timothy j. lewis and michael r. guevara- 1/f^alpha power spectrum of the qrs complex does not imply...

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1 I f a power spectrum o f t he O R S complex does n o t imply fractal activation o f t h e ventricles Dear Sir: T he activation of t h e ventricular myocardium normally occurs v i a the cardiac His-Purkinje network. T h e highly ramified of the Purkinje system has l e d t o t h e proposal that i t i s a "fractal-like" structure ( 1 ) (see also [2-7]). Because t h e activation o f t h e ventricular myocardium occurs through t h e Purkinje network, i t h a s been further hypothesized that t h e activation o f the ventricles v i a t h e Purkinje fibers leads t o fractal (time-scale invariant) depolarization o f t h e ventricles ( 1 ) (see also [2-5]). T h e wave o f activation of the ventricular myocardium i s reflected i n t he Q RS complex on t h e electrocar- diogram (ECG). T h e averaged power spectrum of single Q RS complexes from different individuals shows a 1 / f a falloff (wheref is frequency) with a - 4 (1). Because power spectral densities which fall o f f as 1/If c a n sometimes b e linked t o fractal processes (8), t h e 1 / f a power spectral density was used t o support t h e "fractal depolarization hypothesis." Here, we demonstrate that t he 1/If spectrum ofthe Q RS complex does n o t require the activation of t h e ventricles t o b e a fractal process a n d suggest that fractal activation of t h e ventricles cannot b e inferred from analysis o f t h e power spectrum o f t h e Q RS complex. SCALE-INVARIANT DYNAMICS T h e term fractal refers t o geometric structures which have t h e property of self similarity a t all size scales (8). This definition n o t reserved f o r deterministic structures, b u t m a y also apply t o stochastic structures whose statistical properties exhibit scale-invariant self similarity. Furthermore, t h e con- cept m ay b e extended t o time series where there a r e fluctua- tions o n multiple time scales. T he most widely used technique t o investigate whether a signal is time-scale invariant i s spectral analysis. I f a signal i s fractal, a n d thus time-scale invariant, t h e amplitude o f it s power spectrum will decrease with increasing frequency, falling o f f a s 1/f' (where a i s a positive number), i.e., t h e power spectrum i s scaled by a n inverse-power l a w (8). differences i n length a n d conduction velocity) a t a l l levels o f branching: as t h e impulse travels through the successive generations of the inhomogeneous Purkinje network, t h e component pulses in t h e different branches tend t o desynchro- nize or decorrelate t o a n increasing degree. I t wa s further suggested i n (1-4) that should t h e distribution o f arrival times be determined by a fractal process, t h e change i n t he "net voltage a t t h e myocardium" ( 1 ) would b e a superposition of t he individual pulses an d should therefore exhibit fractal dynamics. T h e properties of the "net voltage a t t h e myocardium" were assumed n o t t o b e modified during t h e conduction o f individual pulses through t h e ventricular wall after emerging from t h e Purkinje network. Because t h e Q RS complex of t h e E CG reflects t h e depolarization o f t h e ventric- ular muscle, i t wa s postulated that t h e power spectrum of t h e Q RS waveform should demonstrate t h e inverse-powerlaw that i s characteristic of fractal dynamics (1-5). To test this hypothesis, Goldberger e t a l . (1 ) obtained one Q RS complex (time series duration o f 128 ms)from each of 2 1 healthy males using t h e V1-V5 bipolar E CG lead (sampling rate 50 0 H z ; 6 4 points/QRS complex). T h e "broadband spectrum" o f t h e normal QRS was obtained b y averaging t h e 2 1 power spectra. T h e averaged power spectrum wa s well f i t b y power-law (a = 4.3, I r I = 0.99 where r is the correla- tion coefficient) (1). W e collected ECGs from 1 0 individuals using standard bipolar limb lead I I a n d computed t he averaged power spectrum of the Q R S complexes (see caption o f Fig. 1 f o r details). Fig. 1 a shows a typical Q R S complexfrom lead I I . Fig. 1 b shows that t h e averaged power spectrum (all 1 0 subjects) falls o f f as 1/f" ( a = 3.8) as seen by t he linear f i t t o t he log-log plot (slope = -3.8, I r l = 0.98). I n each of the 10 subjects, we obtained spectra resembling th e averaged power spectrum shown i n Fig. 1 b with individual values o f a ranging from 3 . 2 t o 4 . 3 with I r l values between 0.91 a n d 0.97. These findings ar e consistent with the results of the earlier study (1). In the following, we will demonstrate that t h e 1/f" power spectrum o f t h e Q RS complex does n o t imply scale invariance, being simply a direct result of t h e basic shape o f the Q R S complex, which bears a strong resemblance t o a simple triangular pulse. T H E FRACTAL DEPOLARIZATION HYPOTHESIS (1-5) A s a result of the fractal-like anatomy o f t h e His-Purkinje system, Goldberger e t a l . (1-4) have argued thatas thecardiac impulse is conducted through t h e branched Purkinje network, i t "shatters into a myriad of stimuli" ( 1 ) which have different arrival times a t t h e Purkinje-myocardial interface. This distri- bution of arrival times w as attributed t o t h e variability i n t h e conduction times along t h e conduction pathways (due t o SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF PULSE FUNCTIONS Although analysis of t he amplitude a n d phase spectra of single pulselike waveforms ca n provide insight into the shape of t h e waveform, i t does no t provide a representation of the fre- quency content reflecting fluctuations a s thought o f i n fractal dynamics. (i.e., fluctuations o n a l l time scales). I n general, pulse functions generate power spectra with ripples o r lobes; t he peaks o f t he lobes fall o f f as the frequency Biophys. J . c Biophysical Society Volume 6 0 November 1991 1297-1300 0006 495/91/11/1297/04 $2.00 1297~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0006-3495/91/11/1297/04 $2.00 1297

