EUSPRING - TIMELINE

September 2014

TIMELINE - EGYPT

TIMELINE

EGYPT

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25 January – On a national holiday to commemorate the police forces, Egyptians take to the streets

in large numbers, calling it a "day of rage".

26 January – A protester and a police officer are killed in central Cairo as anti-government

demonstrators pelt security forces with rocks and firebombs for a second day, according to

witnesses.

27 January – Mohamed ElBaradei arrives in Egypt to join the protests.

28 January – Internet and mobile phone text message users in Egypt report major disruption to

services as the country prepares for a new wave of protests after Friday prayers.

29 January – In a speech delivered shortly after midnight, Mubarak announces that he has sacked

the cabinet, but he himself refuses to step down. His whereabouts are unknown.

1 February – Hosni Mubarak announces in a televised address that he will not run for re-election

but refuses to step down from office - the central demand of the protesters

11 February – Millions of Egyptians who had been protesting for 18 days in Cairo's Tahrir

Square celebrate news of Hosni Mubarak's stepping down, announced by the late Omar

Suleiman.

25 February – A couple hundred protesters are attacked by the military with sticks, severely

injuring some of them. The attack was against a planned sit-in to protest against Prime Minster

Ahmed Shafiq, who had been appointed by Mubarak. The military apologises the next day,

claiming the attacks were unintentional.

5 March – Protesters hone in on the infamous State Security Investigations headquarters in Nasr

City, eventually storming the building. Nasr City State Security was one of the worst in regards to

the torture of civilians, according to protesters. On the same day, the governorate of Helwan

witnesses sectarian clashes that result in the burning down and demolition of a church in the Atfeeh

district.

8 March – Clashes break out in Manshiet Nasser, Moqattam, as Copts protest the burning of the

church in Atfeeh, resulting in several deaths and numerous injuries. Some witnesses blame the army

for the deaths with allegations surfacing of the use of live ammunition.

9 March – The Tahrir Square sit-in that had been held since February is dispersed violently by army

personnel and men in plainclothes. The dispersal is the most violent action since the Supreme

Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) took over. Numerous activists are beaten and tortured in the

Egyptian Museum, while the army performs virginity checks on 19 female protesters.

14 March – A Coptic sit-in outside Maspero (the state television building) to protest the demolition

of the church in Atfeeh ends voluntarily by some members upon the army's promise to rebuild the

church. Those that remain are dispersed violently.

19 March – The first post-Mubarak referendum on constitutional amendments proposed

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under SCAF supervision takes place in Egypt. Many Egyptians line up in front of polling

stations for the first time in their lives.

23 March – On the same day the cabinet approves a law criminalising protests, a protest held by

students in the faculty of mass communications at Cairo University is dispersed violently by the

army.

30 March – After 11 days of waiting for supposedly simple amendments of the constitution,

based on the results of the 19 March referendum, a constitutional declaration is announced by

the SCAF.

8 April – Mass protests take place in Tahrir to demand the full dismantling of the old regime. Some

army officers join the protests in uniform. The military violently disperses the protests with help

from police and arrests the renegade army officers.

7 May – Churches are attacked in Imbaba as Salafists demand custody of a woman who allegedly

converted to Islam but is reportedly held by the Church.

14 May – Coptic demonstrators are attacked while holding a sit-in outside Maspero to protest

deadly Christian-Muslim clashes that left one church burnt and 15 people dead.

15 May - 'Nakba Day' witnesses protests outside the Israeli embassy in Cairo in solidarity with

Palestinians. Demonstrators are dispersed using live ammunition, tear gas and rubber bullets

leaving 350 people injured. Over 150 protesters are arrested.

27 May – Protesters take to the streets and public squares around Egypt in what is known as

the "Second Day of Rage" to demand that the revolution run its course.

28 June – A premeditated attack on slain protesters' families at the Balloon Theatre in Agouza

triggers protests in Tahrir Square. Clashes between protesters and police continue through the night

turning into mass protests the next day.

