timeline of the church...bogomils / albigensians / cathars* 1233 pope entrusts the inquisition to...
TRANSCRIPT
Doctors of the Church (clickable link in the timeline)
Apostolic Fathers of the Church (clickable links in the timeline)
List of Early Bishops of Rome/Popes
Earliest History of the Church
Earliest Canon of the Bible
Monasticism
264 Photos of mosaic portraits of Bishops of Rome
(St Paul’s Outside the Walls, Rome, Italy)
30 AD
to the
Present
Vulgate translation of the Bible
* Condemnation of a heresy by a Council
^ Biblical Milestone
Post-Apostolic Fathers of the Church (clickable link in the timeline)
Robert J. Schihl, Ph.D.
Click
here
Dedicated to my son, Joel Robert Schihl, 1975-2006.
© 2006 Robert J. Schihl
TIMELINE OF THE CHURCH
100 50 200 1 150 25 75 125 175
Paul of Tarsus
Rome 67
6 BC
Rome 67 42 79
Linus Anacletus
92
Clement I
101 105 115
Evaristus
Alexander I
Sixtus I
125 136
Telesphorus Hygenus
140 155
Pius I
166
Anicetus Soter
175
Eleutherius
189
Victor I
199
+ Pentecost
COUNCIL
OF JERUSALEM
50
+ Paul’s
1 Thessalonians
written
60s
+ Mark written
80s
+ Luke written
80s
+ Matthew written
90s
+ John written
+ Excommunication of
Christians from Jewish
Synagogues
+ Destruction of Jerusalem
Apostles Creed
125
ASIATIC COUNCIL
Earliest known Council
200+
? Jerusalem 130
Barnabas
Didache
70
Smyrna 155
Ignatius
69
69 Antioch 107
Hierapolis 120
Hermas
Rome 140
?
?
Polycarp
Justin Martyr
Rome 165
14
Papias
Irenaeus
Lyons 200 130
Syria 110
Augustus
100
54
Nero
81 68 96
Domitian
Sardis 190
Melito
?
Hippolytus
170
Clement
150 Alexandria
Tertullian
160
Origin
184
30
JESUS CHRIST
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon (of Jesus and Evangelists; 300 of 350 OT quotes) OT Canon (similar to Trent’s) 45/46 books
Peter bar Jona
Clement
? Rome 97
170
List of Septuagint
canon of 45/46 books
^ Jamnia; Unfixed OT canon
Orthodox Jewish Rabbis at Jamnia cir 200 AD; 22/24 books
Fixed OT canon ^ Trajan
98 117 161 180
Marcus Aurelius
193
^
^
300 250 400 200 350 225 275 325 375
Rome 220
Tertullian
Alexandria 215
Clement
Alexandria 254
Origin
Hippolytus
Rome 235
Cyprian
Carthage 258 200
Zephyrinus
217
Eusebius
Caesarea 339 260
Gregory Thaumaturgus
Neo-Caesarea 270 213
Lactantius
Italy 320
Augustine
354
291 Poitiers 371
Hilary
Ambrose
Tier 397 340 Basil
Caesarea Mazaca 379 329
Cyril
Jerusalem 387 Athanasius
293
315
Alexandria 373 376
Cyril
John Chrysostom 345
Jerome Latin Vulgate
349 Antioch
Gregory
329 Nazianzus 389 Gregory
335 Nyssa 394
Theodore
350
COUNCIL OF
NICEA
COUNCIL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE I
Council of Rome 382 Council of Hippo 393
Council of Carthage 397
381
+ Edict of Milan
222
Callistus I Urban I
230
Pontian
235
Anterius
236 250
Fabian
253 254
257-8
Cornelius
Mani
215 Persia 277
Manichaeism
Apollinarius Apollinarianism
Laodicea 380 310 Pelagius
399
Pelagianism
Lucius I
Stephen I Sixtus II
260 268
Dionysius
269 274
Felix I
283
Eutychian
296
Caius Marcellinus
304 308
Marcellus I
Eusebius
309
Milteades
311 314
335
Marcus Sylvester I
336 352
Julius I
356
Liberius Anastasius I
383
Siricius
Maximinius
235 238
* Adoptionism
Modalism
Subordinationism Arianism
Sabellianism/Patripassians
256 336
Arius
Lybia
* 354
Photinianism
325
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (45/46 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon (39 books) (Books originally written in Hebrew)
^ ^
Fixed OT canon Fixed NT canon
211
Septimius Severus
Decius
251 249
Valerian
253 260
Aurelian
270 275
Diocletian
264 305
Constantine
337
387
Patrick
386 Conversion
Vandals accept Arian Christianity
Ephraen
Syria 373 306
500 450 600 400 550 425 475 525 575
417
Zosimus
401
Innocent I
418
Bonaface I
422 432
Celestine Sixtus III
440
406
Leo I
461
Hilarius
468
Simplicius Felix III
483 492 496
Gelasius I
498
Anastasius II
514
Symmachus Hormisdas
523
John I
526 530
Felix IV
Bonaface II
532
John II
535 536-7
Agapetus I
Silverius
Vigilius
555 561
Pelagius I
John III
574 579
Benedict I
590
Pelagius II
604
Gregory I
407
419 Stridon
430 Numidia
Peter Chrysologus
Ravenna
451
450
550 480
Benedict
Monte Casino
+ End of the
Western Roman Empire
COUNCIL OF
EPHESUS COUNCIL OF
CHALCEDON
COUNCIL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE II
431 553 451
+ Visigoth
Sack of Rome + Hippo Besieged
Nestorius
?
Nestorianism
Mohammed
570
Plagianism
Monophysitism
440
Gregory the Great
Rome
Eutychianism
* * 418 Britain
440
Isidore
?