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8/3/2019 Timothy J. Lewis and Michael R. Guevara- 1/f^alpha power spectrum of the QRS complex does not imply fractal ac…

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1 I f a power s p e c t r u m o f t h e ORS complex

does n o t i m p l y f r a c t a l a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e

v e n t r i c l e s

D e a r S i r :T h e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c u l a r m y o c a r d i u m n o r m a l l y

occurs v i a t h e c a rd ia c H i s - P u r k i n j e n e t w o r k . The h i g h l yr a m i f i e d n a t u r e o f t he P u rk i nj e s y s t e m h a s l e d t o t h e p r o p o s a l

t h a t i t i s a " f r a c t a l - l i k e " s t r u c t u r e ( 1 ) ( s e e a l s o [ 2 - 7 ] ) . B e c a u s e

t h e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c u l a r m y o c a r d i u m occurs t h r o u g h

t h e P u r k i n j e n e t w o r k , i t h a s b e e n f u r t h e r h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e

a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e s v i a t h e P u r k i n j e f i b e r s l e a d s t o

f r a c t a l ( t i m e - s c a l e i n v a r i a n t ) d e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e s

( 1 ) ( s e e a l s o [ 2 - 5 ] ) . T h e wave o f a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c u l a r

m y o c a r d i u m i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e QRS c o m p l e x on t h e e l e c t r o c a r -d i o g r a m ( E C G ) . The a v e r a g e d power s p e c t r u m o f s i n g l e QRSc o m p l e x e s f r o m d i f f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l s s h o w s a 1 / f a f a l l o f f

( w h e r e f i s f r e q u e n c y ) w i t h a - 4 ( 1 ) . B e c a u s e power s p e c t r a ld e n s i t i e s w h i c h f a l l o f f as 1 / I f c an s o m e t i m e s b e l i n k e d t o

f r a c t a l processes ( 8 ) , t h e 1 / f a power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y was u s e d

t o s u p p o r t t h e " f r a c t a l d e p o l a r i z a t i o n h y p o t h e s i s . " H e r e , we

d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e 1 / I f s p e c t r u m o f t h e QRS c o m p l e x d o e s

n o t r e q u i r e t h e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e s t o b e a f r a c t a l

process a n d s u g g e s t t h a t f r a c t a l a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e sc a n n o t b e i n f e r r e d f r o m a n a l y s i s o f t h e power s p e c t r u m o f t h e

QRS c o m p l e x .

