timeline holocaust. long before jews came to europe, they lived in the jewish kingdom of judea, now...
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Timeline
Holocaust
Long before Jews came to Europe, they lived in the Jewish kingdom of Judea, now part of Israel.
70 A.D.
The Roman army conquered and destroyed Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Tens of thousands Jews were murdered or enslaved.
300 A.D.
St. John Chrysostom accused the Jews of being less human. He wrote, “Jews sacrifice their children to Satan” (Surridge).
1096
The First Crusade began. The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars that Christians waged against Jerusalem trying to take it back from the Turks. During this time, anti-Semitic crusaders murdered thousands of Jews.
1300s
Many Christians blamed the Jews for the Black Death, an epidemic that swept through Europe.
1600s
For 300 years, life was peaceful for the Jews. Many settled in Poland during that time. In the mid-1600s, Poland weakened and disorder began. When that happened the Jews were the first to suffer.
Anti-Semitism:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
First written 1897/1899 – still published in revised formats
The Secrets of the Wise Men of Zion, Germany, 1920
The International Jew, Michigan, 1920. Translated into 16 languages. Sold
500,000 copies.
What was the Versailles Treaty?
The treaty officially ended military actions against Germany in World War I. The treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, on June 28, 1919, and went into effect on Jan. 10, 1920. Actual combat had ended when Germany accepted an armistice on Nov. 11, 1918. The treaty provided an official peace between Germany and nearly all the 32 victorious Allied and associated nations, including France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom.
The Versailles Treaty
• The Versailles was a treaty that was established on June 28, 1919 that ended WWI signed by Germany and its allies (France, Britain ,Russia, and Italy)
• Hitler (a WWI solider) was not so happy about this treaty he said that it brought shame to Germany because he felt like Germany was to blame for the whole thing . Later Hitler went into politics and became the leader of Germany .
• In June 1935, the United Kingdom effectively withdrew from the treaty with the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement.
•
When did Hitler declare the Versailles Treaty over?
• In 1939 Adolf Hitler declared the end of the Versailles Treaty there after Germany invaded Poland.
Rise of the Nazi Party:1933 - Adolf Hitler appointed
Chancellor of Germany
A girl reaches out to Adolf Hitler as he leaves the building site of the House of German Art in Munich.
1933-1934.
Nazi Ideology
“Our starting point is not the individual, and we do not subscribe to the view
that one should feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty or clothe the naked…
Our objectives are entirely different: We must have a healthy people in order to prevail in the world.”
-Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda, at a 1938 Nazi Party Rally
When When did Hitler did Hitler come to come to power power
and what and what was his was his
messagemessage? ?
Hitler came to power Hitler came to power in 1933 in in 1933 in Germany, Hitler Germany, Hitler said all "Juden" said all "Juden" (Jews) were vile, (Jews) were vile, horrible people and horrible people and they were the they were the reason the reason the Germans were in Germans were in such hardship. He such hardship. He said that the Jews said that the Jews manipulated the manipulated the US. He told US. He told everyone they everyone they would have a better would have a better life if they got rid of life if they got rid of all the sub-humans. all the sub-humans. He told the He told the Germans they were Germans they were the pinnacle of the the pinnacle of the earth. earth.
Nazi Propaganda:“If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people
will eventually come to believe it.” – Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda. Berlin, Germany,
1933. Cover of children’s book – Poisonous Mushroom
When was the first extermination camp opened?
The first camp opened in 1940 in OBwiecim, Poland.
Victims sorting shoes in concentration camps. A mass grave.
When was the first extermination camp opened? And where was it located?
• The first extermination camp was opened in 1940 and it was located in Europe
When was the Auschwitz concentration camp established?
• It was established in 1939. The purpose was to kill people of all ages.
A mass execution.Small children in concentration
camps.
Questions!!!When were the Nuremberg laws passed???
What was the purpose of these laws???
Answers!!!The Nuremburg laws were passed in
1935.Both laws limited the rights of Jewish
people and sought to keep Jews separate from other residents of
Germany.
Nuremberg Laws1935
Austria 1938 – A woman sits on a bench marked “Jews Only.”
•Stripped Jews of German citizenship
•Jews cannot vote
•Jews cannot hold public office
•Marriages between Jews and non-Jews outlawed
•Jews cannot employ German women
•Jews defined as “a person with two Jewish parents, or three or four Jewish grandparents.”