Augustine
Canterbury
254 Alexandria
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (45/46 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (39 books)
Anastasius I
Ireland 493
Hippo 430
+ Bishop
Byzantine Empress 500 548
Theodora
Vandals in North Africa
Attila the Hun attacks Italy Vandals overrun Gaul
Vandals sack Rome
Vandals defeated +
+ besieges Paris
+ disappears
Bubonic plague
Leo the Great
400 Rome 461
700 650 800 600 750 625 675 725 775
Sabinian Bonaface III
604 606
607
*
609
604
636 Seville
680
COUNCIL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE III
Monothelitism
COUNCIL OF
NICEA II
* Iconoclasm
726
d. 610
Mohammedanism / Islam
632
608 615
Bonaface IV
618
Deusdedit
625
Bonaface V
638
Honorius I
640
Severinus
642
John IV
649
Theodore I
655
Martin I
657 672
Vitalian
676
Adeodatus (II)
678
Donus Eugene I Agatho
681 682-3
685
Leo II
Benedict II
686
John V
687
Conon
701
John VII
John VI
705 707
Sisinnius
787
Constantine
-15 708 731
Gregory II
741
Gregory III
751
Zachary Stephen II
757 767
Paul I Stephen III
772 795
Adrian I Leo III
Damascus 749 ?
John Damascene
Bede the Venerable
England 735
Charlemagne
673
742
+
First use of
episcopal rings
+
Lateran Synod
Condemns Monothelitism
774
Donation of
Territory to
Pope
794
Condemns
Image
Worship
Restores
Image
Worship
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
+ Conversion of England
+ Translation of parts of the Bible
into English (Caedmon, Aldhein)
+ 597-604
First Archbishop of Canterbury
Vikings invade Ireland
900 850 1000 950 825 875 925 975 800
816 817
Stephen V
824
Paschal I
814
827
Eugene II
Valentine
844
Gregory IV
847
Sergius II
855
Leo IV
858
Benedict III
867
Nicholas I
872
Adrian II
882
John VIII
884
Marinus I
885
Adrian III
891
Stephen V
896
Formosus
Bonaface VI
Stephen VI
897
Romanus
Theodore II
900 898
John IX
Benedict IV
Leo V
903 911
913
Sergius III
Anastasius III
Lando
914
John X
928
Leo VI
929 931
935
John XI
939
Leo VII
942
Stephen VIII
946
Marinus II
955
Agapitus II
963 964
John XII
Leo VIII
Benedict V
972
John XIII
Benedict VII
974
Benedict VI
983 984
John XIV
996 999
John XV
Gregory V
993
First
canonization
of saints
988
Russia
Converted
Iconoclasm
Leo III
800
Leo separates from
eastern empire;
becomes supreme
Bishop of West
Icons restored
832
Persecution
of image
worshipers
996
Civil war
at Rome
Actus Hludovicianum
confirms papal territory
817
+
800
Crowned first
Holy Roman Emperor
879
Pope and Patriarch
excommunicate each other
Photian Schism
Break in communion
between Nicholas I and
Photias of Constantinople
863-67
Mohammedanism / Islam
904
Pornacracy of the Papacy
begins with Sergius
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
846 Muslims invade Italy and Rome 902 Muslims control Sicily
+
909 Benedictine Abbey of Cluny
founded; center of reform
Rome increases; Constantinople declines
Stephen VII
COUNCIL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE IV
870
1100 1050 1200 1000 1150 1025 1075 1125 1175
Sylvester II
1003
John XVII
John XVIII
1009 1012
Sergius IV
1024
Benedict VIII
1032 1045 1046-7-8-9
John XIX
Benedict IX Sylvester III
Benedict IX
Gregory VI
Clement II
Benedict IX
Damasus II
1054 1057-8
Leo IX Victor II
Stephen IX
1061
Nicholas II
1073
Alexander II
1085
Gregory VII
1086-7
Victor III
1099
Urban II
1118
Paschal II
Gelasius II
1124
Callistus II
1130
Honorius II
1143
Innocent II
1144-5
Celestine II
Lucius II
1153
Eugene III
Anastasius IV
1154 1159
Adrian IV
1181
Alexander III
1185
Lucius III
1187
Urban III
Gregory VIII
1191 1198
Clement III
Celestine III
1054
Separation between
Roman and Eastern
churches becomes
permanent
Bogomils / Albigensians / Cathars
1123
COUNCIL OF
LATERAN I
1139
COUNCIL OF
LATERAN II
1179
COUNCIL OF
LATERAN III
1170
Rules for the
canonization
of saints
Canterbury 1109 1033
Anselm +
Beginning of Scholasticism
Peter Damien
1007 1072
Peter Lombard
1095 Italy 1159
1090 Clairvaux 1153
Bernard
1052
Berenger of Tours
denies Transubstantiation
1074
Excommunication of
married priests
1079 France 1042
Peter Abelard 1181
Francis
1195
Anthony
1190
Dominic
1096 France 1142
Hugh of St Victor
1176
Albigensian
Council Pope Urban calls
First Crusade
+ conquers Nicaea
+defeats Turks at Antioch
+ takes Jerusalem
1095-99
1145- 1153
Second Crusade
+ failure
1189- 1193
Third Crusade
1009
Muslims sack the
Holy Sepulcher in
Jerusalem
Pope John XIX
Crowns Conrad II
Holy Roman Emperor
1027
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
1300 1250 1400 1200 1350 1225 1275 1325 1375
Assisi 1225
Padua 1231
Spain 1221
Innocent III
1216 1227
Honorius III
1241
Celestine IV
1254 1243
Innocent IV
1261
Alexander IV
1264
Urban IV
1268
Clement IV
1271 1276-7
Gregory X
Innocent V
Adrian V
John XXI
1280
Nicholas III
1215
COUNCIL OF
LATERAN IV
1245
COUNCIL OF
LYON I
1274
COUNCIL OF
LYON II
1311
COUNCIL OF
VIENNE
Italy 1274 1225
Thomas Aquinas
* Bogomils / Albigensians / Cathars
1233
Pope entrusts
the Inquisition
to the Dominicans
1252
Inquisition
begins to
use torture
1202-04
Fourth
Crusade
1217-21
Fifth
Crusade
1228-29
Sixth
Crusade
1248
Seventh
Crusade
1212
Children’s Crusade
1244
Jerusalem lost to Muslims
1291
Holy Land falls out of Western control
1348-
1349
The Black Death 1302
“Unam Sanctam”