S C A L E - I N V A R I A N T DYNAMICS

T h e t e r m f r a c t a l r e f e r s t o g e o m e t r i c s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h h a v e t h ep r o p e r t y o f s e l f s i m i l a r i t y a t a l l s i z e s c a l e s ( 8 ) . T h i s d e f i n i t i o nn e e d n o t b e r e s e r v e d f o r d e t e r m i n i s t i c s t r u c t u r e s , b u t m a y a l s oa p p l y t o s t o c h a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s w h o s e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e se x h i b i t s c a l e - i n v a r i a n t s e l f s i m i l a r i t y . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o n -

c e p t may b e e x t e n d e d t o t i m e s e r i e s w h e r e t h e r e a r e f l u c t u a -t i o n s o n m u l t i p l e t i m e s c a l e s . T h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d t e c h n i q u et o i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r a s i g n a l i s t i m e - s c a l e i n v a r i a n t i s

s p e c t r a l a n a l y s i s . I f a s i g n a l i s f r a c t a l , a n d t h u s t i m e - s c a l ei n v a r i a n t , t h e a m p l i t u d e o f i t s p o w e r s p e c t r u m w i l l d e c r e a s e

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c y , f a l l i n g o f f a s 1 / f ' ( w h e r e a i s ap o s i t i v e n u m b e r ) , i . e . , t h e p o w e r s p e c t r u m i s s c a l e d b y a n

i n v e r s e - p o w e r l a w ( 8 ) .

d i f f e r e n c e s i n l e n g t h a n d c o n d u c t i o n v e l o c i t y ) a t a l l l e v e l s o f

b r a n c h i n g : as t h e i m p u l s e t r a v e l s t h r o u g h t h e s u c c e s s i v eg en er a ti o ns o f t h e i n h o m o g e n e o u s P u r k i n j e n e t w o r k , t h e

component p u l s e s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t b r a n c h e s t e n d t o d e s y n c h r o -

n i z e or d e c o r r e l a t e t o an i n c r e a s i n g d e g r e e . I t wa s f u r t h e rs u g g e s t e d i n ( 1 - 4 ) t h a t s h o u l d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a r r i v a l t i m e s

b e d et e r m i n e d b y a f r a c t a l process, t h e c h a n g e i n t h e " n e t

v o l t a g e a t t h e m y o c a r d i u m " ( 1 ) w o u l d b e a s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f

t h e i n d i v i d u a l p u l s e s a n d s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e e x h i b i t f r a c t a ld y n a m i c s . The s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e " n e t v o l t a g e a t t h e

m y o c a r d i u m " were a s s u m e d n o t t o b e m o d i f i e d d u r i n g t h e

c o n d u c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l p u l s e s t h r o u g h t h e v e n t r i c u l a r w a l l

a f t e r e m e r g i n g f r o m t h e P u r k i n j e n e t w o r k . B e c a u s e t h e QRSc o m p l e x o f t h e ECG r e f l e c t s t h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c -u l a r m u s c l e , i t wa s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e power s p e c t r u m o f t h e

QRS w a v e f o r m s h o u l d d e m o n s t r a t e t h e i n v e r se - po w e r l a w t h a ti s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f f r a c t a l d y n a m i c s ( 1 - 5 ) .

To t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , G o l d b e r g e r e t a l . ( 1 ) o b t a i n e d one

QRS c o m p l e x ( t i m e s e r i e s d u r a t i o n o f 1 2 8 m s ) f r o m e a c h o f 2 1

h e a l t h y m a l e s u s i n g t h e V 1 - V 5 b i p o l a r EC G l e a d ( s a m p l i n g

r a t e 5 0 0 H z ; 6 4 p o i n t s / Q R S c o m p l e x ) . T h e " b r o a d b a n d

s p e c t r u m " o f t h e n o r m a l QRS was o b t a i n e d b y a v e r a g i n g t h e

2 1 power s p e c t r a . The a v e r a g e d power s p e c t r u m wa s w e l l f i t b y

p o w e r - l a w s c a l i n g ( a =4 . 3 , I r I =0 . 9 9 w h e r e r i s t h e c o r r e l a -t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ) ( 1 ) . We c o l l e c t e d ECGs f r o m 1 0 i n d i v i d u a l su s i n g s t a n d a r d b i p o l a r l i m b l e a d I I a n d c o m p u t e d t h e a v e r a g e d

power s p e c t r u m o f t h e QRS c o m p l e x e s ( s e e c a p t i o n o f F i g . 1f o r d e t a i l s ) . F i g . 1 a s h o w s a t y p i c a l QRS c o m pl e x f r o m l e a d I I .