When were the Olympic games held in Berlin?
1936
What hopes did Hitler have for the Olympics that year?
I believe he thought that the Olympics would demonstrate the truth of his assertion that the "Aryan" race was superior to all others. Jesse Owens, the great African American track athlete, blew that hope to bits with his stunning win of a gold medal.
What was the topic of discussion at the International conference in Evian,
France in 1938?
• Since the Nazis aimed to make Germany “cleansed of Jews” by making life so difficult for them that they would be forced to leave the country.
• The topic of discussion was about deciding to let Jewish refugees in the United States, Britain, and other countries.
International Conference in Evian France in 1938
During the nine-day meeting, delegate after delegate rose to express sympathy for the refugees. But most countries, including the United States and Britain, offered excuses for not letting in more refugees. Responding to Evian, the German government was able to state with great pleasure how "astounding" it was that foreign countries criticized Germany for their treatment of the Jews, but none of them wanted to open the doors to them when "the opportunity offer[ed].
What was the outcome of the conference?
• Most countries, including the United States and Britain, offered excuses for not letting in more refugees.
• Responding to Evian, the German government was able to state with great pleasure how "astounding" it was that foreign countries criticized Germany for their treatment of the Jews, but none of them wanted to open the doors to them when "the opportunity offered."
WORLD WAR II
• The war all started on September 1, 1939. There were four major events that triggered the World War II . The first event was to give Germans lebensraum . The second one was that he thought Chamberlain would dare not stop him. The third reason is that to defend Germans in Poland.. The fourth reason is that to overturn the treaty of Versailles.
What happened on Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”)?
Why?
• As the Nazi mobs shattered the glass in Jewish homes and stores, they also shattered the last bit of hope that Jews had for a future in Germany (The Holocaust, page 31).
• Because the Nazis came to power in 1933 (The Holocaust, page 31).
Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass”November 9-10, 1938
Jewish owned shop destroyed during Kristallnacht. Berlin.
Synagogue burning during Kristallnacht. Frankfurt am Main,
Germany.
Identification of Jews
Holland Germany
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
Kindertransport1938-1940
Warsaw Ghetto EstablishedOct-Nov 1940
Woman selling armbands in the Warsaw Ghetto.
1940.
Ghettos
When were the ghettos first established? What was their purpose? Where were they?
• The first ghetto was established in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland. October 8, 1939.• The purpose of the ghettos were to make the Jews suffer before they were killed and
to keep them in a place where the Nazis could keep track of them and the Jews could not escape.
When did the Nazis begin their “euthanasia program”?
What was the program?
When did the Nazis begin to deport Jews to extermination camps?
Where did they go?
• Between May and September 1941.
• In the Nazi context "euthanasia" represented a euphemistic term for a clandestine murder program which targeted for systematic killing mentally and physically disabled patients living in institutional settings in Germany and German-annexed territories (Holocaust Encyclopedia).
• August 28th, 1942 (The Holocaust, page 52).
• Auschwitz, it was the largest of the death camps (The Holocaust, page 52).
Germany invades PolandSept. 1, 1939
WORLD WAR II
The war all started on September 1, 1939. There were four major events that triggered the World War II . The first event was to give Germans lebensraum . The second one was that he thought Chamberlain would dare not stop him. The third reason is that to defend Germans in Poland.. The fourth reason is that to overturn the treaty of Versailles.
Nazis begin to deport Jews from Germany in 1940 to Poland
• They moved the Jews by trains, boats and trucks
• By ginger
The car they kept the Jews in where cattle cars
the conditions where horrendous the cars where dirty and packed
dark damp and cold
Many Jews did not survive the trip.
When was Auschwitz concentration camp establised?What was its purpose?
• Auschwitz concentration camp was established on May 26th, 1940. Auschwitz was the largest of its kind. An estimate of 1.5 million victims died of the homicidal gassings. Auschwitz is where the gassing took place. Its four largest gas chambers can hold up to 2,000 people at a time. The purpose for Auschwitz was to incarcerate real and perceived enemies of the Nazis for a indefinite period of time.
’Arbeit Macht Frei’ meant ‘Work Will Free You’ which was at the front of mostly every concentration camp. The Auschwitz gate never left to freedom. It always lead to death.