Universal jurisdiction;
spiritual over secular
1378 Two Popes
The Great Schism
Italy 1274
Bonaventure
1217
Italy 1321
Dante Alighieri
1265
1266 Scotland 1308
Duns Scotus
Catherine
Sienna 1380 1347
1384
John Wycliffe
1327
Jan Hus
1369
1349 1280
William of Ockham
Ratisson 1280
Albert the Great
1281-5
Honorious IV
1287-8 1292
Nicholas IV
1294 1303-4 1314
Bonaface VIII
Celestine V
1305 1316 1334
John XXII
1342 1352 1362
Benedict XII Clement VI
Innocent VI
1370
Urban V
1378 1389
Gregory XI
Urban VI
Bonaface IX
Avignon Papacy
1376 1305
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
1380
1342
Julian of Norwich
1380
1380
Clement VII
Benedict XIII
Francesco Petrarch
Italy 1374 1304
Meister Eckhart
1260 1327
Wycliffe English Bible + 1382-84
Martin IV
Clement V
Benedict XI
1500 1450 1600 1400 1550 1425 1475 1525 1575
1456
1238
COUNCIL OF
FLORENCE
1414
COUNCIL OF
CONSTANCE
1545
COUNCIL OF
TRENT
1517 Luther breaks from Rome
1525 Anabaptists break from Reformed
1534 Anglican Church breaks from Rome
1560 Presbyterian Church
1520 Calvin Reformed breaks from Lutheran
1404 1406
Innocent VII
1415
Gregory XII
1417 1431
Martin V
1447
Eugene IV
1455
Nicholas V
1458
Callistus III
1464
Pius II
1471
Paul II
1484 1492
Sextus IV Innocent VIII
1503
Alexander VI Pius III
1513
Julius II
1521
Leo X
1522-3 1534
Adrian VI Clement VII
1549
Paul III
1550 1555
Julius III Marcellus II
1559
Paul IV
1565
Pius IV
1572 1585
Pius V Gregory XIII
1590-1
Sixtus V
1592
Urban VII
Gregory XIV
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon) OT Canon (34 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books) + NT (27 books)
^ ^ Luther opts for Palestinian OT canon
1415
1468
Johann Gutenberg Thomas Moore
1478 England 1535
1412 France 1431
Joan of Arc
1567
Francis De Sales
Lawrence
1559 Robert Bellarmine
1542 Peter Canisius
1521 1597 Theresa
Avila 1582 John of the Cross
1591
1515
1542 Spain
1595 1515
Philip Neri
1556 1491
Ignatius Loyola
Spain Jesuits begin +
Germany 1545 1483
Martin Luther
1451 1505
Christopher Columbus
1564
Galileo Galilei
1571
Johann Kepler
1417
Johann Tetzel
Germany 1519 1465
Erasmus
1465
1536
Thomas a’ Kempis
1460 England 1536
Papacy over
Conciliarism
1444
1471
1416
Bernadine of Sienna
1456
John Capistrano
John Fisher
Conciliarism
Pavia-
Siena
1423
Basel
1431-1449
Alexander V
John XXIII
Benedict XIII
Henry VIII
1547 1491
+
John Calvin
1509-64 + John Knox
1513-72
+
Huldrich Zwingli
1484-1531
Counter Reformation
Tyndale Bible 1525-31 + + Cloverdale Bible 1535 + 1582-
*
Renaissance
Innocent IX
1512
COUNCIL OF
LATERAN V
1700 1650 1800 1600 1750 1625 1675 1725 1775
1605 1621
Leo XI
Paul V
Gregory XV
1623 1644
Urban VIII
1655
Innocent X
1667
Alexander VII
Clement IX
1669 1676 1689
Clement X
Innocent XI
1691 1700
Alexander VIII
Innocent XII
1721
Clement XI
1724 1730
Innocent XIII
Benedict XIII
1740
Clement XII
1758
Benedict XIV
1769
Clement XIII
1774 1799
Clement XIV Pius VI
1800
Lutheranism
Calvin Reformed
Presbyterianism
Anglicanism
Anabaptists
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon) OT Canon (34 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books) NT Canon (27 books)
1612 Baptist Church breaks from Anglican Church 1787 Methodism
Clement VIII
Italy 1622
Brindisi 1619
Capua 1621
Alphonsus Liguori
Naples 1797
^ +1611 King James Bible
1642 Italy
1630 Germany
Episcopal Church 1785
Thirty Years’ War
1618 1648
+ John Wesley 1703-1791
+ Charles Wesley 1707-1788
+ 1582-1609 Douay-Rheims Bible Challoner Revision 1749-63 +
^ ^
The French Revolution
+
1900 1850 2000 1800 1950 1825 1875 1925 1975
Pius VII
1823 1829
Leo XII
1830 1846
Gregory XVI
Pius VIII
1878
Pius IX
1903
Leo XIII
1914
Pius X
1922 1939
Benedict XV
1805
Pius XI
1958
Pius XII
1963
John XXIII
1978
Paul VI
John Paul I
John Paul II
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Lutheranism
Calvin Reformed
Presbyterianism
Anglicanism
Anabaptists
Baptists
1870
COUNCIL OF
VATICAN I
1962
COUNCIL OF
VATICAN II
1854
Defined ex cathedra
Immaculate Conception
of Mary
1950
Defined ex cathedra
the Assumption
of Mary
+ 1914 Assemblies of God
+ 1911 Pentecostal Holiness /
+ 1957 United Church of Christ
1670
Murillo
1767-69
Tiepolo
Vineyard Churches + 1974
Willow Creek Association 1992 +
1910 India 1997
Mother Theresa
New American Bible 1970 + + 1966 Jerusalem Bible Knox Bible 1944-50+
^ ^ ^
+ Concordat of 1801
Napoleon reconciles
with Pius II
Oxford Movement
England 1890 1801
John Henry Cardinal Newman
+ 1948 Dead Sea scrolls discovered
+ 1907 Lamentabili Sane
Condemnation of Modernism
+ 1906 Azusa Street Revivals
+ 1855 Revivalism begins
+ 1909-1912 The Fundamentals published + 1863 Seventh-Day Adventists
+ 1806 End of the
Holy Roman Empire
(since 800)
New International Version 1973 +
Charismatic
Movement
+ Notre Dame
University
Theresa
Lisieux 1897 1873
2100 2050 2200 2000 2150 2025 2075 2125 2175
Benedict XVI
2005
Alexandrian (Septuagint) Canon OT Canon similar to Trent (39 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books)
Palestinian Canon OT Canon (34 books) NT Canon (27 books)
Lutheranism
Calvin Reformed
Presbyterianism
Anglicanism
Anabaptists
33,000+ Denominations worldwide
Jerusalem (Acts 15:2)
When and where Jerusalem, Palestine, 49 AD.