F i g . 1 b s h o w s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e d power s p e c t r u m ( a l l 1 0

s u b j e c t s ) f a l l s o f f as 1 / f " ( a = 3 . 8 ) a s seen b y t h e l i n e a r f i t t o

t h e l o g - l o g p l o t ( s l o p e = - 3 . 8 ,

I r l= 0 . 9 8 ) . I n e a c h o f t h e 1 0

s u b j e c t s , we o b t a i n e d s p e c t r a r e s e m b l i n g t h e a v e r a g e d power

s p e c t r u m s h o w n i n F i g . 1 b w i t h i n d i v i d u a l v a l u e s o f a r a n g i n g

f r o m 3 . 2 t o 4 . 3 w i t h I r l v a l u e s b e t w e e n 0 . 9 1 a n d 0 . 9 7 . T h e s e

f i n d i n g s are c o n s i s t e n t w i th t he r e s u l t s o f t h e e a r l i e r s t u d y ( 1 ) .I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , we w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t th e 1 / f " power

s p e c t r u m o f t h e QRS c o m p l e x d o e s n o t i m p l y s c a l e i n v a r i a n c e ,b e i n g s i m p l y a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e b a s i c s h a p e o f t h e QRSc o m p l e x , w h i c h b e a r s a s t r o n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o a s i m p l e

t r i a n g u l a r p u l s e .

THE FRACTAL DEPOLARIZATION

HYPOTHESIS ( 1 - 5 )

As a r e s u l t o f t h e f r a c t a l - l i k e a n a t o m y o f t h e H i s - P u r k i n j es y s t e m , G o l d b e r g e r e t a l . ( 1 - 4 ) h a v e a r g u e d t h a t a s t h e c a r d i a ci m p u l s e i s c o n d u c t e d t h r o u g h t h e b r a n c h e d P u r k i n j e n e t w o r k ,

i t " s h a t t e r s i n t o a m y r i a d o f s t i m u l i " ( 1 ) w h i c h h a v e d i f f e r e n ta r r i v a l t i m e s a t t h e P u r k i n j e - m y o c a r d i a l i n t e r f a c e . T h i s d i s t r i -b u t i o n o f a r r i v a l t i m e s w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e

c o n d u c t i o n t i m e s a l o n g t h e c o n d u c t i o n p a t h w a y s ( d u e t o

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF PULSE

FUNCTIONS

A l t h o u g h a n a l y s i s o f t h e a m p l i t u d e a n d p h a s e s p e c t r a o f s i n g l ep u l s e l i k e w a v e f o r m s c a n p r o v i d e i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s h a p e o f t h ew a v e f o r m , i t d o e s n o t p r o v i d e a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e f r e -q u e n c y c o n t e n t r e f l e c t i n g f l u c t u a t i o n s a s t h o u g h t o f i n f r a c t a ld y n a m i c s . ( i . e . , f l u c t u a t i o n s o n a l l t i m e s c a l e s ) .

I n g e n e r a l , p u l s e f u n c t i o n s g e n e r a t e p o w e r s p e c t r a w i t h

r i p p l e s o r l o b e s ; t h e p e a k s o f t h e l o b e s f a l l o f f a s t h e f r e q u e n c y

B i o p h y s . J . cB i o p h y s i c a l S o c i e t y

Volume 6 0 November 1 9 9 1 1 2 9 7 - 1 3 0 0

0006495/91/11/1297/04 $2.001297~~~~~~

0 0 0 6 - 3 4 9 5 / 9 1 / 1 1 / 1 2 9 7 / 0 4 $ 2 . 0 0 1 2 9 7

8/3/2019 Timothy J. Lewis and Michael R. Guevara- 1/f^alpha power spectrum of the QRS complex does not imply fractal ac…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/timothy-j-lewis-and-michael-r-guevara-1falpha-power-spectrum-of-the-qrs 2/4

a

b 3

2 .

1

o

.., 1

O - 2

- 3 .

a

0 . 5 m V

4 0 ms

b 4.

v

0

0

. ~.