2 July – Muslim sisters in Egypt hold their first public conference.

8 July – Protesters stage one of their trademark million-man marches in Tahrir Square to pressure

the army into speeding up trials of former regime figures and police officers accused of killing

demonstrators in January. A sit-in follows.

23 July – Thousands of protesters march from Tahrir Square to the Ministry of Defence to decry

unmet demands of the 8 July sit-in. Attacks on protesters result in the death of activist Mohamed

Mohsen.

29 July – The Muslim Brotherhood and Salafist parties hold a massive demonstration in Tahrir

Square to demand the implementation of Islamic Law. The protest was later referred to as

'Kandahar Friday.'

1 August – Police violently disperse a sit-in in Tahrir Square on the first day of the Muslim holy

month of Ramadan, leaving several people injured.

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3 August – The trial of ousted president Mubarak begins. The former president, wheeled into a

courtroom cage on a bed, pleads not guilty to charges of killing protesters and abuse of power.

18 August – An Egyptian army officer and two security personnel are killed during an Israeli raid

on militants along the Egyptian-Israeli border, sparking public anger against the Zionist state.

9 September – Angry over the killing of several Egyptian army officers and security personnel on

the Egyptian-Israeli border, protesters storm the Israeli embassy building in Giza, sending hundreds

of documents out of the window of the building and into the streets below.

30 September – Muslim extremists burn down the 71-year-old Mar Girgis Church in Merinab

village near the city of Edfu, located in the southern Aswan governorate of Egypt.

5 October – Military police violently disperse hundreds of angry Coptic demonstrators attempting

to stage a sit-in outside the state TV premises (Maspero) to protest the attack on the Mar Girgis

Church.

9 October – At least 25 Coptic Christians are killed following clashes with the army in front of

Maspero in one of the bloodiest days since Mubarak left office.

18 November – Hundreds of thousands protest in Tahrir Square and in other cities to demand that

the army swiftly hand over power. Islamists, protesting controversial 'supra-constitutional

principles,' dominate the demonstrations.

19 November – Hundreds are injured as the army bombards a small group of protesters with

teargas. Violence escalates in the next few days on Mohamed Mahmoud Street, one of the streets

leading to Tahrir Square, leaving more than 40 dead.

21 November – The cabinet, led by embattled Prime Minister Essam Sharaf, submits its resignation

in the wake of the Mohamed Mahmoud Street clashes.

22 November – Egypt’s de facto ruler, Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, promises that the

army will hand over power to an elected president before the end of June 2012.

25 November – Tens of thousands flock to Tahrir Square for the 'Friday of Martyrs' to reiterate

demands that Egypt’s ruling SCAF step down.

16 December – An army crackdown on protesters staging a sit-in in front of the Cabinet

headquarters near Qasr Al-Aini Street in Downtown Cairo sparks fresh violence that leaves 17

dead.

23 December – Tens of thousands protest in Tahrir Square against the latest army crackdown on

demonstrators, holding aloft banners of a woman who was partially stripped and dragged by

soldiers.

29 December – Police and military forces, accompanied by members of the Public Prosecution

attacks on human rights organizations and civil society which actively work to promote democracy.

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2012

23 January – Egypt's first post-revolution Islamist-led parliament holds its opening session, with

thousands marching to it to demand the realisation of the revolution's demands.

25 January – Hundreds of thousands take the streets of Egypt to mark the first anniversary of the

January 25 Revolution, chanting against the ruling SCAF to demand 'justice for the revolution's

martyrs.'

2 February – On 1 February, 70 Ultras Ahlawy members (hardcore football fans) are killed in

clashes between the Masry and Ahly football clubs in Port Said Stadium. Many later suggest that

the massacre was punishment for the Ultras' activism during the revolution and for chanting 'Down

with SCAF' at an earlier football match. The following day, thousands of protesters and Ultras

march to the interior ministry to protest the stadium massacre. Clashes later erupt with security

forces leaving hundreds injured.

2 May – At least 11 are killed after unknown assailants attack a peaceful sit-in by supporters of

Salafist leader Hazem Abu-Ismail.