Crisis or controversy Gentile converts must follow
Mosaic Law;
"Unless you are circumcised
according to the Mosaic practice,
you cannot be saved." Acts 15:1
Attendees "Apostles and presbyters" Acts 15:6,
and the following notables:
Paul and Barnabas,
Peter, James (Acts 15:6-22)
Decrees and resolutions "It is the decision of the Holy Spirit and of us not to place on
you any burden beyond these necessities." Acts 15:28
Nicea I
When and where 325 AD in Nicea (Now Iznik, Turkey,
70 miles from Constantinople on
the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus)
Crisis or controversy Christ was a pure creature; made out
of nothing; liable to fall;
the Son of God by adoption, not
God by nature: Arianism
Attendees 318 bishops;
Convened: Constantine I, Emperor;
Eusebius of Caesarea, historian;
St. Athanasius, theologian;
Ratified: Silvester I, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions The Nicene Creed;
The Consubstantiality of the Word: homousion with the Father;
Solved how the date of Easter should be calculated.
Constantinople I
When and where 381 AD in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey)
Crisis or controversy The need to insist on homousion;
Demonstrate to the world that Christians of the East are not Arians;
Apollinaris was teaching that Christ was not true man.
Attendees 186 bishops;
Convened: Theodosius I, Emperor;
St. Basil the Great;
St. Gregory of Nyssa;
St. Gregory of Nazianzanus, theologians;
Ratified: Damasus, Pope
Decrees and resolutions Renewed the work of Nicaea;
Condemned the heresy of the Macedonians (the Holy Spirit
was not really God); Condemned the heresy of Apollinaris
(that Christ was not really a man).
The 4th century CE Church of Haghia Eirene ("Divine Peace") in Istanbul.
The site of the Ecumenical Council of Constantinople of 381AD.
Ephesus
When and where 431 AD in Ephesus
Crisis or controversy Nestorius was teaching that Mary was
not the mother of God;
Proponents of Nestorius began claiming
that Christ was actually two separate
persons, human and divine.
Attendees 250 bishops;
Convened: Theodosius II, Emperor;
St. Cyril of Alexandria;
St. John Chrysostom;
Ratified: Celestinus I, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Condemned Nestorius;
Decreed that Mary was also Theotokos, mother of God;
Declared that Christ is true God and true man, that he has two
natures (human and divine) joined in one person.
Basilica of St. John at Ephesus
Chalcedon
When and where 451 AD in Calcedon (ancient seaport
of Bithynia on the sea
of Marmara)
Crisis or controversy Monophysites were teaching that Christ
had a single divine nature and
no human nature.
Attendees 600 bishops;
Convened: Marcianus, Emperor;
Ratified: Leo I, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Condemned Monophysitism;
Declared that Christ had two distinct
natures and was both true
God and true man;
Promulgated canons of church discipline.
The ecumenical council, at Chalcedon,
taught Jesus is true God and true man
(Painting by Vasili Ivanovich Surikov)
Constantinople II
When and where 553 AD in Constantinople
Crisis or controversy Emperor Justinian I wanted the Church
to consider the orthodoxy of three Greek
theologians: Theodore of Mopsuestia,
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and
Ebas of Edessa.
Attendees 150 bishops,
Convened:
Justinian I, Emperor;
Decrees and resolutions Condemned the writings of theologians as having been
infested with Nestorianism.
Basilica of Hagia Sophia, site of the Council
Constantinople III
When and where 680 AD in Constantinople
Crisis or controversy Monothelism was teaching that
Christ did not possess a
human will.
Attendees 174 bishops;
Convened: Emperor
Constantine IV;
Ratified: Leo II, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Condemned Monothelism;
Declared that Christ has two wills, human and divine.
Basilica of Hagia Sophia, site of the Council
Nicaea II
When and where 787 AD in Nicea
Crisis or controversy Iconoclasts taught that using sacred
images was idolatry.
Attendees 390 bishops;
Convened: Irene, Empress;
Ratified: Adrian I, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Condemned Iconoclasts;
Declared that sacred images may be honored without idolatry.
Promulgated canons of church discipline.
Ancient Church in Nicaea
Constantinople IV
When and where 870 AD in Constantinople
Crisis or controversy Needed to decide the right
of Patriarch Photius or
the restoration of Ignatius.
Attendees 102 bishops;
Convened: Basil, Emperor;
Ratified: Adrian II, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Photius was condemned
in 27 canons.
Basilica of Hagia Sophia, site of the Council
Lateran I
When and where 1123 AD (Lateran Basilica in Rome, Italy)
Crisis or controversy Needed to face the social and
religious problems of the day;
First ecumenical council in the West.
Attendees 300 bishops;
Convened: Callistus II, Pope;
Ratified: Callistus
Decrees and resolutions Promulgated canons of mixed
matters.
Lateran II
When and where 1139 AD at the Lateran Basilica
Crisis or controversy A double papal election and
ensuing schism when two rivals
claiming to be pope divided
the church.
Attendees 1000 bishops;
Convened: Innocent II, Pope;
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Ratified: Innocent II.
Decrees and resolutions Took measures against schism of
antipope Anacletis II;
Promulgated canons of church discipline
Lateran III
When and where 1179 AD in the Lateran Basilica
Crisis or controversy Reorganization had to be faced;
there was the ever-needed
pressure to reform; restraint
of abuses.