0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6

l o g ( h a r m o n i c )

F I G U R E 1 ( a ) A QRS c o m p l e x f r o m s t a n d a r d l i m b l e a d I I . ( b ) A

l o g - l o g p l o t o f t h e a v e r a g e d p o w e r s p e c t r u m o f s i n g l e QRS c o m p l e x e sf r o m 1 0 m a l e s u b j e c t s . L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n ( d a s h e d l i n e ) g i v e s a f i t w i t h a

s l o p e ( - a ) o f - 3 . 8 a n d a y - i n t e r c e p t o f 2 . 7 ( I r I = 0 . 9 8 ) . EC G s i g n a l sw e r e r e c o r d e d w i t h a n i s o l a t i o n a m p l i f i e r ( 0 . 0 5 - 2 5 0 H z ) a n d d i g i t i z e da t a s a m p l i n g r a t e o f 5 0 0 Hz ( 1 ) . QRS c o m p l e x e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d u s i n ga r e c t a n g u l a r w i n d o w o f 1 2 8 ms ( 6 4 p o i n t s ) a n d t h e p e a k - t o - p e a ka m p l i t u d e w a s n o rm a li z ed t o 1 . P o w e r s p e c t r a w e r e t he n c o m p u t e d a st h e s q u a r e o f t h e m o d u l u s o f t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m . P o w e r i s i na r b i t r a r y u n i t s a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y f i s i n h a r m o n i c s , w i t h 1 h a r m o n i c =1 / ( w i n d o w w i d t h ) = 7 . 8 H z .

t e n d s t o w a r d si n f i n i t y ( s o m e t i m e s i n

a

1 / f e f a s h i o n ) . F o re x a m p l e , c o n s i d e r a s i m p l e t r i a n g u l a r p u l s e f u n c t i o n g ( t ) ( an o n s c a l e - i n v a r i a n t w a v e f o r m ) o f a m p l i t u d e a a n d w i d t h 2 b

( F i g . 2 a ) :

( a l b ) t + a i f -b < t 0

g ( t ) = -(alb)t + a i f 0< t < b (1)

0 e l s e w h e r e .

The power s p e c t r u m S ( f ) o f t h e f u n c t i o n g , t a k e n as t h e

square o f t h e m o d u l u s o f t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m , y i e l d s :

S( f ) = ( 4 a ) s i n 4 ( b f I 2 ) (2 )

T h e term s i n 4 ( b f I 2 ) g e n e r a t e s l o b e s , a n d t h e term 1 / f m , w i t ha = 4 , i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f a l l o f f o f t h e p e a k s o f t h e l o b e s .N o t e t h a t t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e l o b e s i s d e p e n d e n t on t h e w i d t h 2 bo f t h e p u l s e , b u t t h e 1 / f m f a l l o f f i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t he w i dt h.

The 1 / f 4 f a l l o f f i s c l e a r l y seen on a l o g [ S ( f ) ] v s . l o g ( f ) p l o t

( F i g . 2 b ) .The s h a p e o f t h e p u l s e d e t e r m i n e s t h e s l o p e ( a n d t h e

g o o d n e s s o f f i t ) o f t h e l i n e a r f i t t o t h e l o g - l o g power s p e c t r u m .

0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6

l o g ( h a r m o n i c )

F I G U R E 2 ( a ) A s i m p l e t r i a n g u l a r p u l s e o f a m p l i t u d e a a n d h a l f - w i d t hb . ( b ) A l o g - l o g p l o t o f t h e p o w e r s p e c t r u m o f t h e t r i a n g u l a r p u l s e i n( a ) . T h e p o w e r s p e c t r u m w a s n u m e r i c a l l y c o m p u t e d u s i n g a r e c t a n g u -l a r w i n d o w c o n t a i n i n g 6 4 e v e n l y s p a c e d p o i n t s . T h e p u l s e h a d a n

a m p l i t u d e a o f 1 a n d a w i d t h o f 4 0 p o i n t s ( b = 2 0 ) . L i n e a r r e g r e s s i o ns h o w s t h a t t h e c o m p u t e d p o i n t s a r e w e l l f i t ( I r I = 0 . 9 8 ) b y t h e d a s h e d

l i n e w i t h a s l o p e ( - a ) o f - 4 . 0 a n d a y - i n t e r c e p t o f 2 . 4 , w h i c h a g r e e sw i t h t h e a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t ( E q . 2 ) . T h e d e p t h s o f t h e l o b e s i n t h ea n a l y t i c a l p o w e r s p e c t r u m a r e o f i n f i n i t e d ep t h o n a l o g - l o g s c a l e ;h o w e v e r , t h e n u m e r i c a l a l g o r i t h m d o e s n o t s h o w t h i s d u e t o t h e f i n i t es a m p l i n g . I n f a c t , t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e l o b e s i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l s p e c t r u m

i s m u c h h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e l o b e s s h o w n h e r e , a s a r e s u l t o f a l i a s i n g .N o t e t h a t a v e r a g i n g t h e p o w e r s p e c t r a o f s e v e r a l t r i a n g l e s o f s l i g h t l yd i f f e r e n t w i d t h s w o u l d f u r t h e r d i m i n i s h t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e l o b e s ( s e eF i g . 1 b ) .

