01Timeline of Historical Developments of Atoms and Chemical Elements

By: John Daryl Panizal Elva De Asis Roxanne Belgica

02 What is an Atom?

02

03ATOM The smallest particle of a substance that can be combined with other atoms to form a molecule.

04WHAT IS A

CHEMICAL ELEMENT?

04 Is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei.

Light ElementsThe Lightest Elements (Hydrogen, Helium, Deuterium, Lithium) were produced in the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang Theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so high that fusion reactions could take place. This resulted in the formation of light elements: Hydrogen, Deuterium, Helium(Two Isotopes), lithium and trace amounts of beryllium.

Hydrogen (1766)is a chemical Element with chemical Symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monotonic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.] Non-remnant star are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.Cavendish was the first to distinguish H2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793. 

Helium

Helium is a Chemical Element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. The He boiling and melting points are the lowest among all the elements.

(1868)

Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element.Years later, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently the element trapped in cleveite about the same time. 

1766

Lithium- (from Greek: λίθος lithos, "stone") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, it exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, appears only in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.

Beryllium- is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is adivalent  element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstone which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysobereal As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline metal.

-Vauquelin discovered the oxide in Beryl and Emerald, and Klaproth suggested the present name around 1808.

(1798)

-Heavy Elements are formed by

Cosmic Ray Spallation.

HEAVY ELEMENTS

WHAT IS

COSMIC RAY SPALLATION?

• Is a form of naturally occurring nuclear fission (such as Supernova) and nucleosynthesis.

• It refers to the formation of elements from the impact of cosmic rays on an object.

Oxygen

Oxygen (1771)Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2. This is an important part of the atmosphere and diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, as oxides the element also makes up almost half of theEarth's crust.

-Obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new airby 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. 

Nitrogen (1772)

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. On Earth, the element forms about 78% ofEarth's atmosphere and is the most abundant uncombined element. The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable component of air by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.He discovered Nitrogen while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775-6.

Boron is a metalloid chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in the Solar system and in the Earth’s crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the porate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known boron deposits are in Turkey, the largest producer of boron minerals.- On June 21, 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in sedative salt, Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid soon afterwards.

(1808)

Iron (Before 5000 BCE) Egypt - is a Chemical Element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum, ultimately from ferre to bear or carry) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to the most common isotope of iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. Consequently, radioactive nickel is the last element to be produced before the violent collapse of a supernova scatters precursor radionuclide of iron into space.

Gold (6000 BCE) Varna, Necropolis, Bulgaria

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and the atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and inalluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium(gold tellurides).

Silver (Before 5000 BCE) Asia MinorSilver is the metallic element with the atomic number 47. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin argentum, from a Proto-Indo-European language root reconstructed as *h₂erǵ-, "grey" or "shining". A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it however, possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such asargentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

-Estimated to have been discovered shortly after copper and gold.

Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans. It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores.

Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BCE in the Middle East. It

was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the copper and bronze ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BCE have been found

in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia.

9000 BCE

Carbon (3750 BCE) Carbon The earliest known use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.

Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BCE.The first true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century,and in 1789 carbon was listed by Antoine Lavoisier as an element.

Nickel (1751)Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks.]And in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.

Cobalt (1732)Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue)

have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name kobold ore (German for goblin ore) for some of the blue-pigment producing minerals; they were so named because they were poor in known metals, and gave poisonous arsenic-containing fumes upon smelting. In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), and this was ultimately named for the kobold.

Sulfur( Before 2000 BCE) Chinese/IndiansA yellow element that has a

strong, unpleasant odor when it is burned and that is used in making paper, Gun Powder, Medicine, etc.Sulfur is First used at least 4,000 years ago. Recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.

Thank You!!!

Submitted by:

JD Panizal

Elva De Asis

Roxanne Belgica

Mrs. Grace Veridiano

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