Attendees More than 300 bishops;
Convened: Alexander III, Pope;
Ratified: Alexander III, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Decreed that papal elections required
two-thirds majority of cardinals at
the conclave;
Promulgated numerous disciplinary canons.
Lateran IV
When and where 1215 AD in the Lateran Basilica
Crisis or controversy Albigensian heresy: two supreme
beings, Evil and Good;
Christ did not die; all material
things must.
Attendees 412 bishops; 388 priests;
Convened: Innocent III, Pope;
Ratified: Innocent III, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Declaration of Canon Law: the law
of the Church;
Decrees against Albegensians
and Waldensians.
Lyons I
When and where 1245 AD in Lyon (city in E. France)
Crisis or controversy The difficult and heretical behavior
of Emperor Frederick II;
The persecution of religion.
Attendees 140 bishops; more than 300 priests;
Convened: Innocent IV, Pope;
Ratified: Innocent IV, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Excommunication and deposition
of Frederick II.
Cathedral where the Council of Lyons I was held.
Lyons II
When and where 1274 AD in Lyons, France
Crisis or controversy A marked decline of the detachment of the popes from the
things of the world;
Chronic restiveness of the Greeks toward Roman primacy.
Attendees 500 bishops; 570 priests;
Convened: Gregory X, Pope;
St. Thomas Aquinas,
St. Bonaventure;
Ratified: Gregory X, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions General reformation of the morals of clergy
and bishops;
Dogmatic constitution of filioque;
Profession of faith of Greek Emperor Michael VIII.
St Bonaventure at the Council of Lyons
Vienne
When and where 1312 AD in Vienne
(city in E. France near Lyons)
Crisis or controversy Problems with the religious order
of Knights Templars.
Attendees 122 bishops; 300 abbots;
Convened: Clemens V, Pope;
Ratified: Clemens V, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Templars were suppressed;
Canon Law enacted;
Three definition of dogmas;
Disciplinary decrees written.
Constance
When and where 1414 – 1418 AD in Constance (city in
Germany on Swiss border)
Crisis or controversy The Great Western Schism:
two sets of popes.
Attendees 32 Cardinals; 183 bishops; 100 abbots;
350 priests;
Convened: Segismund, Emperor;
Ratified: Martin V, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Reformation of the Church;
Material organization of religion.
Florence
When and where 1438 AD in Florence
(city of northern Italy)
Crisis or controversy East/West reunion;
Constantinople was being
threatened by Mohammedans.
Attendees More than 150 bishops;
Convened: Eugene IV, Pope;
Ratified: Eugene IV, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Reunion of oriental churches.
Lateran V
When and where 1512 – 1517 AD in the Lateran Basilica
Crisis or controversy Needed reform in church administration;
Rise of atheistic philosophy;
Friction between bishops and orders
of friars.
Attendees 115 bishops;
Convened: Julius II, Pope;
Cajetan;
Ratified: Leo X, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Condemned the Averroes philosophy: the soul of man is
not immortal;
Promulgated reform decrees;
Established principles of book censorship;
Rights of bishops defined.
Trent
When and where 1545 – 1563 AD in Trent
(in Hapsburg's Germany; now N. Italy)
Crisis or controversy Martin Luther;
Revolt against the Pope;
Widespread heresy.
Attendees 70 - 252 bishops;
Convened: Paul III, Pope;
Ratified: Pius IV, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Doctrinal decrees: restatement of belief in opposition to the
new theologies;
The Catholic Reformation: the reformation of Catholic life.
Vatican I
When and where 1870 AD in St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Crisis or controversy A return to life of the Catholic Church:
needed a revival of religious life
General restoration and restatement
of the faith was needed;
Christian marriages and education
needed safeguarding.
Attendees 747 bishops;
Convened & Ratified : Pius IX, Pope
Decrees and resolutions Promulgated decrees on the Catholic
Faith and on the Church;
Condemned the Rationalists and
Semirationalists;
Defined the charism of infallibility. Façade, St. Peter’ Basilica
Vatican II
When and where
1962 – 1965 AD in St. Peter’s Basilica
Crisis or controversy Constant need for reform and revival;
Needed translation of faith into modern era:
communication media;
Christians and Jews; religious freedom, etc.
Attendees 2908 bishops;
Convened: John XXIII, Pope;
Ratified: Paul VI, Pope.
Decrees and resolutions Issued 16 documents:
On Divine Revelation;
The Pastoral Constitution;
On The Church in the Modern World;
On The Church, etc.
Blessed John XXIII; opening session
2908 Bishops in plenary session
Ignatius of Antioch, St.
Personal Martyr for the faith
Disciple of John the Evangelist
Condemned to die by wild beasts in Rome
Brought from Antioch to Rome and wrote seven
letters to churches and individuals along the way
Place and dates Antioch; d. 110
Writings Letter to Ephesians; Letter to Magnesians;
Letter to Tralles; Letter to Philadelphians;
Letter to Smyrnans; Letter to Polycarp
of Smryna; Letter to Romans
These contain warnings against heretical doctrines; contain detailed
summaries of doctrines; and a picture of Church organization
with bishops, presbyters (elders) and deacons;
First to stress Virgin Birth and to use the term "catholic church"
To the Ephesians
Clement I, St. (Clement of Rome)
Personal 4th Bishop of Rome
Place and dates
Rome
r. 92 - 101
Writings I Clement or Letter to the Corinthians (c. 96):
earliest piece of literature outside the NT
historically attested;
addressed disputes in the Church at Corinth;
II Clement (a sermon)(c. 140): Clementine
authorship disputed
First Clement
Polycarp of Symrna, St.
Personal Received a visit and letter from Ignatius
Represented the Church of Asia Minor in
meetings with Pope Anicetus
Dating of Easter
A teacher of Irenaeus
Knew John the Evangelist and other apostles
Was a disciple of John the Evangelist
Place and dates Symrna
69-155
Writings Polycarp to the Philippians
Martyrdom of Polycarp (about him)
Polycarp to the Philippians
Unknown Author of the Didache
Personal Unknown
Place and dates Syria
70-110?