23, 24 May – Egypt witnesses its first post-revolution presidential elections, with millions of voters

lining up over two days to cast ballots. By the end of the second day, rumours circulate that

Mubarak-era aviation minister Ahmed Shafiq and Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi

have both made it to the run-off round.

28 May – Thousands of protesters gather in Tahrir Square to demonstrate against the results of the

first round of the presidential elections, which left Shafiq and Morsi to face one another in a

presidential runoff slated for 16 and 17 June. On the same night, the headquarters of Shafiq's

presidential campaign is torched by unknown assailants.

2 June – During a mass protest in Tahrir Square, presidential runners-up Hamdeen Sabbbahi,

Abdel-Moneim Abul-Fotouh and Khaled Ali call for the formation of a 'presidential council' as an

alternative to the two final candidates.

15 June – More protests are held against Ahmed Shafiq's presence in the presidential runoff, with

protesters warning of "a return to the Mubarak era" in the event of a Shafiq victory.

24 June – Egypt's Supreme Electoral Commission announces Mohamed Morsi as the country's first

civilian president.

30 June – Morsi is officially sworn in as president after taking the presidential oath before

Egypt's High Constitutional Court (HCC).

8 July – Morsi issues his first presidential decree demanding the reinstatement of the dissolved

People’s Assembly, parliament's lower house. The move provokes mass protests by revolutionary

forces who denounce the decree. Members and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood rally to

support Morsi’s decision.

10 July – The HCC, the same court that ordered the dissolution of the People's Assembly after

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ruling it unconstitutional, freezes Morsi's decree reinstating parliament's lower house.

5 August – Sixteen Egyptian border guards are killed by unknown assailants on the Egypt-Israel

border. The attack is the first in a series of assaults targeting security personnel in Egypt's restive

Sinai Peninsula.

8 August – Armed forces sources reveal that the military's 'Operation Eagle,' originally aimed at

securing vital establishments in the Sinai Peninsula, has evolved into combat engagements with

Sinai-based militants.

12 August – President Morsi carries out a reshuffle that leads to the resignation of SCAF

leaders Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi and Chief-of-Staff Sami Anan, effectively ending

military rule and Egypt's post-revolution interim phase.

11 September – Mass protests erupt across the Muslim world following the appearance of a US-

made film mocking Islam and the Prophet Mohamed. More than 70 are killed as a result of these

protests, including the US ambassador to Libya. At least 250 protesters and 24 security personnel

are injured in Egypt alone.

16 Sebtember – A judicial committee approved the establishment of the Constitution Party, which

was founded by Nobel laureate Mohamed ElBaradei and other liberal figures.

21 September – Former presidential candidate and Nasserite leader Hamdeen Sabahi founded the

Egyptian Popular Current (EPC) is a national political movement

10 October – A court acquits all defendants, including several Mubarak-era officials, accused of

killing of protesters during the infamous 2 February 2011 'Battle of the Camel.'

12 October – Revolutionary forces stage protest dubbed 'Accountability Friday' to mark the end of

Morsi’s first 100 days in office and push for the fulfilment of revolutionary demands. It is later

reported that Muslim Brotherhood supporters had attacked protesters, leaving more than 100

injured.

19 November – Thousands march to Cairo's Mohamed Mahmoud Street to commemorate the

victims of last year's clashes on the same street. The commemoration, however, quickly turns

violent, with two activists – Ahmed Naguib and Gaber 'Jika' Salah – killed in fighting with police.

22 November – President Morsi issues another controversial decree making his decisions

impervious to judicial challenge. Egypt’s judiciary sees the move as an attack on judicial

independence.

23 November – Over 30 opposition groups organise mass protests against the president's decree.

The demonstrations, however, are overshadowed by clashes between supporters and opponents of

the president in governorates throughout Egypt. Several of the Muslim Brotherhood's regional

offices are torched by unknown assailants.

24 November – ElBaradei, Sabahi and Moussa declare the establishment of a national

salvation front (NSF) to manage the current stage politically and popularly.

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24 November – A number of judges declare a strike until President Morsi's declaration is

overturned.