P u l s e s w i t h s ha r pe r c h a n g e s r e q u i r e a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r c o n t r i -b u t i o n f r o m h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e w i l l h a v e l o w e r

v a l u e s o f a. F o r e x a m p l e , i t c an b e s h o w n a n a l y t i c a l l y t h a t t h e

power s p e c t r u m o f a square p u l s e f a l l s o f f as 1 / f 2 . The power

s p e c t r u m o f a s m o o t h e r p ul s e f u n ct i on w i l l h a v e l a r g e r l o w -

f r e q u e n c y c o n t r i b u t i o n s , w i t h s m a l l e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m h i g h e r

f r e q u e n c i e s . T h i s f a s t e r f a l l o f f w i l l p r o d u c e a h i g h e r v a l ue o f a

when a l i n e a r f i t i s c o m p u t e d . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e n u m e r i c a l l y

c a l c u l a t e d power s p e c t r u m o f a s i n u s o i d a l p u l s e ( o n e c y c l e o f a

s i n e wave f r o m t r o u g h t o t r o u g h w i t h t h e t r o u g h s a t 0 ) i s f i t w e l l

b y a

1 I f a f a l l o f fw i t h a =

6 . 7 (I r l =

0 . 9 8 ) .N o t e t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f a f o u n d f o r t h e a v e r a g e d power

s p e c t r u m o f s i n g l e QRS c o m p l e x e s i n F i g . 1 b ( a = 3 . 8 ) a n d i n( 1 ) ( a = 4 . 3 ) are c l o s e t o t h e s l o p e o f t h e power s p e c t r u m o f

t h e s i m p l e t r i a n g u l a r p u l s e ( a = 4 . 0 ) . T h i s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g ,b e c a u s e t h e QRS c o m p l e x h a s an u n d e r l y i n g s h a p e t h a t i st r i a n g u l a r . The presence o f l o b e s i n t h e a v e r a g e d power

s p e c t r u m o f F i g . 1 b ( s e e a l s o F i g . 1 i n [ 1 ] ) c an s t i l l b e d e t e c t e d ,even t h o u g h a v e r a g i n g t h e power s p e c t r a o f QRS c o m p l e x e s o f

d i f f e r i n g s h a p e s a n d w i d t h s m a k e s them l e s s e v i d e n t .

1 2 9 BAphsA Jora Voum 60 Noeme1991.

-,

a =3 . 8

I r l =0 . 9 8

1 2 9 8 B i o p h y s i c a l J o u r n a l V o l u m e 6 0 N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 1

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1 l f a POWER SPECTRUM FROM A

NONFRACTAL CONDUCTION SYSTEM

To d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h i s t y p e o f 1 I f a f a l l o f f i s n o t a p ro p er ty

t h a t c a n b e u s e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h f r a c t a l a c t i v a t i o n f r o m n o n f r a c -

t a l a c t i v a t i o n , we c o m p u t e d t h e p o w e r s p e c t r u m o f a n e x t r a c e l -l u l a r r e c o r d i n g i n a n u n a m bi g u o u sl y n o n f r a c t a l c o n d u c t i o n

s y s t e m . O n e - d i m e n s i o n a l p r o p a g a t i o n i n a n i o n i c m o d e l o f

v e n t r i c u l a r t i s s u e w a s m o d e l e d u s i n g t h e c a b l e e q u a t i o n ( 9 ) .T h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r w a v e f o r m w a s c o m p u t e d f r o m t h e t r a n s m e m -

b r a n e c u r r e n t a l o n g t h e c a b l e ( 1 0 , 1 1 ) . F i g . 3 a s h o w s a

s i m u l a t i o n o f a u n i p o l a r r e c o r d i n g t a k e n a s t h e u p s t r o k e o f a n