Writings Didache ("Teaching"):
A compendium of moral precepts,
instructions on organization
of church communities, liturgical
worship and regulation.
It contains oldest Eucharistic prayer,
directions on Baptism, fasting, prayer,
treatment of bishops, deacons,
prophets .
The Didache
Barnabas
Personal Surname of Joseph, a member of the early Christian
Church in Jerusalem (Acts 4:36)
Companion of Paul
Did missionary work with Mark (Acts 15:39)
Place and dates
Jerusalem?
c. 130
Writings Epistle of Barnabas
Allegorical interpretation of the
Old Testament
The Epistle of Barnabas
Papias of Hierapolis
Personal Contemporary of Polycarp
Knew of a collection of the "sayings of the Lord" to have been
written in Aramaic or Hebrew by Matthew
Place and dates Phrygia
120?
Writings Five Books of Exegeses of
the Dominical Oracles:
Quoted by Irenaeus
Witness to the existence of Jewish
Christianity
Papias
Hermas
Personal Little known
Place and dates Rome
140?
Writings Mandates
Similitudes
The Shepherd: a vivid description of
early Christianity
The Shepherd of Hermas
Justin (Martyr), St.
Personal Philosopher, theologian, early apologist, martyr
Convert to Christianity
Place and dates Rome
100-165
Writings Apologies for the Christians: erudite
of Christians against charges of atheism
and sedition;
Dialogue with Trypho the Jew: a record of
an actual discussion at Ephesus;
valuable information about 2nd century
Christian Church .
First Apology
Second Apology
Dialogue with Trypho
Irenaeus, St.
Personal Heard the preaching of Polycarp the disciple of
John the Evangelist
Appointed the bishop of Lyon (177)
Place and dates Asia Minor
140?-202?
Writings Against the Heresies: written against the
Gnostics; contributed to the knowledge
of Gnosticism
Against Heresies / Adversus Haereses, Book 1
Clement of Alexandria
Personal Greek theologian
Converted from paganism
Ordained a presbyter
A teacher of Origen
Place and dates
Athens
150?-215?
Writings Hortatory Address to the Greeks: a defense
of the faith
The Tutor: instruction in manners and morals
The Miscellanies: a discussion of various points
of doctrinal theology designed to guide
the mature Christian to perfect knowledge .
Tertullian
Personal Converted to Christianity between 190 and 195
Became a presbyter of the Church (197)
Zealous champion of Christianity
Profoundly influences later Church fathers
Embraced and became a leader of
the Montanists (207?) a sect later declared
heretical
Place and dates Rome
160?-220?
Writings Apologeticus (c. 197): his most famous work; a defense of
Christians against pagan charges
On the Claims of Heretics: argues that the Church alone has
the authority to declare what is and is not orthodox Christianity
On Baptism
On Prayer: throws light on contemporary religious practices
Origen
Personal A student of Clement
Ordained a presbyter
The most accomplished biblical scholar
of the early Church
Father of the allegorical method of
scripture interpretation
He developed the idea of Christ as
Logos or Incarnate Word
Place and dates Alexandria
185?-254?
Writings Against Celsus: closely reasoned apologetic work refuting the
arguments advanced by the Celsus, the first serious critic of
Christianity
Cyprian, St.
Personal Convert to Christianity c. 245
Bishop of Carthage, 248
One of the most authoritative Fathers
of the Church
Involved in controversy over treatment
of those who had left the Church, and
those who were baptized by heretics:
Accepted the teaching of Rome.
Place and dates Carthage
200-258
Writings On Unity of the Catholic Church: exposition of the hierarchical
organization of the Church
Athanasius, St.
Personal
Played a prominent role in the theological struggle in the
Council of Nicea (325)
Opposed Arius (256-336) who maintained that the Son was of
a different substance from that of the Father, and was merely
a creature
Formulated the "homousian doctrine" that the Son of God is the
same essence of substance of the Father
Became bishop of Alexandria (328)
Place and dates Alexandria
293-373
Writings Discourses Against the Arians
History of the Arians
Apology Against the Arians
On the Decrees of the Nicene Synod
Cyril of Jerusalem
Personal Bishop of Jerusalem in 351
Embroiled in controversy over
episcopal duties
Place and dates Jerusalem
315?-387?
Writings 23 Treatises: addressed to catechumens and
newly baptized; some treatises are doctrinal
and present the creed of the Church;
some are concerned with ritual and present
a detailed account of Baptism, Eucharist
and chrism
Basil, St.
Personal Brother of Gregory of Nyssa and a friend of Gregory of Nazianzus
Patriarch of Eastern monasticism
Wrote a rule of the monastic way of life
Founded the Basilian monks (360)
Bishop of Caesarea (370).
Place and dates Caesarea Mazaca
329?-379
Writings Against Eunomius: written against the Arian
leader Eunomius
On the Holy Spirit: a doctrinal treatise
Moralia: an anthology of New Testament verses
Liturgy of St. Basil
Gregory of Nazianzus, St.
Personal Bishop of Sasima (371)
Took charge of the Nicene congregation of Constantinople
where he delivered five discourses on the Trinity that earned
him fame as "The Theologian"
Place and dates Nazianzus in Capadocia, now Turkey
329?-389
Writings Philokalia (Love of the Beautiful):
an anthology of the writings of Origen
Gregory of Nyssa, St.
Personal Bishop of Milan (374)
Fame is chiefly as a theologian
Place and dates Neocaesarea, now in Turkey
335?-394
Writings Against Eunomius: a defense of the
Nicene Creed
Great Catechetical Discourse: a defense
of the Christian faith against Jews and
pagans
On Faith: a treatise against the Arians
Ten Syllogisms: directed against
the Apollinarists
Ambrose, St.
Personal Bishop of Milan (374)
Defended the churches of Milan against Arianism
Friend of Monica, mother of Augustine, and finally brought
Augustine into the Church
Place and dates Tier, now in W. Germany
340?-397
Writings On Faith: a Christian morals manual
On the Sacraments: an exegetical treatise
On the Holy Spirit: an exegetical treatise
Composed many hymns
Jerome, St.