25 November – 15-year-old Muslim Brotherhood member Islam Fathi is killed in clashes between

supporters and opponents of the president in the Nile Delta city of Damanhour.

27, 30 November – Thousands march to Egypt’s public squares to condemn President Morsi's

"dictatorial" declaration.

1 December – The president sets the date for a popular referendum on Egypt's draft constitution at

15 December despite opposition pressure to postpone the poll until 'national consensus' is reached

over the new charter's contents. Hundreds of thousands march to Cairo University to support the

president's decree and the draft constitution and to demand implementation of Islamic Law.

4 December – Mass protests continue to demand the cancellation of Morsi's decree. For the first

time, hundreds of thousands march on Cairo's Presidential Palace to demand the postponement of

the constitutional referendum.

5 December – Egypt's Presidential Palace witnesses a bloody night that leaves at least seven killed

and hundreds injured after Morsi supporters allegedly attack a peaceful sit-in held by the president's

opponents. The Muslim Brotherhood, however, says that most of the victims are group members.

6 December – Several regional offices of the Muslim Brotherhood are again torched across the

country as protests continue to demand that the constitutional referendum be postponed.

8 December – President Morsi revokes his controversial declaration but states that the referendum

will still take place on 15 December.

11 December – Egypt is divided between mass protests in support of Morsi's constitutional

declaration in front of Cairo's Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque and a counter-rally demanding the

decree's cancellation outside the Presidential Palace.

14 December – One day before the country votes on the draft constitution, clashes erupt in

Alexandria after controversial preacher Ahmed El-Mahalawy urges the public to vote 'yes' in the

referendum.

25 December – Egypt formally approves the new constitution.

2013

18 January – Thousands of Ultras Ahlawy members rally in Tahrir Square in anticipation of a 'not

guilty' verdict – due to be delivered on 26 January – in the ongoing trial of last year's Port Said

stadium disaster.

21 January – Clashes erupt between security forces and protesters after presiding judges in the trial

of police officers accused of killing protesters during the revolution step down only one day before

delivering a verdict. Dozens of activists are arrested.

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23 January – Ultras Ahlawy members temporarily block the Cairo metro before staging protests in

Tahrir Square and blocking the nearby 6 October Bridge as part of a 'roving protest' to demand a

prompt verdict in the Port Said stadium trial.

26, 27 January – Forty-two people, including two police officers, died after a court recommended

sentencing 21 Port Said residents to death for killings after a soccer match a year earlier.

27 January – Morsi declares emergency and Curfew in Port Said, Suez and Ismailia for 30 days.

17 February – Port Said city declares the Civil Disobedience.

8 March – Police withdraw from Port Said and Army take over the functions of internal security in

the city.

27 March – The Cairo Court of Appeals on Wednesday reinstated former Public Prosecutor Abdel

Meguid Mahmoud to his post, annulling a decree by President Mohamed Morsi replacing him with

Talaat Abdallah.

1 April – TV host and prominent political satirist Bassem Youssef has been released after reporting

to the Public Prosecution’s office. Youssef faces charges of insulting the president, contempt for

Islam and publishing false news.

1 April – Former presidential candidate and Strong Egypt Party head Abdel Moneim Abouel

Fotouh has called for early presidential elections if the country’s “mismanagement” continues.

7 April – The Egyptian Popular Current (EPC) held their first economic conference.

7 April – Cairo clashes at St Mark's Coptic Cathedral after funerals.

10 April – Morsi ordered the withdrawal of legal complaints filed by the presidency against

journalists.

28 April - Tamarrod (Rebel) movement founded by Mahmoud Badr to collect signatures

calling for early presidential elections and to plan mass protests on 30 June against Morsi.

7 May - Cabinet reshuffle sees nine new ministers, of which 3 are prominent Muslim Brotherhood

figures and a number of the others who are affiliated to the group

11 May - Mubarak retrial adjourned until June 8th

8 May - Morsi approves a law allowing the state to issue Islamic bonds

14 May - According to a report by the Egyptian Centre for Public Opinion Research (Baseera)

Morsi’s approval rating continues to fall.