a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l p r o p a g a t e s d o w n t h e c a b l e . T h e p o w e r s p e c -t r u m o f t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r w a v e f o r m i n F i g . 3 a s h o w s t h a t t h e

a m p l i t u d e f a l l s o f f w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c y ( F i g . 3 b ) . I n f a c t ,

u p t o a f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e maximum f r e q u e n c y i n ( 1 ) ,i n t e r m s o f h a r m o n i c s , t h e f a l l o f f i s f i t e x t r e m e l y w e l l b y I f( w i t h a = 3 . 2 , I r I = 0 . 9 9 ) . T h i s m o d e l i n g r e s u l t d e m o n s t r a t e s

t h a t a 1 / f a p o w e r s p e c t r u m , s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e QRS c o m p l e x

( F i g . 1 b ; F i g . 1 i n [ 1 ] ) , i s f o u n d i n a s y s t e m i n w h i c h f r a c t a lc o n d u c t i o n i s e x c l u d e d .

a

1 0 0 m V

2 . 5 ms

7 0 a 0 3 . 26 I r l = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 . 9 9L 5 - +

0 . 0 02 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . o 1 . 2 1 ' . 4 1 . 6

l o g ( h a r m o n i c )

FIGURE 3 ( a ) An e x t r a c e l l u l a r w a v e f o r m o f a p r o p a g a t e d v e n t r i c u l a ra c t i o n p o t e n t i a l c o m p u t e d f r o m a o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l c a b l e m o d e l w i t h

t h e B e e l e r - R e u t e r f o r m u l a t i o n f o r t h e i o n i c c u r r e n t s ( s e e [ 9 ] f o rd e t a i l s ) . T h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r p o t e n t i a l f r o m a u n i p o l a r r e c o r d i n g e l e c -

t r o d e w a s c o m p u t e d u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a : S e , = p e / 4 1 r f v I m I r d V w h e r e D ,i s t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r p o t e n t i a l a t e l e c t r o d e , V i s t h e v o l u m e o f t h e c a b l e ,

P e i s t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r r e s i s t i v i t y ( 0 . 0 1 k Q l c m ) , a n d I . i s t h e t r a n s m e m -

b r a n e c u r r e n t a t a d i s t a n c e r f r o m t h e e l e c t r o d e ( 1 0 ) . T h e c a b l e h a s a

l e n g t h o f 6 . 2 5 mm a n d a r a d i u s o f 7 . 5 p . m . The e l e c t r o d e w a s s i t u a t e do n t h e a x i s , 0 . 2 5 mm f r o m t h e d i s t a l e n d o f t h e c a b l e . Window c o n t a i n s

6 4 p o i n t s a n d t h e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n p o i n t s i s 0 . 1 6 m s . ( b ) A l o g - l o g p l o to f t h e p o w e r s p e c t r u m o f t he e x t r a c e l l u l a r w a v e f o r m ( a ) r e v e a l s a 1 / f a

s p e c t r u m , w i t h l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n g i v i n g a s l o p e ( - a ) o f - 3 . 2 a n d a

y - i n t e r c e p t o f 7 . 4 ( I l r = 0 . 9 9 ) .

DISCUSSION

T h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a b o v e s h o w s t h a t t h e 1 / f a s p e c t r a ld e n s i t y o f t h e n o r m a l QRS w a v e f o r m d o e s n o t i m p l y f r a c t a ld e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e s ( 1 - 5 ) . T h i s d o e s n o t d e n y t h a tt h e P u r k i n j e s y s t e m c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y a f r a c t a l n e t w o r k ,b e c a u s e t h e P u r k i n j e f i b e r s f o r m a h i g h l y i n t e r t w i n e d a n d

i n t e r c o n n e c t e d b r a n c h i n g s t r u c t u r e ( 1 2 - 1 5 ) . H o w e v e r , t h ea b o v e f i n d i n g s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e 1 / f a s p e c t r a o f t h e QRSc o m p l e x i s s i m p l y a r e s u l t o f i t s p u l s e l i k e ( l a r g e s c a l e ) s h a p e

a n d i s n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e t e m p o r a l s c a l e i n v a r i a n c e t h a t w o u l d

b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f r a c t a l t i m e s e r i e s : s c a l e - i n v a r i a n t a c t i v a t i o nr e m a i n s t o b e s h o w n .