Personal Biblical scholar
Ordained a priest in 386
Secretary to Pope Damasus I in 382
Confronted many heresies,
especially Pelagianism
Place and dates Stridon, present day Yugoslavia
345?-419
Writings The Vulgate: translated the Bible from
Hebrew and Greek into Latin, 383-384,
in Rome
John Chrysostom, St.
Personal Ordained a priest in 386
Greatest orator of the early Church
Patriarch of Constantinople in 398
Place and dates Antioch, Syria
349?-407
Writings On the Priesthood
Homilies
Wrote commentaries, epistles, treatises,
and liturgies
Augustine, St.
Personal Son of Monica (332?-387)
Born a pagan
Converted in 387 and baptized by Ambrose
Ordained a priest in 391
Bishop of Hippo (395)
Combated Manichean heresy (conflict of Good and Evil)
Martin Luther and John Calvin were students of the works of Augustine
Place and dates Numidia, now Algeria
354-430
Writings Confessions (c. 400): his autobiography
The City of God (413-426): Retractions (428);
Epistles (386-429), On Free Will (388-395)
On Christian Doctrine (397)
On Baptism: Against the Donatists (400)
On the Trinity (400-416); On Nature and Grace (415) and Homilies
Cyril of Alexandria, St.
Personal Patriarch of Alexandria in 412
Leader of the Council of Ephesus, 431
Instrumental in condemning Nestorianism
Place and dates Alexandria
376-444
Writings Against Nestorius
Against Julian the Apostate
Prolific writer
Gregory I, St. ("The Great")
Personal Prefect of Rome in 570
Became a monk in 575
Elected pope (r. 590-604)
Enhanced prestige of the papacy
Upheld Rome's traditional claims of
church primacy over the patriarch of
Constantinople; Extensive pastoral activity.
Introduced liturgical reforms and Gregorian
chant
Place and dates Rome
540?-604
Writings Moralia: a commentary on the Book of Job
Pastoral Care: describes the ideal bishop; instruction on the
practice and nature of preaching
Dialogues: legends of saints of his own time.
John Damascene, St.
Personal Financial officer to Saracen caliph
Resigned in 700
Entered a monastery and ordained a priest
Opposed the Iconoclasts
Place and dates Damascus, Syria
675-749
Writings Source of Knowledge: three part text
of dogmatic theology in the early Greek
church; contains a complete theological
system based on the early Greek fathers
and synods of 4th-7th centuries
Ephrem The Syrian, St.
Personal Deacon, monk
Noted for his defense of the Church, the mysteries
of Our Lord and the honor of the Virgin Mary.
Named Doctor in 1920 by Benedict XV
Place and dates
Syria
306?-373
Writings
Wrote exegetical works and hymns
Hilary of Poitiers, St.
Personal Pagan, convert in 350
Bishop of Poitiers, 353
Defended the decrees of the Council of Nicaea
Named Doctor in 1851 by Pius IX
Place and dates
Poitiers
15?-368?
Writings De Trinitate: against the Arians
De Synodis
Commentary of the Psalms
Commentary of Matthew's Gospel
Peter Chrysologus, St.
Personal Called chrysologus (golden-mouthed) because of exceptional
preaching eloquence
Archbishop of Ravenna, 433-450
Named Doctor in 1729 by Benedict XIII
Place and dates
Ravenna
406-450
Writings Many sermons survive
Leo The Great, St.
Personal Pope, 440-461
Confirmed the doctrine of the Incarnation (Council of
Chalcedon, 451)
Held the doctrinal primacy of Rome
Persuaded Attila the Hun not to invade Rome
Named Doctor in 1754 by Benedict XIV
Place and dates
Rome
461
Writings 143 surviving letters
96 sermons
Gregory I, St.
Personal
The Great Western theologian
Named Doctor in 1298 by Bonaface VIII
Place and dates Rome
540?-604
Writings See Post-Apostolic Fathers' list
Isidore of Seville, St.
Personal Encyclopedic knowledge
Archbishop of Seville
Conversion of Visigoths
Organizing the church in Spain
Named Doctor in 1722 by Innocent XIII
Place and dates
Seville
560?-636?
Writings De Natura Rerum
Etymologies: an encyclopedia
Chronica Majora: a compilation
from church historians
Biographies
A summary of Christian doctrine
Bede The Venerable, St.
Personal English Benedictine monk
Prolific writer
Named Doctor in 1899 by Leo XIII
Place and dates
England
673?-735
Writings Ecclesiastical History of the English
People (731)
On the Reckoning of Time (725)
Historia Abbatum (725)
Anselm, St.
Personal Benedictine monk
Theologian
Philosopher; proposed famous argument
for existence of God
Archbishop of Canterbury, 1093-1100
Named Doctor in 1720 by Clement XI
Place and dates
Canterbury
1033-1109
Writings Monologium (1077): God as highest being and His attributes
Proslogium (1078): Faith seeking understanding
Cur Deus Homo (1093): On the Incarnation and crucifixion
Bernard of Clairvaux, St.
Personal Cistercian monk
Preacher of the Second Crusade
Founded over 90 monasteries
Named Doctor in 1830 by Pius VIII
Place and dates
Clairvaux
1090-1153
Writings The Love of God (1127)
Consideration to Eugene III (1148)
Anthony of Padua, St.
Personal Franciscan monk
Theologian
Exceptional intellectual and
oratorical gifts
Named Doctor in 1946 by Pius XII
Place and dates Padua
1195-1231
Writings Lector in theology: taught at Bologna,
Montpellier, and Toulouse
Countless sermons exist
(franciscan-archive.org/antonius/opera/ant-hd00.html)
Albert The Great, St.
Personal Bishop of Ratisbon, 1260-1293
Introduced Greek and Arabic science and
philosophy into the medieval world
Dominican, Order of Preachers
Teacher of Thomas Aquinas
Named Doctor in 1932 by Pius XI
Place and dates Ratisbon
1206-1280
Writings Summa Theologiae (1270): attempted to reconcile
Aristotelianism and Christianity
Sentences: a commentary on Peter the Lombard
De Unitate Intellectus: against the Averrhoists
Bonaventure, St.