16 May – Seven Egyptian soldiers kidnapped in the Sinai by Islamist militants.

18 May – Egyptian police protest the kidnapping of seven officers and soldiers. Clashes erupt

between Muslims, Copts in Alexandria.

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22 May – Egyptian soldiers kidnapped by Islamist militants in Sinai are released.

25 May - Egypt’s Supreme Constitutional Court rules that draft laws on voting and parliamentary

procedures are in breach of the constitution. There have been accusations that the Muslim

Brotherhood has altered boundaries of constituencies to benefit their own candidates. This will lead

to a further delay in holding parliamentary elections.

26 May - Judges threaten to protest if controversial amendments to the Judicial Authority Law are

approved. The Supreme Constitutional Court rules that a ban on members of armed forces and

police voting in elections violates the right of all citizens to vote.

28 May – Ethiopia begins diverting the course of the Nile for its dam building project causing

significant tensions with Egypt.

29 May – Egypt continues to suffer from severe electricity and fuel shortages leading to widespread

anger. Human Rights Watch criticises a new draft law regulating NGOs. Roads leading to Interior

Ministry are closed due to protests demanding release of all political prisoners.

2 June - The Supreme Constitutional Court rules that the Shura Council is constitutionally

illegal, however it will remain in place until new parliamentary elections are held. The court

also annuls article 3 of the emergency law granting the President the right to permit the arrest

of suspects with no judicial order

5 June - 43 Egyptian and foreign non-profit workers are sentenced to jail on charges of using

foreign funds to foment unrest.

8 June - President Morsi dismisses opposition call for early election.

9 June - Mohamed Sayed Abdel Aziz Abu Shaqra, an officer in North Sinai's Security Directorate is

killed in Sinai by suspected militants.

10 June - Government increases petrol deliveries to gas stations to tackle ongoing shortages.

Mubarak’s trial is postponed to July 6th, 2013

11 June - Pro-Morsi campaign calls for sit-in to counter planned June 30th demonstrations.

15 June – Morsi cuts diplomatic ties with Damascus and backs a no-fly zone over Syria.

16 June - Morsi issues a decree appointing 17 new provincial governors, seven of whom are

members of the Muslim Brotherhood.

17 June – Morsi appoints Adel el-Khayat, an Islamist linked to the Luxor Massacre of 1997, as

governor of Luxor leading to a public outcry. Egypt's Islamist-dominated Shura Council approved a

preliminary NGO draft law putting foreign-funded civil society organizations under strict

supervision.

22 June – A court freed Mubarak’s Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif.

23 June – Four Shia are killed in a mob attack thought to have been incited by Salafist preachers.

El-Sisi gives a speech stating that Egypt’s political forces have a week to reconcile ahead of

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protests planned for June 30.

25 June – Major fuel shortages again lead to widespread frustrations. Al-Nour will not participate

in either pro or anti-Morsi protests.

26 June – Morsi delivers an almost 3 hour long speech in advance of the protests planned for 30

June. Instead of offering reconciliation, Morsi uses the speech to threaten various elements of the

Egyptian opposition and, notably, the judiciary.

30 June – Millions protest in the Tammarod demonstrations against Morsi.

1 July – Mass protests continue and the army gives Morsi a 48 hour deadline to respond to the

peoples’ demands. Protesters target Muslim Brotherhood headquarters in Cairo. Four minsters

resign.

2 July – Mohamed Kamel Amr, Egypt’s foreign minister, resigns.

3 July – Morsi refuses to compromise and is ousted by the army. The army establish an interim

government led by the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour and suspend the

constitution.

4 July – Pro-Morsi protesters react with violent demonstrations. There is a surge in attacks on

Copts and Coptic churches and property in the days following Morsi’s ouster.

July 5 – Mansour dissolves the Islamist-dominated upper house of parliament as Morsi’s supporters

stage mass protests demanding his return. Clashes between pro- and anti-Morsi groups in Cairo and

Alexandria, and violence elsewhere leave at least 36 dead. Brotherhood deputy head Khairat al-

Shater is arrested.

