-Iƒ

tZio-b-Xbpw C¥y≥kn-\n-abpw˛ ̂ m¬s°-bpsS tZi-hmZw-̨ -tZio-b-X-bpsS ̀ mh\m\n¿Ωn-

Xn-̨ i_vZ-kn-\n-a˛hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a-bpsS coXn-t -̀Z-߃ -̨\n-tbm-dn-b-enÃv kn\n-a-̨ -kn\n-abpw kwKo-

X-hpw-̨ -\-h-kn-\n-abpw ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bpw.

ae-bm-f-kn-\na˛\m-S-Ihpw kn\n-a-bpw-̨ -t\mhepw kn\n-a-bpw-̨ -sF-Iy-tI-c-f-{]-ÿm-\hpw kn\n-

a-bpsS P\-Io-b-X-bpw˛\thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßfpw km-aq-ln-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw kn\n-a-bn¬-̨ -\o-e-°p-

bn¬ -̨ae-bm-f-Ønse ÃpUn-tbm-kw-kvIm-cw-̨ -kn-\n-a-bnse hnhn[ P\p- p-Iƒ˛hS-°≥]m v́ kn\n-

a-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI cm{„o-bw-̨ -C-S-Xp-]£ cm{„o-bhpw kn\n-a-bpw-̨ -I-em-kn-\n-a-bpsS kuμ-

cy-im-kv{Xw-̨ -B-[p-\n-I-Xbpw P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-a-bpw˛hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS kq£va-cm-{„o-bw˛kv{Xo

ZfnXv ]cn-N-c-Ww˛BW-Øhpw \mb-I-k-¶-ev]-hpw-̨ -Xm-c-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS hn]-Wn-aq-eyw-̨ -hn-hn[ ̀ mh-

ß-fpsS hn\y-k-\w-̨ -Nn-cn-bpsS cm{„o-b-hn-h-£-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

Ne-®n-{X-\n-cq-]Ww

Ne®n{XsØ kw_-‘n® Fgp-Øp-Iƒ-̨ -N-e-®n-{X-]-T\w XpS-°hpw hnIm-k-hpw-̨ -N-e-®n-

{X-kn-≤m-¥-߃: ¢mkn-°¬, am¿Ivkn-kw, FIvkv{]-j-Wn-kw, dnb-en-kw, t^ma-en-kw, LS-

\m-hm-Zw, LS-\m-\-¥-c-hm-Zw, at\m-hn-i-I-e-\-hm-Zw, Iznb¿ kn≤m-¥-߃-˛-…m-thm-kn-k-°v,

s_¬lp-Ivkv, s{^U-dnIv Pbnw-k¨ F∂n-h-cpsS ssk≤m-¥nI \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

Ne-®n-{X-\n-cq-]-Ww ae-bm-f-Øn¬-̨ -kao-]-\-]-c-amb sshhn-[y-߃˛kn\n-am-am-kn-I-Ifpw

Ne-®n-{X-km-ln-Xy-hpw-˛B\p-Im-enI \ncq-]-W-߃-˛-I-em-kn-\n-a-bpsS \ncq-]-Ww˛em-h-Wy-im-

kv{X]chpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-]-c-hp-amb -k-ao-]-\w˛{]-Xy-b-imkv-{X-k-ao-]\w˛B-[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kao-

]-\-߃-̨ -k-a-Im-e-N-e-®n-{X-]-T-\w-̨ -ssk-≤m-¥n-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]k-‡nbpw km[y-X-bpw.

27

amXr-I-Iƒ

1. Ne-®n-{X-\n-cq-]Ww Fs‚ Zr„n-bn¬ ˛ {^m≥kz {Xqt^m (kn\n-abpw bmYm¿Yy-hpw, FUn:

hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥)

2. ⁄m\mw-_n-I-̨ -k-RvP-b≥

3. Pohn-X-\u-I-̨ -kn.-sP. tXmakv

4. sNΩo≥˛kn\nIv (ae-bm-f-kn-\na c≠mw-̀ mKw)

5. Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw Ne-®n-{X-Ønse bmYm¿Yyw -̨hn-P-b-Ir-jvW≥ (kn\n-abpw

bmYm¿Yyhpw)

6. kz¿§-\-c-I-ß-fpsS `qan -̨sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv (ae-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-∂p)

7. t]m°p-sh-bn¬: kn\n-a-bnse kuμ-cy-im-kv{Xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw-̨ -hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

(ImgvNbpsS Aim-¥n)

8. ka-Im-eo\ kn\n-a-bpsS {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw˛ cho-{μ≥

9. hS-°≥]m-́ p-kn-\n-a-Iƒ tZio-b-Xbpw kmaq-ln-I-Xbpw -̨]n.-F-kv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ (Ncn-{Xhpw

Ne-®n-{X-hpw-)

10. ]ucXzw Nps -́Sp-°p-∂Xv GXp thhp-]p-c-bn¬ -̨Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥ (ae-bm-f-kn-\na: tZiw, ̀ mj,

kwkvImcw)

11. P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-a-bpsS ̀ mjbpw hymI-c-Whpw-̨ -F≥.-]n. kPojv (Xnc-a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-

¥-c-߃)

12. aΩq´nbpw BW-Ø-ßfpw˛sP∂n sdmhot\m (aΩq´n ImgvNbpw hmb-\bpw).