S t u d y i n g t h e QRS c o m p l e x m i g h t n o t b e a l e g i t i m a t e w a y t ot e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f f r a c t a l a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e v e n t r i c l e s v i a t h eP u r k i n j e n e t w o r k , b e c a u s e t h e QRS c o m p l e x i s g e n e r a t e d b y

c u r r e n t f l o w o r i g i n a t i n g i n v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c l e . T h e a r g u m e n t i n( 1 ) a s s u m e s t h a t t h e " n e t v o l t a g e i n t h e m y o c a r d i u m " c o n s i s t so f a s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l i m p u l s e s f r o m t h e P u r k i n j ef i b e r b r a n c h e s , a n d t h a t o n c e a n a r e a o f t h e v e n t r i c l e i s

a c t i v a t e d , c o n d u c t i o n o f t h e i m p u l s e i n th e v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c l e

d o e s n o t m o d i f y t h e s t a t i s t i c s o f t h e n e t v o l t a g e . H o w e v e r , t h e

o v e r a l l v e n t r i c u l a r a c t i v a t i o n i s i n f l u e n c e d n o t o n l y b y t h e

i m p u l s e a r r i v a l t i m e s a t t h e d i s t i n c t P u r k i n j e - v e n t r i c u l a r m u s -

c l e i n t e r f a c e s ( 1 2 ) , b u t b y t h e g e o m e t r y a n d e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r -

t i e s ( i n c l u d i n g i n h o m o g e n e i t y a n d a n i s o t r o p y o f c o n d u c t i o n

v e l o c i t y ) o f t h e v e n t r i c u l a r m y o c a r d i u m . T h e s e c o m p l i c a t i n g

f a c t o r s s u g g e s t t h a t s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s i n a r r i v a l t i m e s a t d i f f e r e n tP u r k i n j e - m y o c a r d i a l i n t e r f a c e s m i g h t n o t b e p r e s e r v e d f a i t h -f u l l y i n t h e QRS c o m p l e x .

T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a b r a n c h e d ( p e r h a p s f r a c t a l ) c o n d u c t i o n

s y s t e m r e m a i n s u n c l e a r . I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t a c t i v a t i o nt h r o u g h a b r a n c h i n g s t r u c t u r e p r o v i d e s " e l e c t r i c a l s t a b i l i t y "( 1 ) . I n o u r v i e w , o n e s i m p l y n e e d s a m e c h a n i s m t o r a p i d l y a n d

s y n c h r o n o u s l y s p r e a d t h e w a v e o f a c t i v a t i o n t o t h e v e n t r i c u l a rm u s c l e , a t a s k t o w h i c h a b ra n c h in g n e t w o r k i s w e l l s u i t e d . T h i s

r a p i d s e q u e n t i a l a c t i v a t i o n o f a m a j o r p a r t o f t h e e n d o c a r d i u m

a l l o w s t h e w a v e o f a c t i v a t i o n t o t r a v e l i n a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y

o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l f a s h i o n f r o m t h e e n d o c a r d i u m o u t w a r d t ot h e e p i c a r d i u m ( 1 3 ) , w h i c h m a y p r o h i b i t t h e c o l l i s i o n o f

w a v e f r o n t s a n d t h e e v o l u t i o n o f r e f r a c t o r i n e s s - a c t i v a t i o n p r o -f i l e s l e a d i n g t o t h e p o s s i b l e f o r m a t i o n o f r e e n t r a n t r h y t h m s

r e s u l t i n g i n v e n t r i c u l a r a r r h y t h m i a s .

Tim L e w i s t h a n k s t h e F o n d s d e l a R e c h e r c h e e n S a n t e d u Q u e b e c( F R S Q ) a n d t h e F o n d s p o u r l a F o r m a t i o n d e C h e r ch e u rs e t l ' A i d e a l aR e c h e r c h e ( F C A R ) f o r s u p p o r t . S up po r te d b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e

M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f C a n a d a .

R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 3 A p r i l 1 9 9 1 a n d i n f i n a l f o r m 3 J un e1 9 9 1 .

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T h e P u r k i n j e s y s t e m . Am . H e a r t J . 2 0 : 6 7 7 - 7 0 1 .

T i m o t h y J . L e w i s a n d M i c h a e l R . G u e v a r a

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