7 July – Militants launch attacks on security checkpoints in the Sinai.

8 July – Approximately 50 pro-Morsi protesters are killed during their attempt to storm the

headquarters of the Republican Guard. Interim president Mansour releases constitutional

declaration.

9 July – Mansour appoints economist Hazem al-Beblawi as prime minister and Mohamed

ElBaradei as vice president. A military announcement backs up the appointments.

10 July – Kuwait pledges USD 4 billion in aid to Egypt.

14 July – Mohamed ElBaradei is appointed as Vice President in charge of Foreign Affairs.

The Muslim Brotherhood calls for more mass rallies.

16 July – An interim cabinet is sworn in.

23 July – Bomb explodes at a police station. Local residents complain about the continuing Muslim

Brotherhood sit-ins.

24 July – El-Sisi calls on Egyptians come back out to demonstrate in the streets in two days’ time to

support his efforts to confront violence.

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26 July – Millions return to the streets of Egypt in support of el-Sisi and his efforts to stop

“potential terrorism” by supporters of Morsi. Prosecutors announce Morsi is under investigation for

allegations including murder and conspiracy with the Palestinian militant group Hamas.

30 July – Catherine Ashton holds a two-hour meeting with detained Morsi.

14 August – Security forces disperse the sit-ins held by the Muslim Brotherhood at Raba’a al-

‘Adaweya and in Giza. In retaliation Islamist’s target police stations, government buildings

and Coptic Christian churches. The president declares a month long state of emergency

across the nation.

17 August – Saudi Arabia and other Gulf Arab states announce their support for Egypt’s efforts to

‘combat terrorism’.

19 August – The Muslim Brotherhood’s Supreme Guide Mohamed Badie is arrested.

25 August – Al-Nour decide to participate in the 50-member constitutional drafting committee. The

retrial of Mubarak, his sons, and former interior minister Habib El-Adly is postponed to September

14th pending investigations.

1 September - The 50-member constituent assembly is named.

7 September – The interim government has decided to revoke the Muslim Brotherhood's NGO

status. Improvised device explodes at Cairo police station without injuries.

8 September - Amr Moussa is elected head of Egypt's 50-member constitution-drafting assembly.

Islamist group Ansar Bayt Al-Maqdis claims it is responsible for an attempt to assassinate the

Egyptian interior minister.

14 September - The retrial of Mubarak, his sons, and former Minister Habib El-Adly is adjourned

until October 19.

16 September – Al-Nour claim that the constituent assembly is seeking to reduce the influence of

Islam in the constitution

18 September - The minimum wage for the public sector is set at EGP1,200 .

2 October – A panel is formed to oversee the seizure of Brotherhood assets and funds.

6 October - Pro-Morsi protesters clash with security forces and pro-military crowds celebrating the

anniversary of the 1973 war with Israel. At least 50 people are thought to have been killed.

19 October – A car bomb explodes near the Egypt army intelligence building.

30 October - Muslim Brotherhood leader Essam El Erian is arrested.

31 October – The Muslim Brotherhood plan daily protests in the run-up to Morsi’s trial on 4

November.

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4 November – Morsi’s trial is adjourned pending further investigations.

6 November – A court upholds a ban on the Muslim Brotherhood.

12 November – The state of emergency is lifted in accordance with a court ruling.

16 November – Amid ongoing US-Egypt tensions, a Russian delegation visits Cairo to discuss

strengthening bilateral relations.

19 November – protesters demonstrate in commemoration of the Mohamed Mahmoud clashes.

20 November – 11 soldiers are killed in a suicide bomb attack in Sinai.

24 November – Mansour issues the controversial protest law.

1- December voting completed on all the articles of the constitution by the constitution drafting

committee

3 - December - President Adly Mansour receives the draft constitution.

14 Dec.: the interim president Adly Mansour calls the Egyptian citizens to the constitutional

referendum on 14 and 15 January 2014.