The purpose of the crematorium was to burn the millions of bodies slaughtered in Auschwitz. & the gas chamber on the right was to kill the prisoners. To prevent the panic, the Nazi’s told them they were taking a shower. The disguised showerheads would has
the prisoners to death.
What happened to Jews Babi Yar? When did this happen?
It happened on September 29 and 30 of 1941. The Nazis murdered about 34,000 Jews at Babi Yar. The German army posted notices ordering the Jews to report for new settlement. The Nazis shot the Jews and then burned the bodies to ashes.
Babi Yar
• On Sept. 29th and 30th of 1941, approximately 34,000 Jews lined up at the edge of the ravine in small groups. They then were ordered by SS squads to strip naked. After this they were machine gunned into the ravine. On September 30th the operation ended and the bodies were covered in rocks and dirt.
What was the Warsaw ghetto uprising?When did it start?When did it end?
• April 1942, in the Warsaw Ghetto first heard of the death camps.
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising serves as an example of finding courage and strength people can find in the worst of times
• It started late October 1943• It ended May 16 1943
Warsaw Ghetto UprisingApril – May 1943
German soldiers direct artillery at a pocket of resistance during the Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising.
Wannsee ConferenceJan 1942
Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto rounded up for deportation. 1942.
Jewish children deported from the Lodz Ghetto, Poland. 1942.
Anne Frank and her family go into hiding (in the “Secret Annex”)
July 6, 1942
Anne Frank, Netherlands, 1941.House where Anne and her
family were hidden. Amsterdam.
Anne Frank arrested- Aug. 4, 1944
Westerbork transit camp • Auschwitz • Bergen-Belsen
Other Victims
Romani (Gypsies) deported from Vienna, Austria to Poland. 1939.
Jehovah’s Witnesses, Handicapped, Roma/Sinti, Poles, Homosexuals
Rescue & Resistance
Estimated that ½ of 1% (.005) of the non-Jewish population under Nazi occupation helped to rescue Jewish people.
Peter M., from Amsterdam, survived the Holocaust with the help of a Dutch family and their farm. Here he shows the cave in back of the farm in which he and his mother often hid. 1993.
Death Camps Established in Poland
1941 - 1942• Chelmno• Belzec• Sobibor• Majdanek• Treblinka• Auschwitz-Birkenau
Thomas Blatt’s bowl from Sobibor.
Final solution
• The last thing Hitler demanded his troops, he ordered all of his soldiers to eliminate all the Jews, he said to kill the most of them they could and show no mercy until the soldier was dead, he said to do this because he knew that the other apposing country's were close to finding and killing him. The final solution was put in act in 1944..
D-Day•When was D-Day? June 6,
1944
•Where did it occur? D-Day occurred on the beaches of Normandy, France.
•What does it stand for? The day (June 6, 1944) in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy.
Liberation of AuschwitzJan 27, 1945
Children who survived Auschwitz leave the children’s barrack soon after liberation.
Death Marches
Prisoners marching
from Dachau,
through a village, to
Wolfratshausen. April 1945.
When was V-E Day?V-E Day was on Tuesday May 8th
1945
Winston Churchill and the royal family wave to crowds from the balcony of Buckingham Palace.
Children sit down to a victory party given by residents at Kentwell Close, Brockley, south-east London.
What does V-E Day stand for?
• V-E Day stands for Victory Day in Europe!!
A van load of beer passing through Piccadilly Circus on VE Day 1945.
Celebrations on Whitehall.
Germans Surrender- May 8, 1945
German soldiers guard the bunker in which Hitler and several others hid at the end of the war. Hitler committed
suicide on April 30, 1945. Berlin, Germany.
Aftermath: Nuremberg TrialsOct. 1945 – Oct. 1946
What were the Nuremburg trials??? When did they take place???
The Nuremberg trials were legal proceedings against Nazi Germany's former leaders for crimes committed before and during world war 2 (1939-1945)
The trials took place in from 1945 to 1949.
The Germen Leaders were tried for 3 different things:
• “Crimes against peace”• “War crimes”• “Crimes against humanity”
These Trials took place in 1945 in Nuremberg Germany
“Genocide” coined - 1944
“This new word, coined by the author to denote an old practice in its modern development, is made from the ancient Greek word genos (race, tribe) and the Latin cide (killing)….”
-Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish lawyer who immigrated to the US in 1939. 49 of his family members were murdered in the Holocaust.
A cemetery in Rwanda where victims of the 1994 genocide are buried.