13. \oe-°p-bn-ens‚ am\-߃˛ kn.-F-kv. sh¶n-tS-izc≥ (ae-bm-f-kn-\n-am-]-T-\-߃).

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw

cma-N-{μ≥ Pn.-]n, C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bn¬ \n∂v C¥ysb Is≠-Øptºmƒ

cmPvtam-l≥ H.-]n, B[p-\n-I-kn-\na kt¶-Xhpw aqeyhpw

............, cm{Xnbpw aqS¬a™pw

the-∏≥ sI, kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw

Pnt\-jvIp-am¿ Fc-aw, \thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-ßfpw ae-bm-f-kn-\nabpw

km_p i¶¿, cq]n-a-߃ kz\n-a-߃ kn\n-a-bpsS ck-Z¿i-\-߃.

]n.-F≥. {ioIp-am¿, IÆ-S-Ifpw ImgvN-Ifpw

sUman-\nIv sP. Im´q¿, Xnc-°Y kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-{]-Im-cw.

PntXjv Sn, kn\n-a-bpsS hymI-c-Ww.

28

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ tNe-ßm-́ v, temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{Xw.

tUm. apc-fo-Ir-jvW, kn\n-a, hoUn-tbm, sSIv\n-Iv.

Ac-hn-μ≥ h√-®n-d, Xnc-°Y kn\n-a-bpsS ªq{]n‚ v.

hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Xnc-°-Y-bpw- kn-\n-a-bpw.

hn.-sI. tPmk-̂ v, tZiw, ]uc-Xzw, kn\n-a.

ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, kn\n-a, kmln-Xyw, Pohn-Xw.

]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿ (FUn.), Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-߃.

Cμp-ti-J¿, ]n, kam-¥-c-kn-\na.

Al-Ω-Zv, \n m¿, bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ \mev apJ-߃.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥, B¿, tPm¨ F{_lmw: AΩ-sb-tØSn.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥, sI, kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw.

tPm¨ i¶-c-aw-K-ew, kn\na Hcp hnkva-b-I-e.

tPmk^v, hn.-sI, kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw.

tXmakv Fw.-F-̂ v, ASq-cns‚ bm{X-Iƒ.

Znhm-I-c≥ B¿.-hn.-Fw, IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw.

Znhm-I-c≥ B¿.-hn.-Fw, ae-bmf Xnc-°Y: hf¿®bpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw.

\oe≥, ImgvN-bpsS shfnhv.

\oe≥, sam≠mjv: ]mThpw ]T-\hpw.

_me-N-{μ≥, s]cp-¥m-∂n, ae-bmf kn\na 1928 ˛2006.

a[p Cd-h-¶c, kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw.

am\p-h¬, tPmkv sI. Xnc-°-Ym-km-lnXyw: kuμ-cyhpw {]k-‡nbpw.

am\p-h¬, tPmkv sI. \mS-Ihpw kn\n-abpw.

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-F-kv, Ncn-{Xhpw Ne-®n-{Xhpw : tZiy-̀ m-h-\-bpsS l¿j-aq-ey-߃.

...................................., Zriy-l¿j-Øns‚ ka-b-tc-J-Iƒ: C¥y≥kn-\n-a-bpsS 100 h¿j-߃.

cma≥Ip-́ n, sI.-hn, B[p-\nI ae-bmf kn\n-a.

cma-N-{μ≥, Pn.-]n, ae-bmf kn\na: tZiw `mj kwkvImcw.

h¿°n, Fw.-Fw, tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\na.

hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY.

sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv, ae-bmf kn\nam ]T-\-߃.

sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv, kn\nam Sm°okv.

29

sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv, DS-ens‚ Xmc-k-©m-c-߃.

j¨ap-J-Zm-kv, sF, kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬.

j¨ap-J-Zm-kv, sF, ae-I-fn¬ a™v s]øp∂p.

j¨ap-J-Zm-kv, sF, kn\n-abpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw.

kPo-jv, F≥.-]n, Xnc-a-e-bm-f-Ønse Ah-ÿm-¥-c-߃.

dmbv, kXy-PnØv, A]p-{Xbw.

sdmho-\, sP∂n, sXΩm-Sn-Ifpw Xºp-cm-°-∑mcpw : ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw BW-Øhpw.

Richard Abel, Encyclopedia of early Cinema.

William H. Philips, Film: An Introduction.

Chidandha Das Gupta, Talking about the Films.

Robert Stam & Alessandra Raengo, Literature and Film.

Sydifield, The Screen writer’s workbook.

Syed Field, The Foundationof Screen Writing

John Harrington, The Rhetoric of Film

Susan Hayward, Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts

Sathyajith Ray, Our Films Their Films

Andre Bazin, What is Cinema.

Andrew, Dudley, Major Film Theories.

Andrew, Dudley, Concepts in film Theories.

Corrigan, Timothy, A Short guide to writing about film.

Das Santi, Satyajit Ray: An Intimate master.

Dick, F Bernard, Anatomy of Film.

Dix, Andrew, Beginning film theory.

Ellis, John, Visible Fictions Cinema: TV: Video.

Ezra, Elizabeth and Rowden Terry, Transnational Cinema: The film Reader.

Guneratne, Anthony R, Dissanayake, wimal, Rethinking Third Cinema.

Madhava Prasad, Ideology of Hindi film .

Rajyadyksha, Ashish & Willeman, Paul, The Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema.

Smith, Robert, Film Theory: An Introduction.