Personal Franciscan friar
Philosopher, theologian
Cardinal archbishop of Albano
Assisted at Council of Lyons
Named Doctor in 1588 by Sixtus V
Place and dates Albano
1217-1274
Writings Breviloquium (1254): Commentary on
Sacred Scripture
Journey of the Mind to God (1259)
Life of St. Francis of Assisi (1263)
Thomas Aquinas, St.
Personal Theologian
Named in 1568 by Pius V
Italian philosopher
Educated at Monte Cassino
Ordained a priest in 1250
Advisor and lecturer to the papal court,
1259-1268; named Doctor in 1568
by Pius V
Place and dates
Fossa Nuova
1225-1274
Writings Eighty works are ascribed to him
Summa Contra Gentiles: "On the Truth of Catholic Faith,"
1261-1264: one of his greatest works, closely reasoned treatise
on the truth of Christianity
Summa Theologica: a summary of theology, (1265-1273)
Catherine of Siena, St.
Personal Western mystic
Joined the Dominican Order in 1353
Convinced Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome from Avignon
Noted for works of charity and unity in the Church
Named Doctor in 1970 by Pope Paul VI;
Place and dates Siena
1347-1380
Writings Letters on spiritual matters
Dialogue: her ideals of reform and
repentance
Theresa of Avila, St.
Personal Western mystic
Foundress of the Order of Discalced Carmelites
Entered the convent in 1535
Worked with the aid of St. John of the Cross,
Spanish mystic and Doctor of the Church
Named Doctor in 1970 by Pope Paul VI
Place and dates Avila
1515-1582
Writings The Way of Perfection: (1565) advice to her nuns
The Interior Castle: (1577) an eloquent description of the
contemplative life
The Foundations: (1573-1582) the origins of the Discalced
Carmelites
Peter Canisius, St.
Personal Jesuit
Second great Apostle of Germany
Leader, Counter-Reformation
Named Doctor in 1925 by Pius XI
Place and dates Fribourg
1521-1597
Writings Catechism (1560): instructed the
faithful to defend their Faith
Robert Bellarmine, St.
Personal Jesuit theologian
Cardinal archbishop of Capua
Revision of the Vulgate (1592)
Leader of the Counter Reformation
Named Doctor in 1931 by Pius XI
Place and dates Capua
1542-1621
Writings Disputations on the Controversies of the
Christian Faith: (1568-93)
Lawrence of Brindisi, St.
Personal Capuchin
Worked for the conversion of the Jews
Confronted the rise of Lutheranism
Organized Catholic princes against
Turkish invasion
Named Doctor in 1959 by John XXIII
Place and dates Brindisi
1559-1619
Writings Sermons
A commentary on Genesis
Writings against Lutheranism
John of the Cross, St.
Personal Western mystic
Combined mysticism with the theology
and philosophy of Aquinas
Became a Carmelite monk in 1563
Ordained a priest in 1567
Organized the Discalced Carmelites in 1568
Imprisoned for monastic reform 1576-1577
Named Doctor in 1926 by Benedict XV
Place and dates Ubeda, Andalusia
1542-1591
Writings Spiritual Canticle: a mystical poem
Living Flame of Love: a mystical poem
Dark Night of the Soul: describes the soul's progress
in union with God
Francis De Sales, St.
Personal Bishop of Genova, 1602-1622
Founded the Order of the Visitation
Confronted the rise of Calvinism
Named Doctor in 1877 by Pius IX
Place and dates Genova
1567-1622
Writings Introduction to the Devout Life: (1609)
shows how ordinary life can be
sanctified .
Alfonsus Liguori, St.
Personal Founded the Redemptorist Order in 1732
Bishop of St. Agatha, 1756-1775
Named Doctor in 1871 by Pius IX
Place and dates Nocera de' Pagani
1696-1787
Writings Moral Theology
Glories of Mary: (1750)
Theresa of Lisieux, St.
Personal Carmelite Nun: Sister Theresa of the Child Jesus
Also known as "The Little Flower of Jesus"
Canonized: May 17, 1925
Created a Doctor of the Church
by Pope John Paul II, October 19, 1997
The third woman among 33 Doctors
Place and dates Born: Alencon, France, January 2, 1873
Died: Lisieux, France, September 30, 1897
Writings Autobiography of a Saint: Letter and
Spiritual Counsels
Peter Damien, St.
Personal Benedictine monk
Cardinal and Bishop of Ostia
Ecclesiastical statesman and reformer
Named Doctor in 1828 by Leo XII
Place and dates Ostia
1007-1072
Writings Notable poet
Wrote reforms for popes, clergy, monks
Popes’ Mosaic Icons
There are many
iconographies on the
Supreme Pontiffs, from
St. Peter to the present
day. The set used in this
timeline is the one highly
valued and officially
acknowledged by the
Vatican. It is found in the
naves of the Patriarchal
Basilica of St. Paul-
Outside the Walls in
Rome, Italy. The
reproductions in the Pope
Chart* are from this
collection. The collection
is made of medallions in
mosaic; each one has the
Pontiff’s name written in
Latin and the period of his
pontificate in Roman
numbers. This
iconography was started
by St. Leo the Great in
498 and historically
updated in 1947.
St. Peter
42-67
The first Pope
* Chart copies of the mosaics available at: www.popechart.com/history.htm; adapted here for teaching purposes.
The Patriarchal Basilica
of St. Paul Outside the Walls,
Rome, Italy.
Interior of St. Paul’s Outside the Walls
Enlarged section of the Basilica
showing the mosaics
Diagram showing
the chronological
order of the mosaics
in the Basilica
© 2006, Robert J Schihl
• Questions or comments?
– Email either
• Dr. Robert Schihl ([email protected]) , or
• Paul Flanagan ([email protected])
• To Download a Copy of the Text Notes:
www.catholicapologetics.org/CBANotes.pdf