18 Dec.: The referral of the ousted President Mohamed Morsi and other leaders of the Muslim

Brotherhood to the criminal court under the accusation of espionage and terrorism.

21 Dec.: the referral of the ousted President Mohamed Morsi and 130 of the Muslim Brotherhood's

leaders, and some leaders from Hammas and Hezb Allah to the criminal court under the Natron's

valley prison case.

24 Dec.: the supreme committee for elections decided to open the voting committees on the

constitution to expatriates Egyptians from 8 to 12 January 2014.

25 Dec.: the council of ministers declared the Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist organization.

January 2014:

14 Jan.: Egyptian citizens had voted and approved the constitutional referendum by 98 %.

24 Jan.: A series of bombings occured in Cairo before the celebration of the third anniversary of the

revolution. (The most significant ones were in front of Cairo security directorate which caused 4

dead men and 10 injured. In addition to that another bombing in the metro station at Dokki district).

25 Jan.: the third anniversary of the revolution. Many of Egyptian soldiers were killed in various

attacks (five soldiers were killed after fall of a military helicopter in Sinai, Ansar Beet Al-Makdes

declared their responsibility for the accident).

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February 2014:

24 Feb.: Hazem Al-Beblawy –the prime minister - declared his resignation.

March 2014:

1 March: the new cabinet under the leadership of Ibrahim Mehlib sworn in front of the interim

president Adly Mansour.

2 March: Internal divisions occurred in Tamarod movement has been upraised. Mahmoud Badr –

one of its founders- decided to turn the movement to a political party and declared the minister of

defense is the best one to be the president. In the other hand Hassan Shahin –the defector member-

was against turning the movement to a political party and said that the most proper one for the

presidency is Hamdin Sabahi.

24 March: Minya criminal court issued its decision to sentence 529 pro-Morsi protesters to death

penalty after consulting the Mufti of the republic.

27 March: The minister of defense –marshal Abd Al-Fatah Al-Sisi- submitted his resignation and

declared his running for the presidency elections.

28 march: Mayada Ashraf – young journalist- had been killed while she covers student's

demonstrations actions in Ain Shams University.

April 2014:

3 April: bombing two blasts in front of Cairo University which led to 2 dead men, one of them is

Cairo chief detective.

20 April: the supreme elections committee declared that the presidential elections will be held on

26-17 of May.

29 April: Cairo court for urgent matters sentenced the banning of 6 April movement activities,

accusing it of spying and conspiracy against Egypt.

29 April: Minya's criminal court sentenced Mohammed Badi', the General Guide of the Muslim

Brotherhood and other 682 persons to death sentence after consulting the Mufti of Egypt.

May 2014:

3 May: the supreme elections committee declares Sisi and Sabahi as the only candidates, and

opened the door to electoral campaigns.

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22 May: Riots inside Al-Azhar University led to fire in faculty of commerce's control. Policy

entered the university and arrested 20 students.

June 2014:

3 June: opposing new taxes upon the wages and stock market to widen the amount of social security

pension beneficiaries.

5 June: Sisi won the presidential elections by 96.9 % and Hammden Sabhi got 3.1 %.

7 June: issuing political rights law and House of Representatives law. (5 % of the seats are by

appointment).

25 June: signing the new annual budget and set gradual lift of subsides.

July 2014:

5 July: the government decided to lift economic subsides on the gasoline and fuel which led to

some protests as expression of popular anger.

21 July: terrorist attacks killed 22 armed officers at Al-Farafra in Wadi Gadid governorate.

August 2014:

6 August: president Sisi lunched the national project for developing the Suez Canal, and building a

logistic project to establish a new economic age.

8 August: Sentencing Mohamed Badi''s to death sentence for the second time in the case of

Estikama mosque which led to death 10 of the men and 20 injures.

8 August: the release of the former National Democratic Party member Ahmed Ezz on bail.

14 August: the first anniversary of sit-in Rab'a's dispersal.

Critical junctures are events which have relevant implications for the empowerment of

citizenship rights and which have encouraged the debate at the political level and/or

mobilization at the social level.